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			{{Syriac ethnicity}}
	'''Syriac people''' may refer to Aramaic-speaking Christians of
			The '''Aramean-Syriac people''' <big>(</big>]: <big><big>{{lang\|arc\|]}}</big></big>, {{IPA-all\|'Sūryōyɛ Orōmōyɛ}}<big>)</big> are an ] who are widely spread into countries such as ], ], ], ], ] and ] and speak a variant of ]. In later times, many of them fled into ], ], ], ], ], ], ] and ]. Today hundreds of thousands Syriacs live in ].<ref name=autogenerated9 /><ref name=autogenerated16 />

			For the most part, they speak the ], which is known as ] (<big><big>{{lang\|arc\|]}}</big></big>) in their native tongue, but a large part also speak a dialect of the ] called ] (<big><big>{{lang\|arc\|]}}</big></big>). Syriacs mostly call themselves ] (<big><big>{{lang\|arc\|]}}</big></big>) in their native tongue, but a large part also tend to use ] (<big><big>{{lang\|arc\|]}}</big></big>), since Syriacs are ] to the ].<ref>http://www.joshuaproject.net/peoples.php?rop3=210540</ref>
	*the ]

	*the ]
			Being adherents of the ], they belong to the ] and ], for which reason they are also known as ] (named after ]). They are known as one of the first people to accept ].<ref>http://www.tulumba.com/storeItem.asp?ic=VI342856CI279</ref>

			Their ], which is known as ] (<big><big>{{lang\|arc\|]}}</big></big>) in the ], lies in what is now ], ] and ], specifically in the ] (<big><big>{{lang\|arc\|]}}</big></big>) region in ], and in the ] region in ]. The strongest Syriac community in the world is found in the city of ] (<big><big>{{lang\|arc\|]}}</big></big>) in ] where a large Syriac community live. Following the ] (<big><big>{{lang\|arc\|]}}</big></big>) in the early 20th century, many fled abroad, and a large portion today lives in ].

			== Identity ==
			{{cquotetxt\|''"] (]): Those who call themselves Arameans, are called Syrians by us"''\|color=silver\|size=320%}}
			The Syriac people were earlier named as ] and their language ]. The first ones that named the ] as ] (note the old name ''Syrians'', today known as ''Syriacs'') was the ] ] and ] ] (died ]) who said in his work ]: "''Those who call themselves Arameans, are called Syrians by us''".<ref>], book 1, chapter 2, nr34</ref>
			Even in the ], the first translation of the ], the term ''Aram'' was translated into '''Syrian''', ''Arameans'' into ''Syrians'' and ''Aramaic'' into ''Syrian''.

			The Septuagint contributed to the spread on the term Syrian, on those who called themselves for Arameans. However the Arameans themselves continued to call themselves for Arameans, but by their surroundings, they were called ''Syrians''.

			Gradually, the Arameans started to use the ] term Syrian as a synonym to Aramean, and Syrian language as a synonym to Aramaic language.

			During the first centuries after ], most Arameans got Christianized, and during that period, the people often called themselves Syrians rather than Arameans. As other people mentioned and called them for Syrians, almost everyone started to call themselves Syrians.

			The term ''Aramaeans'' got overcovered by the term ''Syrians'', and the Syrians started to call themselves ''Suryoye'' (Syrians) instead of ''Oromoye'' (Aramaeans).<ref name=autogenerated19></ref><ref name="kaldaya"></ref><ref name=autogenerated5>The Syrian-Orthodox ] (Urhoy) (present-day Urfa in Turkey, †708) says: "''It is in this same way also we the ], that is to say the Syrians''"</ref><ref name=autogenerated12>Another ] lexicographer Bar Bahlul from ] (†963) explains in his Syriac (Aramaic) dictionary the name "Syria": "''And the Syrians were formerly called Arameans, (but) when Cyrus ruled over them, from then on they were called Syrians."''</ref><ref name=autogenerated17>*{{cite book
			\| last = Brock
			\| first = Sebastian
			\| authorlink =
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			\| others =
			\| title = The Hidden Pearl: The Aramaic Heritage
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			\| year = 9/9/2002
			\| month =
			\| publisher = Trans World Film
			\| location =
			\| language = English
			\| isbn = 1-931956-99-5
			\| oclc =
			\| doi =
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			\| pages =
			\| chapter =
			\| chapterurl =
			\| quote =
			\| ref = http://www.gorgiaspress.com/BOOKSHOP/pc-151-25-brock-et-al-sebastian-the-hidden-pearl-the-aramaic-heritage.aspx
			}}</ref><ref name=autogenerated10>
			Dionoysius Bar Salibi the Syrian-Orthodox bishop of Amid (], ], †1171), also called the star from the 12th century, says in his book ‘Against the Armenians": "''The Armenians say: "From whom do you descend - you who are Syriacs by race?" Against them we will say: Neither do you know from whom you descend....It is we (Syrians) who have enlightened your authors and revealed to them that you are descending from Togarma....As to us Syrians, we descend racially from Shem, and our father is Kemuel (the) son of Aram, and from this name of Aram we are also called sometimes in the books by the name of "Aramaeans''".</ref><ref name=autogenerated11>The Syrian-Orthodox Patriarch Mor Michael the Great of Militene (], ], † 1199 AD) writes: "''The Children of ] are the ], the ], the Ludians and the ] who are the Syrians, the ] and the ]''.". The same author says about the Mesopotamian history” The kingdoms which have been established in antiquity by our race, (that of) the ], namely the descendants of ], who were called Syrians”. </ref><ref name=autogenerated1></ref><ref>The Greek writer ] (150 BC) says in his work.. "''The people that we (The Greeks) call Syrians, are called by themselves Arameans..........Because the people in Syra are the Arameans''"</ref><ref name=autogenerated2>:The term was changed from ''Syrian'' to ''Syriac'' in referring to the (]) people and language so as to avoid confusion with belonging to the country of ]. For information on Syrian nationals see the ].
			</ref>

			The term ''Syrian'' was changed to ''Syriac'' by the ] in 1950s, in reference to the (Syrian Christian) people and language so as to avoid confusion with belonging to the country of ]. <ref name=autogenerated2 />

			The division has its roots in the Early ], when Western Syriacs were located in ] (]) territory (]), and looked to the ], rather than to the ], originally on ] territory, whence the Assyrian and Chaldean communities derive. These Christians tend to see themselves as Syrians or Aramaeans.

			]
			The ] has it history when ] made diggings in the historical ] village ],] in the beginning of the 20th century.

			He found a ] that shows three demons carrying the bewinged sunrelief.<br>
			The Syriacs in ] started to use this symbol as an honour to their ] origin.

			The sun is representing the universe, the wings as symbol for everything between the universe and earth, the flowers (that looks as stars) is a symbol for the four cardinal points and all life in earth. These three symbolize the universe.

			The red background was chosen because of all blood that has been spilled out due to all suffering and persecutions. The yellow color is symbolizing the hope for a own country, since Syriacs are a people living without their own state.
			<ref></ref><ref></ref>

			=== Polyonymy ===
			Throughout the centuries, the Syriacs have been known by a number of names, including:
			*'''Aramaeans''' <big><big>(ܐܪܡܝܐ)</big></big> - The Syriacs originate from the ] and was in former times called for ] and their language ]. The term "Aram" was found in an akkadian inscription for the first time 2200 B.C.<ref>Hidden Pearl, volume 1</ref>
			*'''Jacobites''' - Sometimes the Syriac people is incorrectly known as "Jacobites", named after ] who travelled around and organized the ] in the middle of the 500s.
			*'''Syrians''' - From the ] name {{transl\|grc\|Surioi}} ({{lang\|el\|Σύριοι}}), after the name "Syrus". The ] called the Syriac people for "Syrians" instead of "Aramaeans".
			*'''Syriacs''' <big><big>(ܣܘܪܝܝܐ)</big></big> - The term ''Syrian'' was changed to ''Syriac'' by the ] in 1950s, in reference to the (Syrian Christian) people and language so as to avoid confusion with belonging to the country of ]. <ref name=autogenerated2 />

			== Culture ==
			=== Music ===
			], ], Early 20th century]]
			{{main\|Syriac music}}
			At early times of ], the Syriac music was only used within the ]. In later times, the Syriac people felt that they wanted a new musical ], to express the Syriac people´s feelings, ideas and sufferings without associating to the ]. Great ] studied the music used in the ], and established new styles of ]. <ref name=autogenerated14></ref>

			In 1962 a Syriac called Chabo Bahé, wrote lyrics for ]. The first song he wrote was ''Grishlah Idi'', translated into ]: ''She pulled my hand'', and this song was the ground for the new style of ]. Most early Syriacs songs was written and performed by Syriacs in ], ] that reached out to the whole world. <ref name=autogenerated14 /> ] is very impressive and has been a inspiration for many cultures.

			The most known ] in modern time is ], ], ] and ].

			The first International ] was held in ] year 2008, 1-4 August for the Aramean-Syriac people around the world.<ref></ref>

			=== Dance ===
			{{main\|Syriac dance}}
			Syriac dance is a group of traditional hand-holding dances similar to those from the ], ] and ]. It is a form of round dancing, with a single or a couple of figure dancers often added to the geometrical centre of the dancing circle.

			] sing and dance in all of their festivals, birthdays, and marriage ceremonies. There are several types of ] dances, depending on with ceremony or which song is played.

			Several instruments such as Oud, ] and ] is used within singing or dancing.

			=== Religion ===
			{{main\|Syriac Christianity}}
			]
			Most Syriacs belong to the ] ''{{unicode\|(ʿIdto Suryoyto Triṣaṯ Šuḇḥo)}}'' which got 4,000,000 members around the world.<ref></ref>
			The current Patriarch of the ] is ].
			The ]'s headquarters are located in ], ].

			About 161,000 Syriacs are members of the ], which has its headquarters in ], ].
			In the eighteenth century many Syriacs left the ] and joined the ], and later the ].

			In the 19th century there were ] missionary activities in the ]. And they spread ] among the ] community and some of them founded their own ] fractions but many of them returned to the orthodox denomination a few years later.

			The ] are named after a hermit named ] (died 410).
			The exact worldwide ] population is not known, although it is at least 8 million according to CNEWA (Catholic Near East Welfare Association). It is estimated that 1,000,000 to 1,500,000 remain in ] where they constitute up to 25% of the population.
			The current ] and also ] (since 1986) is ] who resides in ], north of ] (the Maronite Patriarch resides in the northern town of Dimane during the summer months).

			Most known Syriac Doctors of the church are the following: ], ], ], ] and ].

			=== Traditions ===
			==== Easter ====
			The Syriac people celebrates ] the first sunday after full moon that occurs on ] or afterwards. The Syriac people is following an older calendar than the calendar that the ] is following, therefore their ] occures a bit later.

			The Syriacs are fasting normally 50 days, and the fast is voluntary. In the modern society, many Syriacs are chooses to only fast on the first and the last week.

			During ] all Syriacs takes the ] on their first churchvisit in the morning and on afternoon is it ]. Twelve persons in the parish, which symbolizes ] are choosen to perform the ].

			The ] is the big mourning ceremony. A ] is washed, which is a symbol for ] body, with water and dries it of and then wrap it in a piece of material. Then the ] is placed in a flower-decorated ]. The coffin is carried around in the church and finally, the coffin gets hanged over the church-door so all church-visitors can walk beneath it and show reverence for ]. Afterwards, the coffin is carried down and the crucifix is placed in a smaller coffin with a seal, just like when ] was placed in his coffin.

			Then the water, where the crucifix was washed, gets mixed up with ] and ] is dealt out to the the visitors. The bitter taste is a sign of participation of ] suffering.

			] is a day of peace and quietness. There is only a ] at night, but the big day is ]. During Easter Sunday, the little coffin gets opened and the crucifix is held up as a sign that ] is alive.<ref>http://www.na.se/artikel.asp?intId=1323753</ref>

			=== Language ===
			{{Main\|Neo-Aramaic languages}}
			{{Syriac alphabet}}
			Most Syriacs speaks a modern form of ], which is an eastern ] language, and spoken by 1,500,000 speakers in the ] and the ].<ref>Beyer, Klaus (1986). ''The Aramaic language: its distribution and subdivisions''. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht. ISBN 3-525-53573-2</ref><ref>] (2006). ''An Introduction to Syriac Studies''. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press. ISBN 1-59333-349-8</ref> To the native speaker, "Syriac" is usually called ''Suryoyo''. A wide variety of dialects exist, including ], ], and ].

			The ], which is a dialect of ], is a West Syriac language. It is spoken by approx. 1,000,000 speakers. <ref name="ethnologue">{{cite web \|title=Turoyo \|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=tru \|publisher=ethnologue.com \|accessdate=2008-01-05 \|language=English }}</ref> ] is spoken in eastern ], ] and north-eastern ], ] by members of the ]. In ], the language is frequently called ''Suryoyo''.

			What remains of actual ], sometimes noted as the surviving language that would be the closest to the ], ] is still spoken in Syria, but with only three villages left; ], Bakh'a, and Jubb'adin, lie about 35 miles (56 km) northeast of ].

			In earlier days, ], which is a Modern West ] was traditionally spoken in eastern ] and north-eastern ]. It was spoken in the villages of ] and `Ansha near Lice, ], ]. The name of the village and the language comes from the Syriac word ''melħo'' meaning 'salt'. The last speaker of ], Ibrahim Hanna, died in 1998 in ].<ref>Jastrow, Otto (1994). ''{{unicode\|Der neuaramäische Dialekt von Mlaḥsô}}''. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. ISBN 3-447-03498-X.
			</ref>

			Being ], many Syriacs speak ]s such as ], ] and ].

			=== Literature ===
			{{Main\|Syriac literature}}
			The ] is ] written in the ]. The majority of classical ] is of a ] religious nature.

			The earliest Syriac inscription is dated to AD 6 and comes from ]. There are about eighty inscriptions from the region of ] dating from the first three centuries AD. All of these early inscriptions are non-Christian or pre-Christian.

			The earliest Christian literature was the biblical translation, the ] and the ]. During the ] ] was considered to be a big giant during this period. It is also known that this period was the ] of ]. ] wrote ]s, poetry and prose for the church.

			The ] and ] is considered to be a continuation of the Syriac golden age. During this time, there were Syriac poets and theologians such as ], ], ], ], ] and ].

			Composition in the classical ] still continues among members of the ], where students in the church's monasteries are taught living, spoken Syriac, which also are known as {{unicode\|Kṯoḇonoyo}}.<ref>W. Wright: ''A Short History of Syriac Literature'', 1894, 1974 (reprint)</ref>

			=== Sports ===
			{{Main\|Syriac sports}}
			] in ].]]
			The Syriac people have made a great success within the sports world, especially within the soccer world.

			The teams ], ] and ], plays at present in the third highest level in ], ]. Also there is ], playing in the fourth highest level, ], and ] in the fifth highest level, ].
			Among these Syriac soccer teams, there are also another 21 Syriac soccer teams playing in ].

			Syriac soccer players like ], ], ], ], ], ], ] and ] have made great success within the soccer world.

			The Syriac soccer is very popular for many Syriacs all around the world, especially in ]. The fight between the two rivals ] and ] which was played at 2007 drew 7 146 spectators. <ref></ref> The match was broadcasted to over 80 countries through the Syriac channel ] and drew much interest in Swedish media.

			Because of the increasing interest for the Syriac football, and the great Syriac players, the newly ] has been established for the ] all around the world. <ref></ref>

			The Aramean Syriac football team ] attended in ], and reached the final, but lost against ] with 2-0. <ref name=autogenerated3></ref>

			In 2008 the Syriac team ] reaches the second highest division in ], ] for the first time in the history.<ref>http://www.lt.se/index.asp?kat=st&i1=index_red_2007.asp&i2=1&Id=29332&isp2=hela</ref><ref>http://www.syrianskafc.com</ref>

			== Demographics ==
			=== Homeland ===
			]
			The Syriacs are considered to be one of the indigenous people in the ] and specifically located in the area around Tigris and Euphrates rivers. The largest Syriac community is in Syria, where an estimated 1,500,000 Syriacs live.
			In ], mostly known as the homeland, there are only 3,000 left,<ref name="3000turabdin">* ''He was documenting life in the Tur Abdin, where about 3,000 members of the Aramean minority still live''.''''</ref> and an estimated 15,000 in all of Turkey.<ref name=autogenerated18></ref> After the ] many Syriacs also fled into ], ], ], ] and into the ].

			==== Syria ====
			The strongest Syriac stronghold in the Middle East is in ], specifically in the cities of ] and ]. Syriacs who fled from the ], fled into the newly formed country known as ].

			] was from the 1920s to 1980s known as the Capital for the Syriacs.

			==== Turkey ====
			In ], mostly known as the homeland, there are only 3,000 left,<ref name="3000turabdin"> ''He was documenting life in the Tur Abdin, where about 3,000 members of the Aramean minority still live''.</ref> and an estimated 15,000–50,000 in all of Turkey.<ref name=autogenerated18 /> Syriacs is ranked as the largest Christian denomination in Turkey.<ref name=autogenerated13></ref>

			The name "Tur Abdin" has the meaning of "The mountains of servants of God". This area was known as the world's most church and monastery closed area.

			After the ] many Syriacs also fled into ], ], ], ] and the ].

			In 1995 there were still 50,000 ] left in ]. <ref name=autogenerated13 />

			In later years, many Syriacs have quit their homes in ] for good and moved back into ]. Many Syriacs are returning to villages such as ], ], and villages in ]. With almost 1000 Syriacs who already have returned back to their homeland in Tur Abdin, another 5,000 are expected to return. <ref name=autogenerated4></ref><ref name=autogenerated7></ref>

			==== Iraq ====
			There are currently 90,000-150,000 Syriacs living in ]. The Syriacs, togheter with ] and ] made a majority in many villages in ] but have, since the Iraq invasion, fled into nearby countries such as ], and into ].
			<ref></ref><ref>http://www.themesopotamian.org/magazine/mesopotamian_v1_i4_jan05.pdf</ref><ref>http://www.kristdemokraterna.se/PressOchMedia/Pressmeddelanden/Internationellt/~/media/DBB059D6B89C42C1B8CB49B55C7CAC49.ashx</ref>

			=== Diaspora ===
			In 1967 the first large group of Syriacs left ] and moved into ]. Since that time over houndred of thousands Syriacs have left their original ] and moved into ], ] and ]. The Syriacs has created large ] communities.

			==== Europe ====
			A total of 550,000 Syriacs is currently living in ].<ref>http://www.turkishdailynews.com.tr/article.php?enewsid=70134</ref> Large Syriac diaspora communities can be found in ], ], ] and ]. The largest Syriac diaspora community can be found ], ], where approx. 40,000 Syriacs live.

			Many Syriacs in ] has made great success, many of them is famous ], ], ], ] and other. Also 4 Syriac soccerteam is playing in elitelevel in ].

			The international TV-channels ] and ] are also based in ], ] in ].

			==== Americas ====
			==== Australia ====
			== History ==
			=== Prehistoric time ===
			{{Main\|Aramaeans}}
			]
			The ] was a semitic ethnic group that lived in ] and in ] from around 1100 BC. <ref name="BE"></ref>

			Their language, ], was a north Semitic language that had its time of greatness in the bigger part of the ] during the first millennium before our time of counting; much as a result of the new Assyrian empire, that assumed the language as its national language,<ref name="BD"/> that led to the big spread of the ] in that area in the Middle East, today known as the ] <ref name="BD"></ref>.

			Later, even the ] and the ] came to talk different accents of Aramaic <ref name="BD"/>. In the ], the ] are described as with the ], a close related ethnic group <ref name="BE"/><ref name="BD"/>.

			The ] along with the Hittite rulers came to rule Syro-Hittite states from about 1000 BC. The Aramaeans ruled cities such as Bit-Adini, Bit-Bahiani, Bit Agusi, Hatarikka-Luhuti and ]. .<ref>''Tübinger Bibelatlas / Tübingen Bible Atlas''. Siegfried Mittmann, Götz Schmitt (eds.), Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, 2001, Map B IV 13-14</ref><ref>], ''The Hittites''. Harmondsworth: Pelican, 2nd ed., 1976 = 1954. p. 39-46.</ref>
			]

			The Aramean expansion continues and in the second half of the second century BCE, ] became the capital of the ] dynasty, who founded the Kingdom of ], the first Christian state under ].<ref>{{cite book \|title=China in World History \|last=Adshead \|first=Samuel Adrian Miles \|authorlink= \|coauthors= \|year=2000 \|publisher=Macmillan \|location= \|isbn=0312225652 \|pages=27 }}</ref><ref name="ball">{{cite book \|title=Rome in the East: The Transformation of an Empire \|last=Ball \|first=Warwick \|authorlink= \|coauthors= \|year=2000 \|publisher=Routledge \|location=Rome \|isbn=0415113768 \|pages=95 }}</ref><ref name="cheetham">{{cite book \|title=A History of the Christian Church During the First Six Centuries \|last=Cheetham \|first=Samuel \|authorlink= \|coauthors= \|year=1905 \|publisher=Macmillan and Co \|location= \|isbn= \|pages=58 }}</ref><ref name="Lockyer">{{cite book \|title=All the Apostles of the Bible \|last=Lockyer \|first=Herbert \|authorlink= \|coauthors= \|year=1988 \|publisher=Zondervan \|location= \|isbn=0310280117 \|pages=260 }}</ref>

			The ] were, in the 11th century BC, dominating the area in ]. The ] established kingdoms across the northern frontier of ], such as ], ] and ] around Mount Hermon, ] in the Hauran, and ] which became the strongest and largest one.

			In 900 BC the Arameans reaches the culmination of their political power. A large group of Aramaeans moved to the east of the ], where they settled in such numbers that the whole region became known as Aram-Naharaim or "Aram of the two rivers". One of their earliest kingdoms in ] was Bît-bahiâni (]). North of Sam'al was the Aramaean state of Bit-Gabari, sandwiched between the ] states of ], Gurgum, Tabal, Khattina and Unqi.

			The Arameans was dominating great areas in the southern ], whit states such as ]. Other Aramean tribes lived around the areas today known as ].

			] falls in 723 BC, with ] as the last king in throne.

			In 720 BC the Assyrian emperor ] dispersed the last Aramaean kingdoms independence <ref name="mercer"/>.
			Some people mean that the ] that occupied ], was of ] extraction <ref name="mercer">{{cite book
			\| last =
			\| first =
			\| authorlink =
			\| author = Watson E. Mills
			\| coauthors = Roger Aubrey Bullard
			\| editor =
			\| others =
			\| title = Mercer Dictionary of the Bible
			\| origdate =
			\| origyear =
			\| origmonth =
			\| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=goq0VWw9rGIC&printsec=frontcover#PRA2-PA52,M1
			\| format =
			\| accessdate =
			\| accessyear =
			\| accessmonth =
			\| edition =
			\| series =
			\| date =
			\| year = 1990
			\| month =
			\| publisher = Mercer University Press
			\| location =
			\| language = English
			\| isbn = 0865543739
			\| oclc = 20852514
			\| doi =
			\| id =
			\| pages = pp. 52
			\| chapter =
			\| chapterurl =
			\| quote =
			\| ref =
			}}</ref>

			123 ] the great ] king ] founds the kingdom of ] with ] as capital city.

			Between the years 267–272 BC the ] queen ] of ] conquers ].

			=== Christian time ===
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			bar:test at:1150 mark:(line,white)
			at:1150 shift:(10,4) text:1150 Patriarch of SOC moves to Mardin
			bar:test at:1258 mark:(line,white)
			at:1200 shift:(10,0) text:1200 SOC reaches their culmination
			bar:test at:1200 mark:(line,white)
			at:1258 shift:(10,0) text:1258 Mongols sack Baghdad, many Syriacs killed
			bar:test at:1290 mark:(line,black)
			at:1290 shift:(10,1) text:1290 Syriac bishop Bar-Hebraeus dies
			bar:test at:1295 mark:(line,black)
			at:1295 shift:(10,-6) text:1293 Deiro d-Za´faran seat for Syr. Orthodox Pat
			bar:test at:1650 mark:(line,black)
			at:1650 shift:(10,0) text:17th c.
			bar:test at:1834 mark:(line,black)
			at:1834 shift:(10,0) text:1846 Persecution in Syria
			bar:test at:1908 mark:(line,black)
			at:1908 shift:(10,15) text:1908 The Aramean sunrelief is discovered
			bar:test at:1915 mark:(line,black)
			at:1915 shift:(10,4) text:1915 Persecution in Turkey
			bar:test at:1951 mark:(line,black)
			at:1951 shift:(10,2) text:1967 Syriacs emigrates to Europe
			bar:test at:1998 mark:(line,black)
			at:1998 shift:(10,0) text:1998 last speakers of Mlahsô & Bijil die
			</timeline>
			\|}

			Between the years 0–100 AD the terms ''Arameans'' and ''Aram'' were replaced by the terms ''Syrians'' (which today are known as ''Syriacs'') and ''Syria''. <ref name=autogenerated19 /><ref name=autogenerated1 /><ref></ref><ref name=autogenerated5 /><ref name=autogenerated17 /><ref name=autogenerated12 /><ref name=autogenerated10 /><ref name=autogenerated11 /><ref>The Greek writer Posidonius (150 BC) says in his work.. "''The people that we (The Greeks) call Syrians, are called by themselves Arameans..........Because the people in Syra are the Arameans''"</ref><ref name="kaldaya" /><ref name=autogenerated2 />

			The Syriacs were ] in the 1st to 3rd centuries, at the time subject to the ] in the ] and ] provinces. According to legend already during the lifetime of ], as king ] asked to be cured of leprosy and was healed by ].<ref name="abgar">This event is described in ]' ''Church-history'' (I.13;II.1) ''</ref>.

			] became an important center of ], and the local ] came to be the liturgical language of ]. The ] developed at the time evolved into the ] followed by Western Syriacs.

			The great king ] V the Black (]; Abgar u Komo), son of the ] <ref name="serug">S:t Jakob from Serug in a poem about the martyrs Guria and Shamuna, he says that Abgar V is son of the Araméans:
			''"Two precious pearls, which were an ornament for the bride of my lord Abgar, the Aramaean's son."''
			''(Text tr. A. Roberts and J. Donaldson (eds.), Ante-Nicene Fathers, vol. 8 (1886);)
			(See Syriac Manuscripts from the Vatican Library: Volume 1, VatSyr. 117, number 224:On Shmona and Gurya. Fol. 551a, p. 1099)''</ref>, suffered from a leprosy sickness, that even his own doctor not could cure him from.

			] had been told about a wise man in ] (]) that this person had effective cures against sicknesses. He send a delegation with a letter to ] and invited him to ], to cure ]. ] answered that could not come to ], because he was on other duties. But he sent one of his followers, ] and this Thaddeus cured king ] and not long after, ] and the ] population converted into ].

			The kingdom of ], ], got famous because of this event, and many people visited ] to look at the letters that was exchanged between Abgar V and Jesus <ref name="abgar">This event is described in Eusebios from Caesares work ''Church-history'' (I.13;II.1) ( 300 AD) ''</ref>.

			Later, ] became a important centre for the Christian ] (Syriacs) and for their Syriac-Christian culture. The ] dialect that was spoken in ], became standard language in the new ].

			With the rise of ] in the 3rd century, the Western Syriacs were divided from their Eastern cousins, who found themselves in the Sassanid province of ]. The division deepened with the ] and ] schism in the 5th century.

			After the ] (431), the Church of ], which had hitherto been governed by a ] under ], refused to accept the condemnation of Nestorius, cut itself and the Church to the East of it off from both the Roman Catholic Church and the Syriac ]. The Church of Antioch remained in communion with Rome until the ] of the 11th century.

			The first Syriac documents come from about the end of the 5th century.<ref>'']'', ed. by ], ''Life of Severus of Antioch'', sixth century.</ref> The oldest Jacobite Liturgy extant is the one ascribed (as in its Greek form) to ]. It is in the dialect of Edessa.

			During the Fifth century, Many Syriacs moved from ] to ] in ], as medical doctors. During that time, ] was the leading medical centre.<ref>http://rnb.uin.googlepages.com/v22n2spring2005.pdf</ref>

			]
			The first Jacobite writer on their rite is ] (d. 708), who wrote a letter to a priest Thomas comparing the Syrian Liturgy with that of Egypt.

			With the establishment of the ] in the 650s, both the Eastern and the Western Syriac Churches fell under ], their followers receiving the status of ]. Syriac Christianity has held the status of a ] in the ] ever since.

			Nevertheless, the Syriacs remained a significant majority in various areas of the ] until the late 13th century.

			After this century, the Syriacs never succeeded in recovering, and this was the start on oppressions, persecutions and constant massacres on the Syriacs.

			During the 14th-century ] rule, however, large numbers of Syriacs were killed, and many of the survivors fled into the mountains of ]. This area became the center of Syriac culture. The Syriacs built villages, churches and monasteries.

			=== Modern ===
			During the years 1843, 1846 and 1860 there was three mass murders committed against the Syriac population, which led to new emigrations, where many of the Syriac population fled into the mountains of ] which already was dominated by Syriacs.

			]
			In 1911 a ] relief was found in the ] village ], and there after the Syriacs in ] started to use this relief as an honour to their ] origin.

			In 1914 a genocide, also known as "The ]" was committed against the Syriac population in the ] near the end of the ] by ]. <ref>Assyrians: The Continuous Saga - Page 40 by Frederick A. Aprim</ref> The Syriac population of northern ] (], ], ], ] region in modern-day southeastern ] and ] region in northwestern ]) was forcibly relocated and massacred by ] (] and ]) forces between 1914 and 1920 under the regime of the ].<ref>{{cite book
			\|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=PK-TPKvmG7UC&printsec=frontcover#PPA148,M1
			\|title = Islam and Dhimmitude: Where Civilizations Collide
			\|accessdate =
			\|accessdaymonth =
			\|accessmonthday =
			\|accessyear =
			\|author = ]
			\|last =
			\|first =
			\|authorlink =
			\|coauthors = Miriam Kochan, David Littman
			\|date =
			\|year = 2002
			\|month =
			\|format =
			\|work =
			\|publisher = Fairleigh Dickinson University Press
			\|pages = pp. 148-149
			\|language = English
			\|isbn = 0838639437
			\|oclc = 47054791
			\|doi =
			\|archiveurl =
			\|archivedate =
			\|quote =
			}}</ref> This genocide is considered by some scholars to be a part of the same policy of extermination as the ] and ] <ref>Schaller, Dominik J. and Zimmerer, Jürgen (2008) 'Late Ottoman genocides: the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire and Young Turkish population and extermination policies - introduction', Journal of Genocide Research, 10:1, 7 - 14</ref>.

			During the years 1915-1923, ] finds were discovered by ] ] in the ] village ], ]. This finds were brought by the Syriacs from ] when they fled into ]. Today they can be found in the Berlin Museum.

			In 1920 a large amount of Syriacs emigrated into the plains in North Eastern ], especially in ] and ]. Large Syriac communities could also be found in ].<ref name="jaas.org">http://www.jaas.org/edocs/v1/jastrow.pdf</ref><ref></ref>

			In , at the ]'s fall after the first world war, the Syriac homeland fell under the ] in the west and the ] in the east, and many Syriac Christians were dispersed in the ].

			During the fifties and the sixties another large wave of immigration set in. Syriac communities moved into larger urban areas in western part of ]. 20,000 Syriacs settled in ] until the sixties.<ref name=jaas.org />´

			In year 1968, Syriacs moved from ] to ]. The group contained a total of 200 Syriacs. At this time, many Syriacs left ], ] and ] and moved to ] and the ]. <ref></ref><ref name=autogenerated8 />

			]]]
			The first Syriac soccer team in the ] was ], which currently plays in the third highest division in ], was established in 1977. The first name on the soccer team was ], but was changed in 1986 to Syrianska SK, and finally to ].<ref></ref>

			In 1988 the Aramean-Syriac party ] was established in ].

			Syriacs were still the largest ] denomination in ], with more than 100,000 Syriacs still left in ]. In later years many Syriacs started to move from ], especially to ], ] and ].

			In the mid 1980s there were still 70,000 Syriacs left in ]. During this time many Syriacs fled abroad due to unrest in the border region and concerns for their security. <ref></ref> In 1995 they were still a majority as the largest ] denomination in ], with around 50,000 Syriacs.<ref name=autogenerated13 /> Today in ], there remain about 3,000 Syriacs.<ref name="3000turabdin">* ''He was documenting life in the Tur Abdin, where about 3,000 members of the Aramean minority still live in''.</ref>. However, after the turn of the century, many Syriacs have started to move back.<ref name=autogenerated4 /><ref name=autogenerated7 />

			The Syriac party ], also known as SUL, is established in 29 of March, 2005 in ]. The current leader for the party is Brahim Murat.<ref></ref>

			In 2008 the ] for the Aramean-Syriac people all over the world was established. The ] team is named ] and attended for the first time in ]. The football team reached the final, but lost against ] with 2-0.<ref name=autogenerated3 />

			At the end of 2008, the Syriac team ] reaches the second highest division in ], ] for the first time in the history.<ref>http://www.lt.se/index.asp?kat=st&i1=index_red_2007.asp&i2=1&Id=29332&isp2=hela</ref><ref>http://www.syrianskafc.com</ref>

			==Institutions==
			===Political institutions===
			*] (Politic party in ])
			*] (Politic party in ])
			*] (Politic party in ])
			*] (Umbrella organization for all Syriac organizations)
			*]
			*]

			===Other institutions===
			*]
			*]
			*]
			*]
			*]
			*]
			*]

	==See also==		==See also==
			{{Aramaeans}}
	*]
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			}}

			== Further reading ==
			*{{cite book
			\| last = Ephrem I Barsaum
			\| first = Ignatius
			\| authorlink =
			\| coauthors =
			\| editor =
			\| others =
			\| title = De spridda pärlorna - En historia om syriansk litteratur och vetenskap
			\| origdate =
			\| origyear =
			\| origmonth =
			\| url =
			\| format =
			\| accessdate =
			\| accessyear =
			\| accessmonth =
			\| edition =
			\| series =
			\| date =
			\| year = 2006
			\| month =
			\| publisher = Anastasis Media AB
			\| location = Sweden
			\| language = Swedish
			\| isbn = 9197575143
			\| oclc =
			\| doi =
			\| id =
			\| pages =
			\| chapter =
			\| chapterurl =
			\| quote =
			\| ref = http://www.bokrecension.se/9197575143
			}}
			*{{cite book
			\|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=4mug9LrpLKcC&printsec=frontcover
			\|title = Massacres, resistance, protectors: Muslim-Christian relations in Eastern Anatolia during World War I
			\|accessdate =
			\|accessdaymonth =
			\|accessmonthday =
			\|accessyear =
			\|author = David Gaunt
			\|last =
			\|first =
			\|authorlink =
			\|coauthors =
			\|date =
			\|year = 2006
			\|month =
			\|format =
			\|work =
			\|publisher = Gorgias Press LLC
			\|pages =
			\|language = English
			\|isbn = 1593333013
			\|oclc = 85766950
			\|doi =
			\|archiveurl =
			\|archivedate =
			\|quote =
			}}
			*{{cite book
			\| last = Aphram I Barsoum
			\| first = Patriarch
			\| authorlink =
			\| coauthors =
			\| editor =
			\| others =
			\| title = The Scattered Pearls
			\| origdate =
			\| origyear =
			\| origmonth =
			\| url =
			\| format =
			\| accessdate =
			\| accessyear =
			\| accessmonth =
			\| edition =
			\| series =
			\| date =
			\| year = 1943
			\| month =
			\| publisher =
			\| location =
			\| language =
			\| isbn =
			\| oclc =
			\| doi =
			\| id =
			\| pages =
			\| chapter =
			\| chapterurl =
			\| quote =
			\| ref = http://sor.cua.edu/Pub/PAphrem1/ScatteredPearlsIntro.html
			}}
			*{{cite book
			\| last = De Courtis
			\| first = Sėbastien
			\| authorlink =
			\| coauthors =
			\| editor =
			\| others =
			\| title = The Forgotten Genocide: Eastern Christians, the Last Arameans
			\| origdate =
			\| origyear =
			\| origmonth =
			\| url =
			\| format =
			\| accessdate =
			\| accessyear =
			\| accessmonth =
			\| edition = 1st Gorgias Press ed
			\| series =
			\| date =
			\| year = 2004
			\| month =
			\| publisher = Piscataway, NJ : Gorgias Press
			\| location =
			\| language = English
			\| isbn = 1593330774 9781593330774
			\| oclc =
			\| doi =
			\| id =
			\| pages =
			\| chapter =
			\| chapterurl =
			\| quote =
			\| ref = http://worldcat.org/wcpa/isbn/1593330774
			}}
			*{{cite book
			\| last = Brock
			\| first = Sebastian
			\| authorlink =
			\| coauthors =
			\| editor =
			\| others =
			\| title = ]
			\| origdate =
			\| origyear =
			\| origmonth =
			\| url =
			\| format =
			\| accessdate =
			\| accessyear =
			\| accessmonth =
			\| edition =
			\| series =
			\| date =
			\| year = 9/9/2002
			\| month =
			\| publisher = Trans World Film
			\| location =
			\| language = English
			\| isbn = 1-931956-99-5
			\| oclc =
			\| doi =
			\| id =
			\| pages =
			\| chapter =
			\| chapterurl =
			\| quote =
			\| ref = http://www.gorgiaspress.com/BOOKSHOP/pc-151-25-brock-et-al-sebastian-the-hidden-pearl-the-aramaic-heritage.aspx
			}}
			*{{cite book
			\| last = Sebastian Brock
			\| first = David Taylor,
			\| authorlink =
			\| coauthors =
			\| editor =
			\| others =
			\| title = Vol. I: The Ancient Aramaic Heritage
			\| origdate =
			\| origyear =
			\| origmonth =
			\| url =
			\| format =
			\| accessdate =
			\| accessyear =
			\| accessmonth =
			\| edition =
			\| series =
			\| date =
			\| year = 9/9/2002
			\| month =
			\| publisher = Trans World Film
			\| location =
			\| language = English
			\| isbn =
			\| oclc =
			\| doi =
			\| id =
			\| pages =
			\| chapter =
			\| chapterurl =
			\| quote =
			\| ref = http://www.gorgiaspress.com/BOOKSHOP/pc-151-25-brock-et-al-sebastian-the-hidden-pearl-the-aramaic-heritage.aspx
			}}
			*{{cite book
			\| last = Sebastian Brock
			\| first = David Taylor,
			\| authorlink =
			\| coauthors =
			\| editor =
			\| others =
			\| title = Vol. II: The Heirs of the Ancient Aramaic Heritage
			\| origdate =
			\| origyear =
			\| origmonth =
			\| url =
			\| format =
			\| accessdate =
			\| accessyear =
			\| accessmonth =
			\| edition =
			\| series =
			\| date =
			\| year = 9/9/2002
			\| month =
			\| publisher = Trans World Film
			\| location =
			\| language = English
			\| isbn =
			\| oclc =
			\| doi =
			\| id =
			\| pages =
			\| chapter =
			\| chapterurl =
			\| quote =
			\| ref = http://www.gorgiaspress.com/BOOKSHOP/pc-151-25-brock-et-al-sebastian-the-hidden-pearl-the-aramaic-heritage.aspx
			}}
			*{{cite book
			\| last = Sebastian Brock
			\| first = David Taylor,
			\| authorlink =
			\| coauthors =
			\| editor =
			\| others =
			\| title = Vol. III: At the Turn of the Third Millennium; The Syrian Orthodox Witness
			\| origdate =
			\| origyear =
			\| origmonth =
			\| url =
			\| format =
			\| accessdate =
			\| accessyear =
			\| accessmonth =
			\| edition =
			\| series =
			\| date =
			\| year = 9/9/2002
			\| month =
			\| publisher = Trans World Film
			\| location =
			\| language = English
			\| isbn =
			\| oclc =
			\| doi =
			\| id =
			\| pages =
			\| chapter =
			\| chapterurl =
			\| quote =
			\| ref = http://www.gorgiaspress.com/BOOKSHOP/pc-151-25-brock-et-al-sebastian-the-hidden-pearl-the-aramaic-heritage.aspx
			}}
			*{{cite book
			\| last = Hollerweger
			\| first = Hans
			\| authorlink =
			\| coauthors =
			\| editor =
			\| others =
			\| title = Tur Abdin - A Homeland of Ancient Syro-Aramaean Culture
			\| origdate =
			\| origyear =
			\| origmonth =
			\| url =
			\| format =
			\| accessdate =
			\| accessyear =
			\| accessmonth =
			\| edition =
			\| series =
			\| date =
			\| year = 1999
			\| month =
			\| publisher = ?
			\| location = Österreich
			\| language = English, German, Turkish
			\| isbn = 3-9501039-0-2
			\| oclc =
			\| doi =
			\| id =
			\| pages =
			\| chapter =
			\| chapterurl =
			\| quote =
			\| ref =
			}}

			== Further reading ==
			==References==
			<div style="height: 400px; overflow: auto; padding: 3px; border:1px solid #AAAAAA; reflist4">
			{{reflist\|3}}
			</div>

			{{Syriac Christianity}}

			<!--Categories-->
			]
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			]
			]

			]
	{{disambig}}
			]
			]
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			]

Revision as of 10:52, 21 October 2008

Template:Syriac ethnicity The Aramean-Syriac people (Syriac: ܣܘܪܝܝܐ ܐܪܡܝܐ, IPA: ['Sūryōyɛ Orōmōyɛ]) are an ethnic group who are widely spread into countries such as Syria, Turkey, Israel, Lebanon, Iran and Iraq and speak a variant of Aramaic. In later times, many of them fled into Europe, the United States, Canada, Australia, Germany, Sweden, Netherlands and Switzerland. Today hundreds of thousands Syriacs live in diaspora.

For the most part, they speak the Syriac language, which is known as Suryoyo (ܠܫܢܐ ܣܘܪܝܝܐ) in their native tongue, but a large part also speak a dialect of the Neo-Aramaic language called Turoyo (ܛܘܪܝܐ). Syriacs mostly call themselves Suryoye (ܣܘܪܝܝܐ) in their native tongue, but a large part also tend to use Oromoye (ܐܪܡܝܐ), since Syriacs are descendants to the Aramaeans.

Being adherents of the West Syrian Rite, they belong to the Syriac Orthodox Church and Syriac Catholic Church, for which reason they are also known as Jacobites (named after Jacob Baradaeus). They are known as one of the first people to accept Christianity.

Their original homeland, which is known as Beth Nahrain (ܒܝܬ ܢܗܪ̈ܝܢ) in the Syriac language, lies in what is now Syria, Iraq and Turkey, specifically in the Turabdin (ܛܘܪ ܥܒܕܝܢ) region in Turkey, and in the Al Hasakah region in Syria. The strongest Syriac community in the world is found in the city of Kamishli (ܩܡܫܠܐ) in Syria where a large Syriac community live. Following the Syriac genocide (ܣܝܦܐ) in the early 20th century, many fled abroad, and a large portion today lives in diaspora.

Identity

"Strabo (AD 24): Those who call themselves Arameans, are called Syrians by us"

The Syriac people were earlier named as Arameans and their language Aramaic. The first ones that named the Arameans as Syrians (note the old name Syrians, today known as Syriacs) was the Greek geographer and historian Strabo (died AD 24) who said in his work Geography: "Those who call themselves Arameans, are called Syrians by us". Even in the Septuagint, the first translation of the Old Testament, the term Aram was translated into Syrian, Arameans into Syrians and Aramaic into Syrian.

The Septuagint contributed to the spread on the term Syrian, on those who called themselves for Arameans. However the Arameans themselves continued to call themselves for Arameans, but by their surroundings, they were called Syrians.

Gradually, the Arameans started to use the Greek term Syrian as a synonym to Aramean, and Syrian language as a synonym to Aramaic language.

During the first centuries after Christ, most Arameans got Christianized, and during that period, the people often called themselves Syrians rather than Arameans. As other people mentioned and called them for Syrians, almost everyone started to call themselves Syrians.

The term Aramaeans got overcovered by the term Syrians, and the Syrians started to call themselves Suryoye (Syrians) instead of Oromoye (Aramaeans).

The term Syrian was changed to Syriac by the Syriac Orthodox Church in 1950s, in reference to the (Syrian Christian) people and language so as to avoid confusion with belonging to the country of Syria.

The division has its roots in the Early Middle Ages, when Western Syriacs were located in Roman (Byzantine) territory (Roman Syria), and looked to the Patriarchate of Antioch, rather than to the Church of the East, originally on Sassanid territory, whence the Assyrian and Chaldean communities derive. These Christians tend to see themselves as Syrians or Aramaeans.

The Syriac flag has it history when André Dupont-Sommer made diggings in the historical Aramaean village Tell-Khalaf,Syria in the beginning of the 20th century.

He found a relief that shows three demons carrying the bewinged sunrelief.
The Syriacs in Syria started to use this symbol as an honour to their Aramaean origin.

The sun is representing the universe, the wings as symbol for everything between the universe and earth, the flowers (that looks as stars) is a symbol for the four cardinal points and all life in earth. These three symbolize the universe.

The red background was chosen because of all blood that has been spilled out due to all suffering and persecutions. The yellow color is symbolizing the hope for a own country, since Syriacs are a people living without their own state.

Polyonymy

Throughout the centuries, the Syriacs have been known by a number of names, including:

Aramaeans (ܐܪܡܝܐ) - The Syriacs originate from the Aramaeans and was in former times called for Aramaeans and their language Aramaic. The term "Aram" was found in an akkadian inscription for the first time 2200 B.C.
Jacobites - Sometimes the Syriac people is incorrectly known as "Jacobites", named after Jacob Baradaeus who travelled around and organized the Syriac Orthodox Church in the middle of the 500s.
Syrians - From the ancient Greek name Surioi (Σύριοι), after the name "Syrus". The Greeks called the Syriac people for "Syrians" instead of "Aramaeans".
Syriacs (ܣܘܪܝܝܐ) - The term Syrian was changed to Syriac by the Syriac Orthodox Church in 1950s, in reference to the (Syrian Christian) people and language so as to avoid confusion with belonging to the country of Syria.

Culture

Music

File:Assyrmardin.JPG

Typical Syriac clothing in Mardin, Tur abdin, Early 20th century

Main article: Syriac music

At early times of Syriac Christianity, the Syriac music was only used within the churches. In later times, the Syriac people felt that they wanted a new musical culture, to express the Syriac people´s feelings, ideas and sufferings without associating to the church. Great Syriac music writers studied the music used in the church, and established new styles of music.

In 1962 a Syriac called Chabo Bahé, wrote lyrics for Syriac music. The first song he wrote was Grishlah Idi, translated into English: She pulled my hand, and this song was the ground for the new style of Syriac music. Most early Syriacs songs was written and performed by Syriacs in Syria, Al Qamishli that reached out to the whole world. Syriac music is very impressive and has been a inspiration for many cultures.

The most known Syriac singers in modern time is Ishok Yakub, Josef Özer, Jean Karat and Habib Mousa.

The first International Aramaic Music Festival was held in Lebanon year 2008, 1-4 August for the Aramean-Syriac people around the world.

Dance

Main article: Syriac dance

Syriac dance is a group of traditional hand-holding dances similar to those from the Lebanon, Iraq and Syria. It is a form of round dancing, with a single or a couple of figure dancers often added to the geometrical centre of the dancing circle.

Syriacs sing and dance in all of their festivals, birthdays, and marriage ceremonies. There are several types of Syriac dances, depending on with ceremony or which song is played.

Several instruments such as Oud, Zurna and Davul is used within singing or dancing.

Religion

Main article: Syriac Christianity

Most Syriacs belong to the Syriac Orthodox Church (ʿIdto Suryoyto Triṣaṯ Šuḇḥo) which got 4,000,000 members around the world. The current Patriarch of the Syriac Orthodox Church is Ignatius Zakka I Iwas. The Syriac Orthodox Church's headquarters are located in Damascus, Syria.

About 161,000 Syriacs are members of the Syriac Catholic Church, which has its headquarters in Beirut, Lebanon. In the eighteenth century many Syriacs left the Syriac Orthodox Church and joined the Roman Catholic Church, and later the Syriac Catholic Church.

In the 19th century there were anglican missionary activities in the Middle East. And they spread protestantism among the Syriac orthodox community and some of them founded their own protestant fractions but many of them returned to the orthodox denomination a few years later.

The Syriac-maronites are named after a hermit named Mar Maroun (died 410). The exact worldwide Maronite population is not known, although it is at least 8 million according to CNEWA (Catholic Near East Welfare Association). It is estimated that 1,000,000 to 1,500,000 remain in Lebanon where they constitute up to 25% of the population. The current Patriarch and also Cardinal (since 1986) is Mar Nasrallah Boutros Sfeir who resides in Bkirki, north of Beirut (the Maronite Patriarch resides in the northern town of Dimane during the summer months).

Most known Syriac Doctors of the church are the following: Ephrem the Syrian, Jacob of Edessa, Bar-Hebraeus, Bardaisan and Jacob of Serug.

Traditions

Easter

The Syriac people celebrates Easter the first sunday after full moon that occurs on vernal equinox or afterwards. The Syriac people is following an older calendar than the calendar that the Western Churches is following, therefore their Easter occures a bit later.

The Syriacs are fasting normally 50 days, and the fast is voluntary. In the modern society, many Syriacs are chooses to only fast on the first and the last week.

During Maundy Thursday all Syriacs takes the Eucharist on their first churchvisit in the morning and on afternoon is it Foot washing. Twelve persons in the parish, which symbolizes Twelve Apostles are choosen to perform the Foot washing.

The Good Friday is the big mourning ceremony. A crucifix is washed, which is a symbol for Jesus body, with water and dries it of and then wrap it in a piece of material. Then the crucifix is placed in a flower-decorated coffin. The coffin is carried around in the church and finally, the coffin gets hanged over the church-door so all church-visitors can walk beneath it and show reverence for Jesus Christ. Afterwards, the coffin is carried down and the crucifix is placed in a smaller coffin with a seal, just like when Jesus was placed in his coffin.

Then the water, where the crucifix was washed, gets mixed up with vinegar and myrrh is dealt out to the the visitors. The bitter taste is a sign of participation of Jesus suffering.

Holy Saturday is a day of peace and quietness. There is only a Service of worship at night, but the big day is Easter Sunday. During Easter Sunday, the little coffin gets opened and the crucifix is held up as a sign that Jesus is alive.

Language

Main article: Neo-Aramaic languages

Syriac alphabet
(200 BCE–present)

ܐ ܒ ܓ ܕ ܗ ܘ

ܙ ܚ ܛ ܝ ܟܟ ܠ

ܡܡ ܢܢ ܣ ܥ ܦ

ܨ ܩ ܪ ܫ ܬ

Most Syriacs speaks a modern form of Syriac, which is an eastern Aramaic language, and spoken by 1,500,000 speakers in the homeland and the diaspora. To the native speaker, "Syriac" is usually called Suryoyo. A wide variety of dialects exist, including Assyrian Neo-Aramaic, Chaldean Neo-Aramaic, and Turoyo.

The Turoyo language, which is a dialect of Aramaic, is a West Syriac language. It is spoken by approx. 1,000,000 speakers. Turoyo is spoken in eastern Turkey, Mardin province and north-eastern Syria, Al-Hasakah Governorate by members of the Syriac Orthodox Church. In Turoyo, the language is frequently called Suryoyo.

What remains of actual Western Neo-Aramaic, sometimes noted as the surviving language that would be the closest to the language spoken by Jesus, Western Neo-Aramaic is still spoken in Syria, but with only three villages left; Ma`loula, Bakh'a, and Jubb'adin, lie about 35 miles (56 km) northeast of Damascus.

In earlier days, Mlahsô, which is a Modern West Syriac language was traditionally spoken in eastern Turkey and north-eastern Syria. It was spoken in the villages of Mlahsó and `Ansha near Lice, Diyarbakır, Turkey. The name of the village and the language comes from the Syriac word melħo meaning 'salt'. The last speaker of Mlahsô, Ibrahim Hanna, died in 1998 in Qamishli.

Being stateless, many Syriacs speak second languages such as Arabic, Kurdish and Turkish.

Literature

Main article: Syriac literature

The Syriac literature is literature written in the Syriac language. The majority of classical Syriac literature is of a Christian religious nature.

The earliest Syriac inscription is dated to AD 6 and comes from Edessa. There are about eighty inscriptions from the region of Osrhoene dating from the first three centuries AD. All of these early inscriptions are non-Christian or pre-Christian.

The earliest Christian literature was the biblical translation, the Peshitta and the Diatessaron. During the fourth century Ephrem the Syrian was considered to be a big giant during this period. It is also known that this period was the golden age of Syriac literature. Ephrem the Syrian wrote hymns, poetry and prose for the church.

The fifth century and sixth century is considered to be a continuation of the Syriac golden age. During this time, there were Syriac poets and theologians such as Jacob of Serugh, Narsai, Isaac of Nineveh, Philoxenus of Mabbog, Babai the Great and Jacob of Edessa.

Composition in the classical Syriac language still continues among members of the Syriac Orthodox Church, where students in the church's monasteries are taught living, spoken Syriac, which also are known as Kṯoḇonoyo.

Sports

Main article: Syriac sports

File:Syrianskavis copy.jpg

Valsta Syrianska is one of many Syriac football clubs in Sweden.

The Syriac people have made a great success within the sports world, especially within the soccer world.

The teams Syrianska FC, Valsta Syrianska IK and Arameiska/Syrianska KIF, plays at present in the third highest level in Sweden, Division 1 Norra. Also there is Syrianska IF Kerburan, playing in the fourth highest level, Division 2 Norra Svealand, and Örebro Syrianska IF in the fifth highest level, Division 3 Västra Svealand. Among these Syriac soccer teams, there are also another 21 Syriac soccer teams playing in Sweden.

Syriac soccer players like Daniel Unal, Abgar Barsom, Suleyman Sleyman, Kennedy Bakircioglu, Louay Chanko, Sharbel Touma, Stefan Batan and Gabriel Özkan have made great success within the soccer world.

The Syriac soccer is very popular for many Syriacs all around the world, especially in Sweden. The fight between the two rivals Syrianska FC and Assyriska Föreningen which was played at 2007 drew 7 146 spectators. The match was broadcasted to over 80 countries through the Syriac channel Suryoyo Sat and drew much interest in Swedish media.

Because of the increasing interest for the Syriac football, and the great Syriac players, the newly Aramean Syriac Football Association has been established for the Aramean-Syriac people all around the world.

The Aramean Syriac football team Arameans Suryoye attended in 2008 VIVA World Cup, and reached the final, but lost against Padania with 2-0.

In 2008 the Syriac team Syrianska FC reaches the second highest division in Sweden, Superettan for the first time in the history.

Demographics

Homeland

The Syriacs are considered to be one of the indigenous people in the Middle East and specifically located in the area around Tigris and Euphrates rivers. The largest Syriac community is in Syria, where an estimated 1,500,000 Syriacs live. In Tur Abdin, mostly known as the homeland, there are only 3,000 left, and an estimated 15,000 in all of Turkey. After the Syriac genocide many Syriacs also fled into Lebanon, Jordan, Iran, Iraq and into the Western world.

Syria

The strongest Syriac stronghold in the Middle East is in Syria, specifically in the cities of Qamishli and Al-Hassakeh. Syriacs who fled from the Seyfo, fled into the newly formed country known as Syria.

Qamishli was from the 1920s to 1980s known as the Capital for the Syriacs.

Turkey

In Tur Abdin, mostly known as the homeland, there are only 3,000 left, and an estimated 15,000–50,000 in all of Turkey. Syriacs is ranked as the largest Christian denomination in Turkey.

The name "Tur Abdin" has the meaning of "The mountains of servants of God". This area was known as the world's most church and monastery closed area.

After the Syriac genocide many Syriacs also fled into Lebanon, Jordan, Iran, Iraq and the Western world.

In 1995 there were still 50,000 Syriacs left in Tur Abdin.

In later years, many Syriacs have quit their homes in Europe for good and moved back into Tur Abdin. Many Syriacs are returning to villages such as Kafro Tahtejto, Enhil, and villages in Mardin province. With almost 1000 Syriacs who already have returned back to their homeland in Tur Abdin, another 5,000 are expected to return.

Iraq

There are currently 90,000-150,000 Syriacs living in Iraq. The Syriacs, togheter with Assyrians and Chaldeans made a majority in many villages in Iraq but have, since the Iraq invasion, fled into nearby countries such as Syria, and into Europe.

Diaspora

In 1967 the first large group of Syriacs left Lebanon and moved into Sweden. Since that time over houndred of thousands Syriacs have left their original homeland and moved into Europe, the Americas and Australia. The Syriacs has created large diaspora communities.

Europe

A total of 550,000 Syriacs is currently living in Europe. Large Syriac diaspora communities can be found in Germany, Sweden, Netherlands and Switzerland. The largest Syriac diaspora community can be found Södertälje, Sweden, where approx. 40,000 Syriacs live.

Many Syriacs in Europe has made great success, many of them is famous politicians, entertainers, journalists, athletes and other. Also 4 Syriac soccerteam is playing in elitelevel in Sweden.

The international TV-channels Suryoyo Sat and Suroyo TV are also based in Europe, Södertälje in Sweden.

Americas

Australia

History

Prehistoric time

Main article: Aramaeans

The Aramaeans was a semitic ethnic group that lived in Mesopotamia and in Syria from around 1100 BC.

Their language, Aramaic, was a north Semitic language that had its time of greatness in the bigger part of the Near East during the first millennium before our time of counting; much as a result of the new Assyrian empire, that assumed the language as its national language, that led to the big spread of the Aramaic language in that area in the Middle East, today known as the Fertile Crescent .

Later, even the Persians and the Jews came to talk different accents of Aramaic . In the Old Testament, the Aramaeans are described as with the Jews, a close related ethnic group .

The Aramaeans along with the Hittite rulers came to rule Syro-Hittite states from about 1000 BC. The Aramaeans ruled cities such as Bit-Adini, Bit-Bahiani, Bit Agusi, Hatarikka-Luhuti and Hama. .

The Aramean expansion continues and in the second half of the second century BCE, Edessa became the capital of the Abgar dynasty, who founded the Kingdom of Osroene, the first Christian state under Abgar IX.

The Aramaeans were, in the 11th century BC, dominating the area in Syria. The Aramaeans established kingdoms across the northern frontier of Israel, such as Aram-Sobah, Aram-Bêt-Rehob and Aram-Ma’akah around Mount Hermon, Aram-Geshur in the Hauran, and Aram-Damascus which became the strongest and largest one.

In 900 BC the Arameans reaches the culmination of their political power. A large group of Aramaeans moved to the east of the Euphrates, where they settled in such numbers that the whole region became known as Aram-Naharaim or "Aram of the two rivers". One of their earliest kingdoms in Mesopotamia was Bît-bahiâni (Tell Halaf). North of Sam'al was the Aramaean state of Bit-Gabari, sandwiched between the Neo-Hittite states of Carchemish, Gurgum, Tabal, Khattina and Unqi.

The Arameans was dominating great areas in the southern Levant, whit states such as Aram-Damascus. Other Aramean tribes lived around the areas today known as Syria.

Aram-Damascus falls in 723 BC, with Resin as the last king in throne.

In 720 BC the Assyrian emperor Sargon II dispersed the last Aramaean kingdoms independence . Some people mean that the Chaldeans that occupied Babylon, was of Aramaic extraction

123 BC the great Aramean king Abgar Aryo founds the kingdom of Osroene with Urhoy as capital city.

Between the years 267–272 BC the Aramean queen Bath Zabbai of Palmyra conquers the Orient.

Christian time

Between the years 0–100 AD the terms Arameans and Aram were replaced by the terms Syrians (which today are known as Syriacs) and Syria.

The Syriacs were Christianized in the 1st to 3rd centuries, at the time subject to the Roman Empire in the Osroene and Syria provinces. According to legend already during the lifetime of Jesus, as king Abgar V of Edessa asked to be cured of leprosy and was healed by Thaddeus..

Edessa became an important center of Early Christianity, and the local Syriac language came to be the liturgical language of Syriac Christianity. The Antiochene Rite developed at the time evolved into the West Syrian Rite followed by Western Syriacs.

The great king Abgar V the Black (Syriac; Abgar u Komo), son of the Araméans , suffered from a leprosy sickness, that even his own doctor not could cure him from.

Abgar V of Edessa had been told about a wise man in Palestine (Jesus) that this person had effective cures against sicknesses. He send a delegation with a letter to Jesus and invited him to Edessa, to cure Abgar V of Edessa. Jesus answered that could not come to Edessa, because he was on other duties. But he sent one of his followers, Thaddeus of Edessa and this Thaddeus cured king Abgar V and not long after, Abgar V of Edessa and the Aramean population converted into Christianity.

The kingdom of Abgar V, Edessa, got famous because of this event, and many people visited Edessa to look at the letters that was exchanged between Abgar V and Jesus .

Later, Edessa became a important centre for the Christian Arameans (Syriacs) and for their Syriac-Christian culture. The Aramaic dialect that was spoken in Edessa, became standard language in the new Syriac-Christian church.

With the rise of Sassanid Persia in the 3rd century, the Western Syriacs were divided from their Eastern cousins, who found themselves in the Sassanid province of Asuristan. The division deepened with the Nestorian and Monophsite schism in the 5th century.

After the Council of Ephesus (431), the Church of Seleucia-Ctesiphon, which had hitherto been governed by a catholicos under Antioch, refused to accept the condemnation of Nestorius, cut itself and the Church to the East of it off from both the Roman Catholic Church and the Syriac Church of Antioch. The Church of Antioch remained in communion with Rome until the East-West Schism of the 11th century.

The first Syriac documents come from about the end of the 5th century. The oldest Jacobite Liturgy extant is the one ascribed (as in its Greek form) to Saint James. It is in the dialect of Edessa.

During the Fifth century, Many Syriacs moved from Urhoy to Gundeshapur in Iran, as medical doctors. During that time, Urhoy was the leading medical centre.

The first Jacobite writer on their rite is James of Edessa (d. 708), who wrote a letter to a priest Thomas comparing the Syrian Liturgy with that of Egypt.

With the establishment of the Umayyad Caliphate in the 650s, both the Eastern and the Western Syriac Churches fell under Islamic rule, their followers receiving the status of Dhimmi. Syriac Christianity has held the status of a minority religion in the Arab world ever since.

Nevertheless, the Syriacs remained a significant majority in various areas of the Middle East until the late 13th century.

After this century, the Syriacs never succeeded in recovering, and this was the start on oppressions, persecutions and constant massacres on the Syriacs.

During the 14th-century Timurid rule, however, large numbers of Syriacs were killed, and many of the survivors fled into the mountains of Tur Abdin. This area became the center of Syriac culture. The Syriacs built villages, churches and monasteries.

Modern

During the years 1843, 1846 and 1860 there was three mass murders committed against the Syriac population, which led to new emigrations, where many of the Syriac population fled into the mountains of Tur Abdin which already was dominated by Syriacs.

Celebration of Corpus Christi in Iraq, attended by Chaldeans, Syriacs, and Armenians, close to Aqd al-Nasara in 1920s.

In 1911 a winged sun relief was found in the Aramean village Tell-Khalaf, and there after the Syriacs in Syria started to use this relief as an honour to their Aramaic origin.

In 1914 a genocide, also known as "The Syriac genocide" was committed against the Syriac population in the Ottoman Empire near the end of the First World War by Young Turks. The Syriac population of northern Mesopotamia (Tur Abdin, Hakkari, Van, Siirt region in modern-day southeastern Turkey and Urmia region in northwestern Iran) was forcibly relocated and massacred by Ottoman (Turkish and Kurdish) forces between 1914 and 1920 under the regime of the Young Turks. This genocide is considered by some scholars to be a part of the same policy of extermination as the Armenian Genocide and Pontic Greek Genocide .

During the years 1915-1923, Aramean finds were discovered by German archeologists in the Aramean village Zincirli, Turkey. This finds were brought by the Syriacs from Syria when they fled into Turkey. Today they can be found in the Berlin Museum.

In 1920 a large amount of Syriacs emigrated into the plains in North Eastern Syria, especially in Al Qamishli and Al-Hasakah. Large Syriac communities could also be found in Beirut.

In , at the Ottoman Empire's fall after the first world war, the Syriac homeland fell under the French Mandate of Syria in the west and the British Mandate of Iraq in the east, and many Syriac Christians were dispersed in the Syriac diaspora.

During the fifties and the sixties another large wave of immigration set in. Syriac communities moved into larger urban areas in western part of Turkey. 20,000 Syriacs settled in Istanbul until the sixties.´

In year 1968, Syriacs moved from Lebanon to Sweden. The group contained a total of 200 Syriacs. At this time, many Syriacs left Lebanon, Syria and Turkey and moved to Europe and the United States.

File:Aramaean sun.JPG

The Aramean relief that was found in Syria

The first Syriac soccer team in the diaspora was Syrianska FC, which currently plays in the third highest division in Sweden, was established in 1977. The first name on the soccer team was Suryoye, but was changed in 1986 to Syrianska SK, and finally to Syrianska FC.

In 1988 the Aramean-Syriac party Aramaic Democratic Organization was established in Lebanon.

Syriacs were still the largest Christian denomination in Turkey, with more than 100,000 Syriacs still left in Tur Abdin. In later years many Syriacs started to move from Tur Abdin, especially to Sweden, USA and Germany.

In the mid 1980s there were still 70,000 Syriacs left in Turkey. During this time many Syriacs fled abroad due to unrest in the border region and concerns for their security. In 1995 they were still a majority as the largest Christian denomination in Turkey, with around 50,000 Syriacs. Today in Tur Abdin, there remain about 3,000 Syriacs.. However, after the turn of the century, many Syriacs have started to move back.

The Syriac party Syriac Union of Lebanon, also known as SUL, is established in 29 of March, 2005 in Lebanon. The current leader for the party is Brahim Murat.

In 2008 the national team for the Aramean-Syriac people all over the world was established. The football team is named Arameans Suryoye and attended for the first time in 2008 VIVA World Cup. The football team reached the final, but lost against Padania with 2-0.

At the end of 2008, the Syriac team Syrianska FC reaches the second highest division in Sweden, Superettan for the first time in the history.

Institutions

Political institutions

Aramaic Democratic Organization (Politic party in Lebanon)
Syriac Independent Unified Movement (Politic party in Iraq)
Syriac Union of Lebanon (Politic party in Lebanon)
Syriac Universal Alliance (Umbrella organization for all Syriac organizations)
European Syriac Union
Platform Aram

Other institutions

Ancient Arameans
Aramaic language Aramaic alphabet
Syro-Hittite states
Biblical region Aram-Damascus Paddan Aram Aram Rehob Aram Soba
Aramean kings
Irhuleni Hezion Tabrimmon Ben-Hadad I Hadadezer Hazael Ben-Hadad III Rezin
Aramean cities
Amrit Arpad Bit Bahiani Coba Höyük Gidara Hama Qarqar Ruhizzi Sam'al Tell Aran Tell Halaf Til Barsip Upu Zobah
Sources
Aramaic inscriptions
v t e

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References

Cite error: The named reference autogenerated9 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
Cite error: The named reference autogenerated16 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
http://www.joshuaproject.net/peoples.php?rop3=210540
http://www.tulumba.com/storeItem.asp?ic=VI342856CI279
Geography, book 1, chapter 2, nr34
^ Catholic Encyclopedia: Syria
^ kaldalya.net
^ The Syrian-Orthodox Mor Jacob of Edessa (Urhoy) (present-day Urfa in Turkey, †708) says: "It is in this same way also we the Arameans, that is to say the Syrians"
^ Another East-Syrian lexicographer Bar Bahlul from Bagdad (†963) explains in his Syriac (Aramaic) dictionary the name "Syria": "And the Syrians were formerly called Arameans, (but) when Cyrus ruled over them, from then on they were called Syrians."
^ *Brock, Sebastian (9/9/2002). The Hidden Pearl: The Aramaic Heritage. Trans World Film. ISBN 1-931956-99-5. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |year= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameters: |accessyear=, |origmonth=, |accessmonth=, |month=, |chapterurl=, |origdate=, and |coauthors= (help); External link in |ref= (help)CS1 maint: year (link)
^ Dionoysius Bar Salibi the Syrian-Orthodox bishop of Amid (Diyarbekir, Turkey, †1171), also called the star from the 12th century, says in his book ‘Against the Armenians": "The Armenians say: "From whom do you descend - you who are Syriacs by race?" Against them we will say: Neither do you know from whom you descend....It is we (Syrians) who have enlightened your authors and revealed to them that you are descending from Togarma....As to us Syrians, we descend racially from Shem, and our father is Kemuel (the) son of Aram, and from this name of Aram we are also called sometimes in the books by the name of "Aramaeans".
^ The Syrian-Orthodox Patriarch Mor Michael the Great of Militene (Malatya, Turkey, † 1199 AD) writes: "The Children of Shem are the Assyrians, the Chaldeans, the Ludians and the Arameans who are the Syrians, the Hebrew and the Persians.". The same author says about the Mesopotamian history” The kingdoms which have been established in antiquity by our race, (that of) the Aramaeans, namely the descendants of Aram, who were called Syrians”.
^ Syriacs
The Greek writer Posidonius (150 BC) says in his work.. "The people that we (The Greeks) call Syrians, are called by themselves Arameans..........Because the people in Syra are the Arameans"
^ :The term was changed from Syrian to Syriac in referring to the (Syrian Christian) people and language so as to avoid confusion with belonging to the country of Syria. For information on Syrian nationals see the Demographics of Syria.
flag of Syriac-Aramaic People (Syria) flags
Syriac-Aramaic People (Syria)
Hidden Pearl, volume 1
^ Syriac Music: History
ankawa.com » Blog Archive » The First Aramaic International Music Festival in the Open Air
Adherents.com
http://www.na.se/artikel.asp?intId=1323753
Beyer, Klaus (1986). The Aramaic language: its distribution and subdivisions. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht. ISBN 3-525-53573-2
Brock, Sebastian (2006). An Introduction to Syriac Studies. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press. ISBN 1-59333-349-8
"Turoyo". ethnologue.com. Retrieved 2008-01-05.
Jastrow, Otto (1994). Der neuaramäische Dialekt von Mlaḥsô. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. ISBN 3-447-03498-X.
W. Wright: A Short History of Syriac Literature, 1894, 1974 (reprint)
: Syrianska FC :
Syrianska Föreningen i Södertälje
^ VIVA World Cup Official Website
http://www.lt.se/index.asp?kat=st&i1=index_red_2007.asp&i2=1&Id=29332&isp2=hela
http://www.syrianskafc.com
^ *SOC News report , He was documenting life in the Tur Abdin, where about 3,000 members of the Aramean minority still live.' Cite error: The named reference "3000turabdin" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
^ Statement on Assyrians/Syriacs in Turkey/Iraq
^ Religion in Turkey - Religious Minorities
^ Mardin’s Bakok Mountain draws Syriac diaspora back home
^ SOCNews - Syriacs Migrating Home to SE Turkey
Note on the Modern Assyrians, & Other Nationalistic Issues
http://www.themesopotamian.org/magazine/mesopotamian_v1_i4_jan05.pdf
http://www.kristdemokraterna.se/PressOchMedia/Pressmeddelanden/Internationellt/~/media/DBB059D6B89C42C1B8CB49B55C7CAC49.ashx
http://www.turkishdailynews.com.tr/article.php?enewsid=70134
^ Aramaean - Britannica Online Encyclopedia
^ Bible Dictionary: Aram, Aramaeans
Tübinger Bibelatlas / Tübingen Bible Atlas. Siegfried Mittmann, Götz Schmitt (eds.), Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, 2001, Map B IV 13-14
O.R. Gurney, The Hittites. Harmondsworth: Pelican, 2nd ed., 1976 = 1954. p. 39-46.
Adshead, Samuel Adrian Miles (2000). China in World History. Macmillan. p. 27. ISBN 0312225652. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
Ball, Warwick (2000). Rome in the East: The Transformation of an Empire. Rome: Routledge. p. 95. ISBN 0415113768. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
Cheetham, Samuel (1905). A History of the Christian Church During the First Six Centuries. Macmillan and Co. p. 58. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
Lockyer, Herbert (1988). All the Apostles of the Bible. Zondervan. p. 260. ISBN 0310280117. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
^ Watson E. Mills (1990). Mercer Dictionary of the Bible. Mercer University Press. pp. pp. 52. ISBN 0865543739. OCLC 20852514. {{cite book}}: |pages= has extra text (help); Cite has empty unknown parameters: |origmonth=, |accessmonth=, |chapterurl=, |accessyear=, |month=, and |origdate= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
Syriacs - Ethnicity
The Greek writer Posidonius (150 BC) says in his work.. "The people that we (The Greeks) call Syrians, are called by themselves Arameans..........Because the people in Syra are the Arameans"
^ This event is described in Eusebius' Church-history (I.13;II.1) Cite error: The named reference "abgar" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
S:t Jakob from Serug in a poem about the martyrs Guria and Shamuna, he says that Abgar V is son of the Araméans: "Two precious pearls, which were an ornament for the bride of my lord Abgar, the Aramaean's son." (Text tr. A. Roberts and J. Donaldson (eds.), Ante-Nicene Fathers, vol. 8 (1886);) (See Syriac Manuscripts from the Vatican Library: Volume 1, VatSyr. 117, number 224:On Shmona and Gurya. Fol. 551a, p. 1099)
Testamentum Domini, ed. by Ignatius Rahmani II, Life of Severus of Antioch, sixth century.
http://rnb.uin.googlepages.com/v22n2spring2005.pdf
Assyrians: The Continuous Saga - Page 40 by Frederick A. Aprim
Ye'or, Bat (2002). Islam and Dhimmitude: Where Civilizations Collide. Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. pp. pp. 148-149. ISBN 0838639437. OCLC 47054791. {{cite book}}: |pages= has extra text (help); Cite has empty unknown parameters: |accessdaymonth=, |month=, |accessyear=, and |accessmonthday= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
Schaller, Dominik J. and Zimmerer, Jürgen (2008) 'Late Ottoman genocides: the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire and Young Turkish population and extermination policies - introduction', Journal of Genocide Research, 10:1, 7 - 14
^ http://www.jaas.org/edocs/v1/jastrow.pdf
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: Syrianska FC :
[SPIRITUAL SITES] Mor Jacob Monastery: a Syriac oasis in Nusaybin
sul-har-blivit
http://www.lt.se/index.asp?kat=st&i1=index_red_2007.asp&i2=1&Id=29332&isp2=hela
http://www.syrianskafc.com

Syriac Christianity

West Syriac, legacy of
the Church of Antioch

Eastern Catholic	Maronite Church (685) Syriac Catholic Church (1662)
Oriental Orthodox	Syriac Orthodox Church (512)

East Syriac, legacy of
the Church of the East
(the "Nestorian Church")
(410–1552)

Eastern Catholic	Chaldean Catholic Church (1552)
Nestorian	Assyrian Church of the East (1552) Ancient Church of the East (1968)
Protestant (Eastern Protestant)	Assyrian Evangelical Church (1870) Assyrian Pentecostal Church (1940)

Saint Thomas Christians,
legacy of
the Malankara Church
(active 1st century–1601)
in Kerala, India

Eastern Catholic	Syro-Malabar Church (East Syriac) (1665) Syro-Malankara Catholic Church (West Syriac) (1932)
Oriental Orthodox	Jacobite Syrian Christian Church (1665) Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church (1912) Malabar Independent Syrian Church (1772)
Nestorian (Assyrian Church of the East)	Chaldean Syrian Church (1701)
Protestant (Eastern Protestant)	Mar Thoma Syrian Church (1852) St. Thomas Evangelical Church of India (1961) Believers Eastern Church (2017)

Key figures

Languages

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