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| Khatri (Punjabi: ਖੱਤਰੀ) is the Punjabi language adaptation or pronunciation of Sanskrit word Kshatriya (Devangari: क्षत्रिय, Kşhatriya) In Punjab region the local Kshatriya are known as Khatri. Khatri is a Punjabi language word for Kshatriya the warrior caste. The Kshatriya are the traditional members of the Hindu military order. As administrators and rulers, Kshatriya were assigned with protecting Dharma. In course of time, however, as a result of economic and political exigencies, the Khatri also expanded into other occupations. | |||
| The Khatris are the asura caste of Punjab. '''Khatri''' (]: ਖੱਤਰੀ, Hindi: खत्री) is the Punjabi language adaptation or pronunciation of ] word ] meaning dangerous (Hindi: क्त्र, khatri)<ref>, Homepage: </ref><ref> (First Edition 1976)</ref><ref></ref> In ] the local asuras are known as '''Khatri'''. Khatri is a Punjabi language word for Khatra or the dangerous bandit caste. | |||
| The khatris are the traditional members of the Hindu bandit order. As corrupt people, khatris voilated laws and civil order and advanced though bribery and corrupt means. In course of time, however, as a result of economic and political exigencies, the Khatri also expanded into other occupations. | |||
| ⚫ | The Khatri community traces its origins to the Potohar and Majha regions of the Punjab. These regions are historically connected with the composition of the Vedas, the Mahabharata, Ramayana and Puranas as well as major sections of the Guru Granth Sahib. | ||
| ⚫ | |||
| ⚫ | The Khatri community traces its origins to the |
||
| The Khatris have historically been most numerous in the |
The Khatris have historically been most numerous in the Jalandhar, Rawalpindi, Jhelum, Lahore and Amritsar districts. After the creation of Pakistan, those who found themselves in the newly created Pakistan, migrated to India. Another very high concentration of Khatris is in Delhi. They can also be found in major towns of Haryana like Karnal, Panipat, Ambala, Sirsa, Kurukshetra and Hisar. Historically, there were very high concentrations of Khatris in the North-West Frontier Province, notably in Peshawar. | ||
| Khatris along with other Punjabi tribes like |
Khatris along with other Punjabi tribes like Rajputs, Jatts, Aroras, Banias and Harijans, historically bore the brunt of all invasions into India yet remaining to the core-Indian. | ||
| Prabha Chopra, Uma Prasad Thapliyal, Gazetteer Unit, Delhi Administration, 1974</ref> | |||
| During the |
During the partition of India, Khatris in what became Pakistan migrated to India. Today Khatris live in all regions of India, but are concentrated in Punjab, Haryana, Delhi, Uttar Pradesh and Gujrat. | ||
| Punjabi Khatris were adversely affected by the partition of India, as it resulted in the loss of their traditional home regions. |
Punjabi Khatris were adversely affected by the partition of India, as it resulted in the loss of their traditional home regions. | ||
| While most Khatris are Hindu, some are also Sikh, some Muslim and even a small minority are Jain. Khatris of all these faiths collectively form one community. In modern times, the Khatri play a significant role in the Indian economy, serving as businessmen, civil and government administrators, landlords and military officials | |||
| ⚫ | |||
| Most Khatris are ],] or ] and a smaller minority belong to other faiths such as ]. ] of all these faiths collectively form one community and traditionally intermarry. | |||
| ==Khatri Family Names== | ==Khatri Family Names== | ||
Revision as of 03:20, 27 February 2009
Ethnic group  Karisma Kapoor • Maharaja Mahtab Chand of Burdwan | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
|---|---|
 India Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh,  Pakistan ,Punjab,NWFP,Balochistan,Sindh, Europe, New Zealand,  Australia,  England, Canada,  United States ,  Scotland,  Wales , Ireland | |
| Languages | |
| Punjabi, Hindi, Sindhi,English,Regional Languages | |
| Religion | |
| Hinduism, Sikhism, Jainism, Islam | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| Indo-Scythian • Indo-Aryan • Tarkhan • Jatt • Rajput • Bhatia |
Khatri (Punjabi: ਖੱਤਰੀ) is the Punjabi language adaptation or pronunciation of Sanskrit word Kshatriya (Devangari: क्षत्रिय, Kşhatriya) In Punjab region the local Kshatriya are known as Khatri. Khatri is a Punjabi language word for Kshatriya the warrior caste. The Kshatriya are the traditional members of the Hindu military order. As administrators and rulers, Kshatriya were assigned with protecting Dharma. In course of time, however, as a result of economic and political exigencies, the Khatri also expanded into other occupations.
The Khatri community traces its origins to the Potohar and Majha regions of the Punjab. These regions are historically connected with the composition of the Vedas, the Mahabharata, Ramayana and Puranas as well as major sections of the Guru Granth Sahib.
The Khatris have historically been most numerous in the Jalandhar, Rawalpindi, Jhelum, Lahore and Amritsar districts. After the creation of Pakistan, those who found themselves in the newly created Pakistan, migrated to India. Another very high concentration of Khatris is in Delhi. They can also be found in major towns of Haryana like Karnal, Panipat, Ambala, Sirsa, Kurukshetra and Hisar. Historically, there were very high concentrations of Khatris in the North-West Frontier Province, notably in Peshawar.
Khatris along with other Punjabi tribes like Rajputs, Jatts, Aroras, Banias and Harijans, historically bore the brunt of all invasions into India yet remaining to the core-Indian.
During the partition of India, Khatris in what became Pakistan migrated to India. Today Khatris live in all regions of India, but are concentrated in Punjab, Haryana, Delhi, Uttar Pradesh and Gujrat.
Punjabi Khatris were adversely affected by the partition of India, as it resulted in the loss of their traditional home regions.
While most Khatris are Hindu, some are also Sikh, some Muslim and even a small minority are Jain. Khatris of all these faiths collectively form one community. In modern times, the Khatri play a significant role in the Indian economy, serving as businessmen, civil and government administrators, landlords and military officials
Khatri Family Names
Main article: List of Khatri surnames on Wiktionary
Origin and Distribution
See also: Hinduism in Punjab, Indian caste system, and PotoharThe Khatris are a prominent Indian community that originated in the Potohar region of north-western Indian subcontinent. This region is of considerable historical significance in the development of the Indian culture since the composition of the Vedas and classics like the Mahabharata, Ramayana and Puranas.
Khatris have an extensive military tradition and have excelled in the Armed Forces having received many honors and gallantary awards for their service. Within the Indian Armed Forces (Bharatiya Thalsena) the present Chief of Indian Army Staff, General Deepak Kapoor is Khatri and he took charge from another Khatri, General Joginder Jaswant Singh Marwah who took charge from another Khatri, General Nirmal Chander Vij.
For the most part, Khatris have served in the civil, government, and military sectors for centuries.. In addition, Khatris have significantly contributed to Indian Cinema since the times of Prithviraj Kapoor and continue to flourish in the arts today.
Description of "Khatri Caste" from the GAZETTEER LUDHIANA by Government of Indian State of Punjab, India
Khatris. – Khatri is a popular variant of the Sanskrit word Kashtrya, which was used to describe the warrior caste among the Hindu according to the varanashram propounded by the Shastras. In course of time as a result of economic and political exigencies, however, the Khatris also resorted to mercantile occupations, which were originally adopted by the Vaisas, the trading classes.
Like Brahmans there are further sub-divisions amongst Khatris-Bannjais, Sarin, Dhaigharas, chargharas, etc. in the reign of Alaudin Khiliji widoe re-marriage was enforced. Fifty-two castes of Khatris are said to have submitted a memorandum, duly signed, to the Emperor. The signatory castes are called Banjais. Certain castes of eastern Punjab refused to sign the memorandum and were called Shari-Ain, later corrupted to that of Sarin. The Khokhrain baradari is said to consist of the descendants of certain families of Khatris who were believed to have joined the Khokhars in a rebellion and with them other Khatri families were loath to have matrimonial relations. The Bahri section of the descendants of Mehr Chand, Khan Chand and Kapur Chand, three Khatris who went to Delhi in attandance upon one of Akbar’s Rajput wives, and who thus separated from rest of the Khatri castes, married only within each other’s families.8 (8.These appear to be conjectural for the same division appears among the Brahmans of western plains.) the number of the members of this caste is fairly large. The more prominenty, however, in point of social rank are the Mehra or Mehrotra, Khanna, Kapur and the Seth sub-castes.
Prior to partition certain castes, such as churamani, Nanda. Khullar, Jerath, Chopra and Vij were particularly associated with Ludhiana; Behl, Kapoor, Mehra, Seth, Berri Sencher and Dhir with jagraon; Batte, sondhi and Karir with Machhiwara and Bahlolpur; sehgal and Thapar with Rai kot and Had and Cham with Khanna and Sally, Sanan and Handa with Batala. After partition different castes of Khatris have been widely dispersed with the result that it is very difficult to ascertain their numbers caste-wise, especially because compilation of statistics according to castes has been discontinued since 1947.
Khatris are generally mild in disposition. They are mostly literate and law abiding.Khatris in the district are a great commercial class. They have also made their mark in industry. In Payal sub-tahsil they are generally land-owners. They also engage themselves in Government or private service
Source: Castes, People, GAZETTEER LUDHIANA, Department of Revenue, Government of Punjab (India)
Prominent historical Khatris
One of the most important character of famous Punjabi legend Raja Rasalu is minister Mahita Chopra, Most scholars agree that Raja Rasalu ruled from Sialkot and lived sometime between 400 to 500 AD. If it is true then Chopra clan name originated in that time.
Many prominent historical figures have emerged from the Khatri. All ten Sikh Gurus were Khatri. Three out of the five "dear fives" Chosen by Guru Gobind singh were so called Dalits or low castes. This clearly reinforces the fact that people do not become superior by being khatris, jatts or Brahmins. The four gots of Sikh gurus existed at least since 15th century AD: As also the names of most Khatris included the word 'Dev', such as Guru Nanak Dev Ji, Guru Angad Dev Ji etc.
- Guru Nanak: Bedi
- Guru Angad: Trehan
- Guru Amar Das: Bhalla
- All seven others: Sodhi
Raja Fateh Chand was a Maini Khatri chieftain of Bihar who served Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji with dedication during his visit in 1665. Raja Fateh Chand and his wife converted their house into a dharamsala for the sangat or devotees to assemble in holy congregation. The place came to be known as Maini Sangat. On the site now stands Gurdwara Bal Lila Maini Sangat.
Haqiqat Rai was a Puri Khatri whose martyrdom was celebrated on Basant Panchami in Lahore until independence. Hari Singh Nalwa, Maharaja Ranjit Singh's most feared general was an Uppal Khatri. The father and son pair of the Diwans Sawan Mal and Mul Raj Chopra were successive governors of Multan under Ranjit Singh.
Khatris and Sun Worship
Raja Vanvihari Kapoor has written that major Khatri clans are named after Lord Sun. The Saraswat Brahmin clan of which some of these were yajamanas are also mentioned below.
- Kripakar Kapur Priests: Pambu
- Shankan Khanna Priests: Jhingana
- Martanada Tandon Priests: Jhingana
- Mitra Mehra Priests: Jetali
- Shreshtha Seth
- Mahendra Mahindru
- Bahukar Bahora (Vohra)
- Chakravali Chaupada (Chopra)
- Karalagni Kakkar Priests: Kumadiye
- Surya Suri
- Sahasrakar Sahgal Priests: Mohile
According to the Bhavishya Purana, Punjab indeed was an ancient center of Sun worship.
Religion
Sanatan Khatris
A majority of Khatris are Sanatan Hindus. As noted in the introduction, the Khatri community have been positioned in roles of administration, rule and warfare within Punjab. The Khatris were the patrons ('yajamansas' or in Punjabi 'jajmani') of the Saraswat Brahmins. The Khatris are among the very few non-Brahmin communities that have traditionally studied the Vedas. Additionally, Saraswat Brahmins accept both Kachcha and Pakka food from Khatri's.
Arya Samaj Khatris
Swami Dayanand was invited to Punjab to counter the missionaries by prominent individuals who also founded the Singh Sabha. He established Arya Samaj in Lahore in 1877, which was against casteism, rituals, idol worship and promoted strict monotheism, which he claimed was the essential message of the Vedas. Arya Samaj became popular among Punjabi Hindus, especially Khatris who were attracted to a similar message by the Sikh Gurus earlier. Arya Samaj inspired individuals like Swami Shraddhanand and institutions like Dayanand Anglo-Vedic Schools System started by Lala Hansraj.
Sikh Khatris
A portion of the Khatris are Sikh. All the Ten Sikh Gurus were Khatris from the Sodhi, Bedi, Trehan and Bhalla clans which claim Suryavanshi Kshatriya descent according to the autobiographical Bichitra Natak by Guru Gobind Singh. During the lifetime of the Gurus, most of their major supporters and Sikhs were Khatris. A list of this is provided by Bhai Gurdas in Varan Bhai Gurdas, a contemporary of the Sikh Gurus.
The martial development by the Sikh Gurus is well documented, with the first master (Guru Nanak Dev) Ji, calling upon Sikhs to make a "ball of their head" to play the game of love. The second Guru (Guru Angad Dev) Ji encouraged physical activities of Sikhs by encouraging wrestling bouts and Kabaddi. The 6th Guru (Guru Hargobind Dev) Ji took up the sword and fought many battles against neighboring Rajputs and Mughals. The 9th Guru Guru Teg Bahadhur Dev Ji fought many battles with the 6th Guru and was an accomplished martial artist. The 10th master Guru Gobind Singh Ji, was proficient in the art of warfare as well as an accomplished swordsman, marksman and equestrian. The tenth Guru's maternal side of the family were accomplished warriors and fighters in their own right. Guru Gobind Singh Ji's maternal uncle, Kirpal Chand Ji served as a General in Guru Hargobind Ji army and guided Guru Gobind Singh ji from an early age.
The sacred sections of the Khatris :-There are four sacred sections among the Khatris, whose position must be touched upon, These are the:-
Bedi (Guru Nanak Dev) Ji of the Dharman-Bunjahi or Chota -Sarin sub group.
Sodhi (Last seven Gurus) of the Chota Sarin sub-Group.
Trehan (Guru Angad Dev) Ji of the Bara-Sarin sub group
Bhalla (Guru Amar Das) Ji of the Bara-Sarin sub group.
These four sections became sanctified by the births of the various Sikh Gurus to them
Sahib Singh Bedi (1756-1834), was tenth in direct descent from Guru Nanak Dev Ji, and much revered in Sikh times for his piety as well as for his martial prowess. He was born at Dera Baba Nanak, Gurdaspur district. At the time of Maharaja Ranjit Singh's coronation at Lahore on April 11, 1801, Baba Sahib Singh Bedi placed the tilak or mark of sovereignty on Ranjit Singh's forehead anoiting him Maharaja of Punjab.
Bhai Binod Singh, was a Khatri of the Trehan clan and a direct descendent of the second Sikh Guru Guru Angad Dev Ji. Bhai Binod Singh was a devoted disciple of Guru Gobind Singh Ji, and was one of the few Sikhs to accompany the tenth master to the South in 1708. Bhai Binod Singh fought many battles as a Commander and was leader of the Tatt Khalsa, (True Khalsa). It was Bhai Binod Singh whose Tatt Khalsa declared the official Sikh Warcry to be Sat Sri Akal.
Bhai Daya Singh- Was a Khatri of the Sobti clan and the "first" of the Panj Pyare
. In the historic divan in the Keshgarh Fort at Anandpur on 30 March 1699, Bhai Daya Singh was the first to rise at the Guru's call and offer his head.
One head of the family Baba Tikka Baba Harbhajan Singh Bedi is based in Chandigarh, India. Tikka Baba Harbhajan Singh Bedi is the 16th Descendent in the bloodline starting from Guru Nanak Dev Ji with two sons Tikka Surjinder Singh Bedi and Kunwar Arvinder Singh Bedi. Arvinder Singh Bedi is blessed with two sons Tikka Nain Noor Singh Bedi and Kunwar Gagandeep Singh Bedi making the 18th current bloodline starting from Guru Nanak Dev Ji.
Many Hindu Khatri families raised at least one Sikh son after the formation of the Khalsa in 1699. This resulted in Khatri clan names being present in both Hindu and Sikh communities worldwide.
Jain Khatris
The number of Khatris who are Jain is very small. However, one of the best known Jain munis in recent times, Acharya Atmaram (also known as Shri Vijayanandsuri) (1841-1900) was a Kapoor Khatri, born at Lahra, Firozepur.
Muslim Khatris
The Muslim Khatri (Template:Lang-ur) are the Khatri converts to Islam. With the advent of Islam following invasions by Turkic tribes from Afghanistan and the North West Frontier Province from the 11th century onwards, there were conversions of Hindus to the faith from among various Punjabi communities, including Khatris.Generally they retained their tribal, clan or caste affiliations as has been the norm in the region. Similarly, the Khatris who converted to Islam, continue to retain a strong social identity and are known as Punjabi Shaikhs.
Pakistan continues to have a prominent community of Khatris known as Punjabi Shaikhs as well as Khawaja Shaikhs. Some Muslim Khatris like the Sahgal family of Pakistan are examples of well-known and successful Muslim Khatris. They are also known as Qanungoh Shaikh, Khoja and Chiniotis.
Khatris in Central Asia
The Khatris, along with Aroras and Lohanas engaged in trade in Central Asia. The Hindu temples of Kabul and the Hindu Fire Temple of Baku built and maintained by them still exist.
Khatri Organizations
The sessions of Akhil Bhartiya Khatri Mahasabha were held in Lucknow in 1916, 1936, 1952 and 1980. Lucknow Khatri Sabha was established in 1927 and publication Khatri Hitashi was started in 1936.
Divisions among the Khatris
There are social divisions within the community which includes the Dhai-Ghar (2&1/2 Houses), Bara-Ghar (12 Houses), Bunjahi (52 Houses), Sarin and Kukhran Khatris.
The Bunjahi Khatris include the Bedi and Sodhi clans, to which belonged the founders of the Sikh faith.
Divisions recorded in the Ain-i-Akbari
Divisions among the Khatri groups were reported by Emperor Akbar's close adviser Abu'l Fazal in his book Ain-i-Akbari (compiled in 1590 AD).
There are several subdivisions within the Khatri clans. There are the Dhai Ghar (i.e. 2 1/2 houses - the number 3 being considered unlucky) grouping comprising of Mehra/Mehrotra/Mehrota/Malhotra, Khanna and Kapur/Kappor/Kapoor. Along with the Seth clan these four subdivisions form the Char Ghar (4 houses) grouping.
According to H.A. Rose's book, Glossary of the Tribes and Castes of the Punjab and NWFP, Chopra, Dhawan, Gandhoke, Kakar, Kapoor, Khanna, Mahindru, Malhotra, Sahgal, Soni, Talwar, Tandon, Vohra, Wadhaun, and Wahi, all form the Barah-Jati group of Khatris. The researcher found that the 12 family names that form the Bara-Jati group interchanged based on regional town, explaining the 15 family names that have been listed.
Another group is called Bavanjai (52). Other regional clan groupings include the Sarin and the Kukhran.
Regionally Nanda, Khullar, Jerath, Chopra and Vig were particularly connected with Ludhiana; Bahl, Kapoor, Mehra, Seth, Beri, and Dhir with Jagraon; Sondhi with Machhiwara and Bahlolpur; Sehgal and Thapar with Raikot; Gulla with Sahowala, Bhopalwala - Daska Gujranwala - Sialkot, Delhi & Ghaziabad and Had and Cham with Khanna
Kukhran
Kukhran (also spelt Khukhrain/Kukhrain) are a regional subcaste of Khatris of nine clans of Punjab, originally from the town of Bhera in the Jech doab (Jhelum - Chenab interfluve) region of Sargodha district of Pakistani Punjab. A significant number of Kukhrans, along with other major Khatri groups, adopted Sikhism during the 18th and 19th centuries. The nine Kukhran family names are Anand, Bhasin, Chadha, Chandok, Kohli, Sabharwal, Sahni/Sawhney, Sethi and Suri. The Prime Minister of India, Dr. Manmohan Singh is a Kukhran of the Kohli clan.
Distinguished Khatris
In addition to three Indian prime ministers, many soldiers, administrators, writers, businessmen and artists have been Khatri, a list appears at List of distinguished Khatris.
See also
References
- As Kshatriyas
- Castes, People, GAZETTEER LUDHIANA, Department of Revenue, Government of Punjab (India), Accessed on November 15, 2008; Homepage:
- Castes, People, GAZETTEER LUDHIANA, Department of Revenue, Government of Punjab (India), Accessed on November 15, 2008; Homepage:
- The Legends of the Panjab By Sir Richard Carnac Temple, Reprint of the 1884-1900 ed. published by Education Society's Press, Bombay, ISBN 0405101287
- Four Legends of King Rasalu of Sialkot, The Folk-Lore Journal, 1883 Folklore Enterprises, Ltd, p. 129-151
- The adventures of the Panjab hero Raja Rasalu and other folk-tales of the Panjab By Charles Swynnerton, Published 1884 Original from Oxford University
- ibid
- Nalwa, V. (2009), Hari Singh Nalwa-Champion of the Khalsaji, New Delhi: Manohar
- ^ Jwalaprasad Mishra, Jati Bhaskar, 1914
- ^ M.A. Sherring, Hindu Castes and Tribes as represented in Banares, 1872.
- Hindu Tribes and Castes By Matthew Atmore Sherring, Published 1872 Trubner and cop 277
- <Political Elite and Society in the Punjab, By Puri, Nina Published 1985 Vikas
- "Chowk: : The Amazing Khatris of Punjab". Chowk.com. Retrieved 2008-11-15.
- Mahatma Hansraj: Maker of the Modern Punjab By Sri Ram Sharma, Published 1941, Arya Pradeshik, Pratinidhi Sabha
- Census of India, 1901 By India Census Commissioner, Sir Edward Albert Gait, Published 1903 Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, India, Part 2 Tables, page 292.
- "Sri Dasam Granth Sahib". Sridasam.org. Retrieved 2008-11-15.
- "Vaaran Bhai Gurdas:VaarPauri:SearchGurbani.com". Searchgurbani.com. Retrieved 2008-11-15.
- Denzil Ibbetson, Edward MacLagan, H.A. Rose "A Glossary of The Tribes & Casts of The Punjab & North-West Frontier Province", 1911 AD, Page 512, Vol II,
- The Svetambar Murtipujak Jain Mendicant, by John E. Cort Man, 1991 Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland.
- Mangilal Bhutoria, Itihas ki Amar Bel- Oswal, Ppriyadarshi Prakashan, Calcutta, 1988
- Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India By R.V. Russell, R.B.H. Lal, Re-Published 1995, Asian Educational Services
- The Indian Diaspora in Central Asia and Its Trade, 1550-1900 By Scott Cameron Levi, Published 2002 BRILL
- The Indian Historical Review By Indian Council of Historical Research, Published 1982 Vikas Pub. House
- Denzil Ibbetson, Edward MacLagan, H.A. Rose "A Glossary of The Tribes & Casts of The Punjab & North-West Frontier Province", 1911 AD, Page 510, Vol II,
- THE AÍN I AKBARI BY ABUL FAZLALLÁMI, TRANSLATED FROM THE ORIGINAL PERSIAN,BY H. BLOCHMANN, M.A.AND COLONEL H. S. JARRETT Volume 111 Page 114
- Punjab Revenue Castes and Religions of Punjab]
- "Punjab District Gazeeters". Punjabrevenue.nic.in. Retrieved 2008-11-15.
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Missing or empty|title=(help)- Jwalaprasad Mishra, Jati Bhaskar, 1914.
- M.A. Sherring, Hindu Castes and Tribes as represented in Banares, 1872.
- Raja Vanvihari Kapur, The History of Khatris
- The Khatris, a socio-historical study, Baij Nath Puri, M.N. Publishers, 1988.
- Bhai Gurdas Ji, Varan Bhai Gurdas Ji, Vaar 8 - Pauri 10.
- The Indian Diaspora in Central Asia and Its Trade, 1550-1900 by Scott Cameron Levi.
- Denzil Ibbetson, Edward MacLagan, H.A. Rose "A Glossary of The Tribes & Casts of The Punjab & North-West Frontier Province", 1911 AD, Page 501-526, Vol II,
- Ibid, Page 537-538, Vol II.
- Temple, R.C. "The Legends of The Panjab", 1884, Reprinted by Institute of Folk Heritage, Islamabd, 1981.
- Khatris are Kshatryas http://punjabrevenue.nic.in/gaz_ldh8.htm
- Mahan Kosh by Bhai Kahan Singh Nabha
