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| {{Infobox Korean Metropolitan cities | |||
| | Name = Seoul | |||
| | Name2 = 서울 | |||
| | Official Name = Seoul Special city | |||
| | Hangul = 서울 특별시 | |||
| | Hanja = 서울 特別市 | |||
| | Revised Romanization = Seoul Teukbyeolsi | |||
| | McCune-Reischauer = Sŏul T'ŭkpyŏlsi | |||
| | Picture = Gangnam1.jpg | |||
| | PictureInfo = A dusky view overlooking the Gangnam District of Seoul. | |||
| | Government = ] | |||
| | Mayor = ] | |||
| | Region = ] | |||
| | Dialect = ] | |||
| | TotalArea = 605.25 | |||
| | AreaRank = 5th | |||
| | PopDate = 2007 | |||
| | Population = 23,421,782 | |||
| | PopRank = 1st | |||
| | Density = 17,219 | |||
| | Districts = 25 | |||
| | Counties = 0 | |||
| | Website = {{en icon}} | |||
| | Flower = ] | |||
| | Tree = ] | |||
| | Bird = ] | |||
| | OtherSymbol1 = | |||
| | OtherSymbol1Value = | |||
| | OtherSymbol2 = | |||
| | OtherSymbol2Value = | |||
| | Emblem = Seoul emblem.png | |||
| | Map = Seoul SK.png | |||
| | width = 25em | |||
| }} | |||
| '''Seoul''' (서울, {{Audio|ko-Seoul.ogg|listen}}<!--please do not repeat info already in infobox, e.g. Korean: 서울--> {{IPA2|sʌul}}) is the ] and largest ] of ]. With over twenty million people, Seoul is one of the world's largest ]. It is also the world's second largest ], the ] - which includes the major port city of ] and satellite towns in ], having almost 23 million inhabitants.<ref>R.L. Forstall, R.P. Greene, and J.B. Pick, , City Futures Conference, (University of Illinois at Chicago, July 2004){{ndash}} Table 5 (p.34)</ref> Almost half of South Korea's population lives in the Seoul National Capital Area, and nearly one quarter in Seoul itself, making it the country's political, cultural, and economic centre. As a ], it is administered directly by the national government. | |||
| The city is located on the basin of the ] in the country's northwest. The ]n border lies about 50 km to the north. | |||
| Seoul first appears in history in 18 BC, when the ] kingdom established its capital ] in what is now around ], southeastern Seoul. Modern Seoul descends from the ]-era city called Namgyeong, which then became the capital of ] during the ]. | |||
| As a major financial and cultural center, Seoul is considered a ]. The city has hosted the ] and the ]. In 2007, it was listed as the ] in the world and the second most expensive in ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.citymayors.com/features/cost_survey.html |title=Cost of living - The world's most expensive cities |publisher=City Mayors}}</ref> | |||
| In recent years, the ] has undertaken major environmental projects, including the nearly $1 billion restoration of ]. At the same time, the city has promoted the Seoul Digital Media City, the world's first complex for high-tech digital technologies in multi-media, IT, and entertainment, and the proposed future site of the world's second tallest building.<ref></ref><ref></ref> | |||
| ==Name== | |||
| {{See also|Names of Seoul}} | |||
| The city has been known in the past by the successive names Wirye-seong (위례성; 慰禮城, ] era), Namgyeong (남경; 南京, ] era), Hanseong (한성; 漢城, ] era), and Hanyang (한양; 漢陽). Its current name originated from the ] word meaning "capital city," which is believed to be derived ''Seorabeol'' (서라벌; ]), which originally referred to ], the capital of ].<ref></ref> | |||
| Unlike most place names in Korea, "Seoul" has no corresponding ] (] used in the ]). The recently-chosen ] is 首尔 (simplified), 首爾 (traditional) (Shǒuěr), which sounds somewhat similar to "Seoul" when pronounced in ].<ref></ref> | |||
| ==History== | |||
| ] against Bugaksan.]] | |||
| ] | |||
| {{main|History of Seoul}} | |||
| The history of Seoul can be traced back as far as 18 BC, when it was established as a settlement in ]. It's believed that the ] site is in the boundaries of modern day Seoul. It has thereafter been the capital of the ]. In the Japanese colonization period in the early 20th century, many historical and traditional parts of Seoul were changed. The city was almost entirely destroyed in the ], but an ] helped to rebuild the city very rapidly. In the 1990s, some important historical buildings were restored, including ], one of the royal palaces of the Joseon dynasty. | |||
| ==Geography== | |||
| ] | |||
| Seoul is in northwest South Korea. Seoul proper comprises 605.39 km² of area, roughly bisected into northern and southern halves by the ]. The Han River and its surrounding area played an important role in Korean history. The ] strove to take control of this land, where the river was used as a trade route to China (via the ]). However, the river is no longer actively used for navigation, because its estuary is located at the borders of the two Koreas, barred for entrance by any civilian. The city is bordered by eight mountains, as well as the more level lands of the Han River plain and western areas. | |||
| ===Climate=== | |||
| {{climate chart | |||
| |Seoul | |||
| |-7|1|23 | |||
| |-5|3|25 | |||
| |0|10|47 | |||
| |7|17|94 | |||
| |13|23|92 | |||
| |17|26|134 | |||
| |22|29|369 | |||
| |22|30|294 | |||
| |17|26|169 | |||
| |10|20|50 | |||
| |3|11|53 | |||
| |-4|4|21 | |||
| |source= | |||
| |float=left}} | |||
| In common with the rest of South Korea, Seoul has a generally ], despite the fact that the country is surrounded on three sides by water.<ref></ref> Summers are generally hot and humid, with ] taking place from June until July. August, the hottest month, has an average temperature of 72 °F to 86 °F (22°C to 30°C) with higher temperatures possible. Winters are often very cold with an average January temperature of 19 °F to 33 °F (-7°C to 1°C) and are generally much drier than summers, although there are 28 days of ] in Seoul in each year on average. | |||
| === Cityscape === | |||
| ] | |||
| The traditional heart of Seoul is the old ] city, which is now the downtown area, where most palaces, government offices, corporate headquarters, hotels, and traditional markets are located. This area occupies the valley of ], a stream that runs from west to east through the valley before emptying into the Han River. For many years, the stream had been covered by concrete, but was recently restored through an urban revival project. To the north of downtown is ], and to the south is the smaller ]. | |||
| Further south are the old suburbs of ] and ], and the ]. Across the Han River are the newer and wealthier areas of ],] and surrounding neighborhoods. The World Trade Center of Korea is located in Gangnam-gu and this is where many expositions and conferences are held. Also in Gangnam-gu is the ], a large indoor shopping and entertainment complex. Downstream from Gangnam-gu is ], a large island that is home to the National Assembly, major broadcasting studios, and a number of large office buildings, as well as the Korea Finance Building and the world's largest Pentecostal church. Adjacent to Yeouido is ] an uninhabited island in the middle of the river. The Olympic Stadium, Olympic Park, and ] are located in Songpa-gu, on the south side of the Han River, upstream from Gangnam-gu. South of the sprawling ] area are ],] and ]. | |||
| ] stream.]] | |||
| Major modern ]s include the ], ], the ], the ] and the six-skyscraper residence ]. These and various high-rise ]s, like the ] and ], dominate the city's skyline. Due to its high density, Seoul has been equipped with a grand appearance of ]s and the city council is now planning on building a series of high-rises, including 580-metre business center in Sangam Digital Media City district and an 800-metre Lotte World 2 Tower in the ] (pronounced "Jam-shil") district of ] and ]. | |||
| Urban and civil planning was a key concept when Seoul was first designed to serve as a capital in the late 14th century. The Royal Palaces of the ] still remain in Seoul, with the main palace, ] currently being restored to its original form. Today, there are eight major subway lines stretching for more than 250 kilometers, with a ninth and tenth line being planned, and also some other miscellaneous lines. | |||
| The most historically significant street in Seoul is ], meaning "Bell Street," on which one can find ], a pavilion containing a large bell. The bell signaled the different times of the day and therefore controlled the four major gates to the city. The only time it is normally rung nowadays is at midnight on New Year's Eve, when it is rung thirty-three times. It was, however, rung on the day that President ] took office. | |||
| Seoul's most important streetcar line ran along Jongno until it was replaced by Line 1 of the subway system in the early 1970s. Other notable streets in downtown Seoul include ] (을지로; {{lang|ko|乙支路}}), ] ({{lang|ko|테헤란{{linktext|路}}}}, ] Street), ] (세종로; {{lang|ko|世宗路}}), ] (충무로; {{lang|ko|忠武路}}), ] (율곡로; {{lang|ko|栗谷路}}), and ] (퇴계로; {{lang|ko|退溪路}}). | |||
| ==Administrative divisions== | |||
| {{main|Gu of Seoul}} | |||
| ] | |||
| Seoul is divided into 25 ] (구; {{linktext|區}}) (district)<ref name="Administrative Districts" />. The gu vary greatly in area (from 10 to 47 km²) and population (from less than 140,000 to 630,000). Songpa has the most people, while Seocho, the largest area. The government of each ''gu'' handles many of the functions that are handled by city governments in other jurisdictions. Each gu is divided into "]" (동; {{linktext|洞}}) or neighbourhoods. Some gu have only a few dong while others like Jongno-gu have a very large number of distinct neighborhoods. Gu of Seoul consist of 522 administrative dongs (행정동) in total.<ref name="Administrative Districts">{{cite web|url=http://english.seoul.go.kr/gover/organ/organ_03adm.htm |title=Administrative Districts |publisher=Seoul Metropolitan Government|accessdate=2008-05-02 |language=English}}</ref> ''Dong'' are also sub-divided into 13,787 ''tong'' (통; {{linktext|統}}), which are further divided into 102,796 ''ban'' in total. | |||
| {| | |||
| | valign="top" | | |||
| *] (도봉구; {{lang|ko|{{linktext|道|峰|區}}}}) | |||
| *] (동대문구; {{lang|ko|{{linktext|東|大|門|區}}}}) | |||
| *] (동작구; {{lang|ko|{{linktext|銅|雀|區}}}}) | |||
| *] (은평구; {{lang|ko|{{linktext|恩|平|區}}}}) | |||
| *] (강북구; {{lang|ko|{{linktext|江|北|區}}}}) | |||
| *] (강동구; {{lang|ko|{{linktext|江|東|區}}}}) | |||
| *] (강남구; {{lang|ko|{{linktext|江|南|區}}}}) | |||
| *] (강서구; {{lang|ko|{{linktext|江|西|區}}}}) | |||
| *] (금천구; {{lang|ko|{{linktext|衿|川|區}}}}) | |||
| *] (구로구; {{lang|ko|{{linktext|九|老|區}}}}) | |||
| *] (관악구; {{lang|ko|{{linktext|冠|岳|區}}}}) | |||
| *] (광진구; {{lang|ko|{{linktext|廣|津|區}}}}) | |||
| *] (종로구; {{lang|ko|{{linktext|鍾|路|區}}}}) | |||
| | valign="top" | | |||
| *] (중구; {{lang|ko|{{linktext|中|區}}}}) | |||
| *] (중랑구; {{lang|ko|{{linktext|中|浪|區}}}}) | |||
| *] (마포구; {{lang|ko|{{linktext|麻|浦|區}}}}) | |||
| *] (노원구; {{lang|ko|{{linktext|蘆|原|區}}}}) | |||
| *] (서초구; {{lang|ko|{{linktext|瑞|草|區}}}}) | |||
| *] (서대문구; {{lang|ko|{{linktext|西|大|門|區}}}}) | |||
| *] (성북구; {{lang|ko|{{linktext|城|北|區}}}}) | |||
| *] (성동구; {{lang|ko|{{linktext|城|東|區}}}}) | |||
| *] (송파구; {{lang|ko|{{linktext|松|坡|區}}}}) | |||
| *] (양천구; {{lang|ko|{{linktext|陽|川|區}}}}) | |||
| *] (영등포구; {{lang|ko|{{linktext|永|登|浦|區}}}}) | |||
| *] (용산구; {{lang|ko|{{linktext|龍|山|區}}}}) | |||
| |} | |||
| == Demographics == | |||
| Nearly all of Seoul's residents are ], with some small ] and ] minorities. A rapidly growing population of international residents now represent about 2% of the total population.<ref>{{cite news | |||
| |last=Park | |||
| |first=Chung-a | |||
| |title=Foreign Population in Seoul Stands at 175,000 | |||
| |language=English | |||
| |publisher=Korea Times | |||
| |date=2007-07-24 | |||
| |url=http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/nation_view.asp?newsIdx=7073&categoryCode=117 | |||
| |accessdate=2008-01-06 }}</ref> The city’s population surpassed 10,421,000 as of the end of 2007 and the number of foreigners was 229,000, constituting 2.2 percent of the population.<ref>{{dead link|date=June 2008}}</ref> | |||
| The crime rate in Seoul is very low and it is considered one of the safest major cities in Asia. The two major religions in Seoul are ] and ]. Other religions include ] and ], the latter seen more as a pervasive social philosophy rather than a religion. | |||
| ==Economy== | |||
| ] and the ].]] | |||
| As the headquarters for some of the world’s largest corporations, such as ], ] and ], Seoul has become a major business hub in Asia. Although Seoul accounts for only 0.6 percent of South Korea's land area, it generates 21 percent of the country's entire GDP.<ref></ref> Its per capita GDP ranks among the highest among large cities in the region. | |||
| ===Financial hub=== | |||
| As a major business and financial center, Seoul ranks fifth in the world in terms of the number of ] transnational companies headquartered there.<ref>Richard Child Hill and June Woo Kim. . Retrieved ] ].</ref> Many international banks have branches in Seoul, including ], ] and ]. One of the largest exchange banks, the ], is also headquarted in Seoul. | |||
| ===Shopping=== | |||
| ].]] | |||
| {{main|Shopping in Seoul}} | |||
| The largest market in South Korea, the ], is located in Seoul. ] is a shopping and entertainment area in downtown Seoul which contains some of the city's top stores and fashion boutiques. Nearby is the ] named after the ]. ] is the cultural art market of Seoul, where traditional and modern Korean artworks, such as paintings, sculptures and calligraphy are sold. ] is another notable shopping district in the city lined with boutiques and stores, mainly catering to foreign tourists and American soldiers based in the city. ] is particularly popular with young people perhaps due to its proximity to some of Seoul's universities. The ] is one of the most affluent areas in Seoul and has popular modern shopping spots such as the fashionable and upscale ] area and the ]. | |||
| == Education == | |||
| :''See also: ], ]'' | |||
| There are a large number of ] in Seoul. Most of the country's most prestigious universities are located in Seoul. | |||
| == Culture == | |||
| ] before renovation.]] | |||
| ].]] | |||
| ].]] | |||
| === Historical structures and museums === | |||
| The ] built "Five Grand Palaces" in Seoul: | |||
| * ] (창덕궁; {{lang|ko|昌德宮}}) | |||
| * ] (창경궁; ({{lang|ko|昌慶宮}}) | |||
| * ] (덕수궁; {{lang|ko|德壽宮}}) | |||
| * ] (경복궁; {{lang|ko|景福宮}}) | |||
| * ] (경희궁; {{lang|ko|慶熙宮}}) | |||
| === Museums === | |||
| {{main|List of museums in Seoul}} | |||
| * ](국립중앙박물관; 國立中央博物館) | |||
| * ](국립민속박물관; 國立民俗博物館) | |||
| * ](전쟁기념관; 戰爭紀念館) | |||
| Outside the metropolitan area: | |||
| * ](남한산성; 南漢山城) | |||
| * ](북한산성; 北漢山城) | |||
| * ](남산공원; 南山公園) | |||
| === Temples and shrines === | |||
| * ](종묘; 宗廟) | |||
| * ] (동묘; 東廟) | |||
| * ] (문묘; 文廟) | |||
| * ] (조계사; 曹溪寺) | |||
| * ] (화계사; 華溪寺) | |||
| * ] (봉은사; 奉恩寺) | |||
| === Parks and outdoor attractions === | |||
| {{seealso|List of parks in Seoul}} | |||
| Seoul's ] accommodates six major parks, including ], which opened in mid-2005. The ] also contains a ] aimed to prevent the city from ] out over the neighboring ] ]. These areas are frequently sought after by people resting on the weekend and during vacations. | |||
| In addition, Seoul is also home to the world's largest indoor amusement park, ]. Other recreation centres include the former ] and ] stadiums and the ]'s public lawn. | |||
| === Sports === | |||
| Seoul hosted the ], ] and ]. It also served as one of the host cities of the ]. ] hosted the opening ceremony and first game of the tournament. | |||
| ] is Korea's national sport and Seoul is the location of the ], also known as the ] (WTF), the world headquarters of taekwondo. | |||
| The city is home to three ] teams in the ]: the ], the ], and Woori Heroes & two basketball teams in the ]: the ] and ]. | |||
| There is one professional ] club in Seoul, ], which plays in the ]. Two ] teams are based in the capital, ] and ]. | |||
| ==Transportation== | |||
| {{main|Transportation in Seoul}} | |||
| Seoul's transportation boom dates back to the era of the ], when the first streetcar lines were laid and a railroad linking Seoul and Incheon was completed. Seoul was the first city in East Asia to have electricity, trolley cars, water, telephone, and telegraph systems all at the same time. Today, as a result of the diversification of the city's transportation network, it has become a great transportation hub for Asia. | |||
| Seoul hosts more than three million registered vehicles and widespread traffic congestion is common. | |||
| ====Airports==== | |||
| ]]] | |||
| There are two international ]s that serve Seoul. ], formerly in ] but annexed to Seoul in 1963, was the only international airport for Seoul since its original construction during the ]. Other domestic airports were built around the time of the war, including at ]. | |||
| Upon opening in March 2001, ] on ] island in ] changed the role of Gimpo Airport significantly. Incheon is now responsible for almost all international flights and some domestic flights, while Gimpo serves only domestic flights with the exception of flights to ] (Haneda) in ] and ] in ]. This has led to a significant drop in flights from Gimpo Airport. | |||
| Meanwhile, Incheon International Airport has become, along with ] and ], a major transportation centre for ]. The 2005 AETRA passenger survey, jointly administered by the ] and ], voted it the best airport in the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.airports.org/cda/aci/display/main/aci_content.jsp?zn=aci&cp=1-7-46%5E6702_9_2__|title=Airport Service Excellence Awards for 2005|date=2006-03-07|accessdate=2006-08-25|publisher=]}}</ref> It was named by ] as the world's 5th best airport for 2006.<ref>{{cite web|title=Airport of the Year 2006 |url=http://www.worldairportawards.com/Awards-2006/AirportYear-2006.htm|publisher=]|work=World Airport Awards|accessdate=2007-02-25}}</ref> | |||
| Incheon and Gimpo are linked to Seoul by highways, and Gimpo is also linked by subway (line #5). The ], a rail line connecting Incheon Airport to Gimpo Airport opened in March 2007, but the line to Seoul Station in central Seoul will take at least a year more to open. Shuttle buses transfer passengers between Incheon and Gimpo airports. | |||
| ] train running between Incheon and Gimpo Airport.]] | |||
| ====Bus==== | |||
| {{Main|Seoul Buses}} | |||
| Seoul's bus system is operated by the Seoul Metropolitan Government, with four primary bus configurations available servicing most of the city. | |||
| ] | |||
| Seoul has many big intercity/express bus terminals. These buses are connecting Seoul and cities all around Korea. Major bus terminals are | |||
| *Seoul Express Bus Terminal in ] | |||
| *Central City in Seocho-gu | |||
| *Seoul Nambu Terminal, also in Seocho-gu | |||
| *Dongseoul Bus Terminal in ] | |||
| *Sangbong Terminal in ] | |||
| To reduce air pollution in the city, the government is planning to change over seven thousand of Seoul's diesel engine buses with natural gas by 2010.<ref> accessed ]</ref> | |||
| ====Subway==== | |||
| ] | |||
| {{Main|Seoul Metropolitan Subway}} | |||
| Seoul has eight subway lines that interlink every district of the city with one another and with the surrounding area. The majority of the population now uses the public transportation system due to its convenience and low cost. With more than 8 million passengers a day, Seoul has one of the busiest subway systems in the world. In addition, in order to cope with all of these transportation modes, Seoul's metropolitan government employs several mathematicians to coordinate the subway, bus, and traffic schedules into one timetable. The 10 lines are run by ], ] and ]. | |||
| ====Train==== | |||
| ].]] | |||
| Seoul is connected to every major city in Korea by railroad. Seoul is also linked to most major Korean cities by the ] bullet train which features a normal operation speed of more than 300 km/h, making commuting between cities extremely convenient for commuters and tourists. Major railroad stations include: | |||
| *], ] - Gyeongbu line (]/]/]), Gyeongui line (Saemaul/]) | |||
| *], ] - Honam line (KTX/Saemaul/Mugunghwa), Jeolla/Janghang lines (Saemaul/Mugunghwa) | |||
| *Yeongdeungpo Station, ] - Gyeongbu/Honam/Janghang lines (Saemaul/Mugunghwa) | |||
| *], ] - Gyeongchun/Jungang/Yeongdong/Taebaek lines (Mugunghwa) | |||
| ==Sister cities== | |||
| Seoul has many ]. The year each relationship was formed is shown in parentheses below.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.seoul.go.kr/gover/cooper/coo_02sis.html|author=Seul Metropolitan Government|title=International Cooperation: Sister Cities}}</ref> | |||
| {| | |||
| | valign="top" | | |||
| *{{flagicon|Republic of China}} ], ] (1968) | |||
| *{{flagicon|Turkey}} ], ] (1971) | |||
| *{{flagicon|Guam}} ], ] territory (1973) | |||
| *{{flagicon|United States}} ], ] (1973) | |||
| *{{flagicon|United States}} ], ] (1976) | |||
| *{{flagicon|Brazil}} ], ] (1977) | |||
| *{{flagicon|Indonesia}} ], ] (1984) | |||
| *{{flagicon|Japan}} ], ] (1988) | |||
| *{{flagicon|Russia}} ], ] (1991) | |||
| *{{flagicon|Australia}} ], ]n state (1991) | |||
| *{{flagicon|France}} ], ] (1991) | |||
| | valign="top" | | |||
| *{{flagicon|China}} ], ] (1992) | |||
| *{{flagicon|Venezuela}} ], ] (1992) | |||
| *{{flagicon|Mongolia}} ], ] (1995) | |||
| *{{flagicon|Vietnam}} ], ] (1996) | |||
| *{{flagicon|Poland}} ], ] (1996) | |||
| *{{flagicon|Egypt}} ], ] (1997) | |||
| *{{flagicon|Italy}} ], ] (2000) | |||
| *{{flagicon|Kazakhstan}} ], ] (2004) | |||
| *{{flagicon|Greece}} ], ] (2006) | |||
| *{{flagicon|Thailand}} ], ] (2006) | |||
| *{{flagicon|United States}} ], ] (2006) | |||
| *{{flagicon|Canada}} ],] (2007) | |||
| |} | |||
| == See also == | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| == References == | |||
| {{reflist|2}} | |||
| == External links == | |||
| {{commons|Seoul}} | |||
| {{wiktionary|Seoul}} | |||
| === Official sites === | |||
| * | |||
| === Tourism and living information === | |||
| * {{wikitravel}} | |||
| * : by Korean National Tourism Organization | |||
| * a casual online space to share old Seoul's secrets in English | |||
| <font size="4">Maps and images</font><br /> | |||
| * '''''' (from Seoul Metropolitan Government web site) | |||
| * '''''' | |||
| * | |||
| * | |||
| ===Others=== | |||
| * {{dmoz|Regional/Asia/South_Korea/Seoul/}} | |||
| {{Template group | |||
| |list = | |||
| {{Districts of Seoul}} | |||
| {{Neighbourhoods of Seoul}} | |||
| {{Regions and administrative divisions of South Korea}} | |||
| {{World's most populated urban areas}} | |||
| {{List of Asian capitals by region}} | |||
| {{Olympic Summer Games Host Cities}} | |||
| {{coor title dms|37|32|60|N|126|58|60|E|region:KO_type:city}} | |||
| }} | |||
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Revision as of 04:02, 20 August 2008
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