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In November 2011, ], then 15, allegedly went with a friend to a home in which she was reportedly ] by 4 teenage boys.<ref name=herald>{{cite web|last=Ross|first=Selena|title=Who failed Rehtaeh Parsons?|url=http://www.thechronicleherald.ca/metro/1122345-who-failed-rehtaeh-parsons|work=The Chronicle Herald|accessdate=11 April 2013}}</ref> The teenagers were drinking ] at a small party. Parsons had little memory of the event, except that at one point she vomited. While a boy was allegedly raping her, the incident was photographed and the photo became widespread in Parsons' school and town in three days. Afterwards, many in school called Parsons a "]" and she received ] and Facebook messages from people requesting to have sex with her. The alleged rape went unreported for several days until Parsons broke down and told her family, who contacted an emergency health team and the police.<ref name="CBCApril9">"", ''CBC News'', April 9, 2013, URL accessed April 13, 2013.</ref> Later the ] student, Parsons, attempted suicide by hanging<ref name="video tribute">"," ''] Canada'', April 9, 2013, URL accessed April 14, 2013.</ref> on April 4, 2013, at her home in ], ], leading to a ] and the decision to switch her ] machine off on April 7, 2013.<ref name=huffpost>{{cite news|title=Rehtaeh Parsons, Canadian Girl, Dies After Suicide Attempt; Parents Allege She Was Raped By 4 Boys|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/04/09/rehtaeh-parsons-girl-dies-suicide-rape-canada_n_3045033.html|work=The Huffington Post|accessdate=11 April 2013|first=Andres|last=Jauregui|date=April 9, 2013}}</ref> In November 2011, ], then 15, allegedly went with a friend to a home in which she was reportedly ] by 4 teenage boys.<ref name=herald>{{cite web|last=Ross|first=Selena|title=Who failed Rehtaeh Parsons?|url=http://www.thechronicleherald.ca/metro/1122345-who-failed-rehtaeh-parsons|work=The Chronicle Herald|accessdate=11 April 2013}}</ref> The teenagers were drinking ] at a small party. Parsons had little memory of the event, except that at one point she vomited. While a boy was allegedly raping her, the incident was photographed and the photo became widespread in Parsons' school and town in three days. Afterwards, many in school called Parsons a "]" and she received ] and Facebook messages from people requesting to have sex with her. The alleged rape went unreported for several days until Parsons broke down and told her family, who contacted an emergency health team and the police.<ref name="CBCApril9">"", ''CBC News'', April 9, 2013, URL accessed April 13, 2013.</ref> Later the ] student, Parsons, attempted suicide by hanging<ref name="video tribute">"," ''] Canada'', April 9, 2013, URL accessed April 14, 2013.</ref> on April 4, 2013, at her home in ], ], leading to a ] and the decision to switch her ] machine off on April 7, 2013.<ref name=huffpost>{{cite news|title=Rehtaeh Parsons, Canadian Girl, Dies After Suicide Attempt; Parents Allege She Was Raped By 4 Boys|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/04/09/rehtaeh-parsons-girl-dies-suicide-rape-canada_n_3045033.html|work=The Huffington Post|accessdate=11 April 2013|first=Andres|last=Jauregui|date=April 9, 2013}}</ref>

==Legal status==
{{anchor|Legal considerations}}
{{main|Alcohol laws}}
{{See also|Home brewing#Legality|l1=Legality of home brewing in different countries}}

Alcohol laws regulate the manufacture, sale, and consumption of alcoholic beverages. Such laws often seek to reduce the availability of these beverages for the purpose of reducing the health and social effects of their consumption.

In particular, such laws specify the ] which usually varies between 16 and 25 years, sometimes depending on the type of drink. Some countries do not have a legal drinking or purchasing age, but most set the age at 18 years.<ref name="icap"/> This can also take the form of distribution only in licensed stores or in monopoly stores. Often, this is combined with some form of taxation. In some ]s ] for reasons of religion (e.g., Islamic countries with certain interpretations of ]) or perceived public morals and health (e.g., ] from 1920 to 1933).

Revision as of 02:29, 18 June 2014

Results of the ISCD 2010 study ranking the levels of damage caused by drugs, in the opinion of drug-harm experts.

Ethanol (simply called alcohol) is a psychoactive drug primarily found in alcoholic beverages. Alcohol is one of the most commonly abused drugs in the world (Meropol, 1996) often used for self-medication, and as recreational drug use.

Recreational

Since ancient times, people around the world have been drinking alcoholic beverages. Reasons for drinking alcoholic beverages vary and include:

In countries that have a drinking culture, social stigma may cause many people not to view alcohol as a drug because it is an important part of social events. In these countries, many young binge drinkers prefer to call themselves hedonists rather than binge drinkers or recreational drug users. Undergraduate students often position themselves outside the categories of "serious" or "anti-social" drinkers. However, about 40 percent of college students in the United States could be considered alcoholics according to new criteria in Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5 but most college binge drinkers and drug users don't develop lifelong problems.

Controversial entheogen

See also: Entheogen § Controversial_entheogens

Some religions forbid, discourage, or restrict the drinking of alcoholic beverages for various reasons. These include Islam, Jainism, Sikhism, the Bahá'í Faith, the Church of God In Christ, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, the Seventh-day Adventist Church, the Church of Christ, Scientist, the United Pentecostal Church International, Theravada, most Mahayana schools of Buddhism, some Protestant denominations of Christianity, some sects of Taoism (Five Precepts (Taoism) and Ten Precepts (Taoism)), and some sects of Hinduism. In some regions with a dominant religion the production, sale, and consumption of alcoholic beverages is forbidden to everybody, regardless of religion. For instance, some Islamic states, including member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, such as Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Brunei, Iran, Kuwait, Libya, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, and Yemen, prohibit alcoholic beverages because they are forbidden by Islam.

In some religions alcoholic beverages are used for ritual purposes. For example, the Roman Catholic Church uses wine in the celebration of the Eucharist; in Judaism kosher wine is used in holidays and rituals.

Carnival in the Netherlands is historically a Roman Catholic feast which is well known for its excessive drinking of alcohol.

Effects

Main articles: Alcohol and health and Ethanol § Human consumption
2004 data of alcohol consumption per capita (age 15 or older), per year, by country, in liters of pure alcohol.

Short-term effects of alcohol consumption include intoxication and dehydration.

Adverse effects

Short-term effects of alcohol of excessive amounts of alcohol can cause acute alcohol poisoning.

Long-term effects of alcohol include alcoholism (linked onset for Korsakoff's syndrome and many other alcohol related diseases), malnutrition, chronic pancreatitis, alcoholic liver disease, cancer and damage to the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system. IARC list ethanol in alcoholic beverages as Group 1 carcinogens and arguments "There is sufficient evidence for the carcinogenicity of acetaldehyde (the major metabolite of ethanol) in experimental animals.".

Alcohols

In nature all alcohols act as psychoactive drugs which vary in potency and effects. Excessive concentrations of some alcohols (other than ethanol) may cause off-flavors, sometimes described as "spicy", "hot", or "solvent-like".

Some beverages, such as rum, whisky (especially Bourbon), incompletely rectified vodka (e.g. Siwucha), and traditional ales and ciders, are expected to have relatively high concentrations of non-hazardous aroma alcohols as part of their flavor profile; European legislation demands minimum content of higher alcohols in certain distilled beverages (spirits) to give them their expected distinct flavour. However, in other beverages, such as Korn, vodka, and lagers, the presence of other alcohols than ethanol is considered fusel alcohols.

Chemical alcohol classification Simple or higher (consumable) alcohol IUPAC nomenclature Common name Alcohol by volume (ABV) % intoxication by alcoholic beverage (Typical alcohol content / Typical alcohol content x Content of tot. alcohol x Potency compared to EtOH) Color/Form Odor Taste Moderate intoxicating loading dose BAC poisoning LD50 in rat, oral Therapeutic index (Potency compared to EtOH/EtOH LD50:LD50 ratio) Potency compared to EtOH EtOH LD50:LD50 ratio
Primary Simple 2-phenylethanol Phenethyl alcohol 0.1% in non-yeasted cider (Kieser 1964): 100 mg/100 mL ? ? Intense odour of roses Burning ? ? 1790 mg/kg ? ? ?
Primary Simple Ethanol EtOH Up to 95.6% in rectified spirit - Clear, colorless, very mobile liquid Mild, rather pleasant; like wine or whiskey. Weak, ethereal, vinous odor. Burning 20-50 mL/40% 0.4% 7060 mg/kg - - -
Primary Simple Propan-1-ol Propanol 2.8% (mean) in Jamaican rum: 2384–3130 mg/100 mL. Up to 3500 mg/L (0.35%) in spirits. 8.4% (40/40×0.028×3) Colorless liquid Similar to ethanol Characteristic ripe, fruity flavor. Burning taste ? ? 1870 mg/kg 0.8 (mean): 0.5-1.1 3 (mean): 2-4 3.8
Primary Simple Tryptophol ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
Primary Higher 2-Methyl-1-propanol 2M1P 0.9% (mean) in Rye mash cistern room: 534–1197 mg/100 mL ? Colorless, oily liquid. Clear, colorless, refractive, mobile liquid. Suffocating odor of fusel oil. Slightly suffocating; nonresidual alcoholic. Sweet, musty odor Sweet whiskey taste ? ? 2460 mg/kg ? ? ?
Primary Higher 3-methyl-1-butanol 3M1B 1.5% (mean) in French Brandy: 859–2108 mg/100 mL ? Oily, clear liquid. Colorless liquid. Characteristic, disagreeable odor. Pungent, repulsive taste ? ? 1300 mg/kg ? ? 5.4
Secondary Higher 2-Methyl-1-butanol 2M1B 1.2% (mean) in Bourbon: 910–1390 mg/100 mL ? Oily, clear liquid. Colorless liquid Characteristic, disagreeable odor. Pungent, repulsive taste ? ? 4170 mg/kg ? ? 1.7
Tertiary Higher 2-Methyl-2-butanol 2M2B 0.07% in beer: 70 mg/100 mL (see tert-Pentyl alcohol in ref) Found in cassava fermented beverages 0.14% (5/5×0.0007×20) Colorless liquid Characteristic odor. Camphor odor Burning taste 2.0-4.0 gram ? 1000 mg/kg 2.8 20 7.1
Tertiary Higher 2-Methylpropan-2-ol 2M2P Identified, not quantified, in beer ? Colorless liquid or solid (crystals) (above 78 degrees F) Camphor-like odor ? ? ? 2743 mg/kg ? ? 2.6

Poly drug products

Caffeinated alcohol

Caffeinated alcoholic drinks combine alcohol, caffeine, and the ingredients of energy drinks into one drink. In 2010 and 2011, this type of beverage faced criticism for posing health risks to their drinkers. Alcohol and caffeine are both psychoactive drugs, drugs that are mixed are referred to as poly drug use. As a response FDA have introduced a caffeinated alcohol drinks ban.

However, to date a few ready to drink product exist including 3 A.M. Vodka.

Tragedies

In 2005 a mother infanticided her month-old baby in a microwave oven. China Arnold claimed to be under the influence of alcohol and Galbraith testified that Arnold told him during his initial questioning: "If I hadn't gotten so drunk, I guess my baby wouldn't have died.". On May 20, 2011, Arnold was sentenced to life imprisonment without parole. Her attorney says they will appeal the decision.

In November 2011, Rehtaeh Parsons, then 15, allegedly went with a friend to a home in which she was reportedly gang raped by 4 teenage boys. The teenagers were drinking vodka at a small party. Parsons had little memory of the event, except that at one point she vomited. While a boy was allegedly raping her, the incident was photographed and the photo became widespread in Parsons' school and town in three days. Afterwards, many in school called Parsons a "slut" and she received texts and Facebook messages from people requesting to have sex with her. The alleged rape went unreported for several days until Parsons broke down and told her family, who contacted an emergency health team and the police. Later the Cole Harbour District High School student, Parsons, attempted suicide by hanging on April 4, 2013, at her home in Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada, leading to a coma and the decision to switch her life support machine off on April 7, 2013.

Legal status

Main article: Alcohol laws See also: Legality of home brewing in different countries

Alcohol laws regulate the manufacture, sale, and consumption of alcoholic beverages. Such laws often seek to reduce the availability of these beverages for the purpose of reducing the health and social effects of their consumption.

In particular, such laws specify the legal drinking age which usually varies between 16 and 25 years, sometimes depending on the type of drink. Some countries do not have a legal drinking or purchasing age, but most set the age at 18 years. This can also take the form of distribution only in licensed stores or in monopoly stores. Often, this is combined with some form of taxation. In some jurisdictions alcoholic beverages have been totally prohibited for reasons of religion (e.g., Islamic countries with certain interpretations of sharia law) or perceived public morals and health (e.g., Prohibition in the United States from 1920 to 1933).

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