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| ==State prostitution== | ==State prostitution== | ||
| {{main|Kippumjo}} | {{main|Kippumjo}} | ||
| The ''kippŭmjo'' is an alleged collection of groups of approximately 2,000 women and girls that is maintained by the ] of ] for the purpose of providing pleasure, mostly of a sexual nature, and entertainment for high-ranking ] (WPK) officials and their families, as well as occasionally distinguished guests. Its ] are known as ''manjokcho'' ({{lang|ko-Hang|만족조}} "satisfaction team(s)") and are organised as a part of the ''kippŭmjo'', who are drafted from among 14- to 20-year-old ], trained for about 20 months, and often "ordered to marry guards of {{bracket|]}} or national heroes" when they are 25 years old.<ref name=jeongjs |
The ''kippŭmjo'' is an alleged collection of groups of approximately 2,000 women and girls that is maintained by the ] of ] for the purpose of providing pleasure, mostly of a sexual nature, and entertainment for high-ranking ] (WPK) officials and their families, as well as occasionally distinguished guests. Its ] are known as ''manjokcho'' ({{lang|ko-Hang|만족조}} "satisfaction team(s)") and are organised as a part of the ''kippŭmjo'', who are drafted from among 14- to 20-year-old ], trained for about 20 months, and often "ordered to marry guards of {{bracket|]}} or national heroes" when they are 25 years old.<ref name=jeongjs>"" at the ] in April 2004; speaker: Ji Sun JEONG for ''A Woman's Voice International'' (AWVI, an NGO that focused on the PRC's and DPRK's treatment of ] and of Christians). Incidentally, exactly one year after her speech, the ]'s Committee on Non-Governmental Organizations, which "is the UN body that adjudicates requests by nongovernmental organizations for accreditation to participate in ECOSOC and its subsidiaries' meetings", suspended AWVI at the instigation of the PRC's delegation. This came after another AWVI speaker activated a Chinese taser gun to illustrate torture by PRC authorities while giving his speech at the ]'s 61st plenary session.{{cite web|url=http://www.awomansvoice.org/nl1-2005-6.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=February 22, 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080723152410/http://www.awomansvoice.org/nl1-2005-6.html |archivedate=July 23, 2008 }}{{cite web|url=http://www.awomansvoice.org/nl1-2005-3.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=February 22, 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080723152449/http://www.awomansvoice.org/nl1-2005-3.html |archivedate=July 23, 2008 }}</ref> | ||
| For a girl selected to serve in the ''kippŭmjo'', it is impossible to refuse, even if she is the daughter of a party official.<ref name=jeongjs /> ''Manjokcho'' must have ] with male high-ranking ] officials. Their services are not available to most North Korean men.<ref name=jeongjs /> Not all ''kippŭmjo'' work as prostitutes—the source used is unclear as to whether only adult women are assigned to prostitution, or whether there is ]; other ''kippŭmjo'' activities are massaging and half-naked singing and dancing. | |||
| ==Prostitution of North Koreans in China== | ==Prostitution of North Koreans in China== | ||
Revision as of 08:49, 20 March 2018
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| Human rights in North Korea |
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| International reactions |
Prostitution in North Korea is punishable by up to two years labour if engaged in 'multiple times'. According to analysis by CIA officer Helen-Louise Hunter published in 1999, there is no organized prostitution, but some prostitution is still practiced discreetly. While defectors report widespread prostitution, this is not experienced by visitors to the country.
State prostitution
Main article: KippumjoThe kippŭmjo is an alleged collection of groups of approximately 2,000 women and girls that is maintained by the head of state of North Korea for the purpose of providing pleasure, mostly of a sexual nature, and entertainment for high-ranking Workers' Party of Korea (WPK) officials and their families, as well as occasionally distinguished guests. Its prostitutes are known as manjokcho (만족조 "satisfaction team(s)") and are organised as a part of the kippŭmjo, who are drafted from among 14- to 20-year-old virgins, trained for about 20 months, and often "ordered to marry guards of [Kim Jong-il] or national heroes" when they are 25 years old. For a girl selected to serve in the kippŭmjo, it is impossible to refuse, even if she is the daughter of a party official. Manjokcho must have sex with male high-ranking party officials. Their services are not available to most North Korean men. Not all kippŭmjo work as prostitutes—the source used is unclear as to whether only adult women are assigned to prostitution, or whether there is prostitution of children; other kippŭmjo activities are massaging and half-naked singing and dancing.
Prostitution of North Koreans in China
See also: Human trafficking in North Korea, Prostitution in China § North Korean prostitutes in China, and North Korean defectorsThe North Korean government system of harsh punishment through forced labor camps or the death penalty can fuel trafficking in neighboring China. Many of the estimated 10,000 North Korean women and girls who have migrated illegally to China to flee abuse and human rights violations are particularly vulnerable to trafficking. According to a source from 2005, "60 to 70 percent of North Korean defectors in the People's Republic of China are women, 70 to 80 percent of whom are victims of human trafficking."
Traffickers reportedly lure, drug, detain, or kidnap some North Korean women upon their arrival. The women are then moved to cities farther away to subjected to forced prostitution in brothels or through internet sex sites, or compelled service as hostesses in nightclubs or karaoke bars. Others offer jobs but subsequently force the women into prostitution.
When Chinese authorities arrest these North Korean trafficking victims, they repatriate them. North Korean authorities keep such repatriates in penal labour colonies, execute any Chinese-fathered babies of theirs "to protect North Korean pure blood" and force abortions on all pregnant repatriates not executed.
Some North Korean women who illegally migrate to China become prostitutes. According to the UN Inquiry, when the women are repatriated to North Korea, they are subjected to forced abortion and their mixed race children are subject to infanticide.
See also
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References
- Article 261 "The Criminal Law of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea" (PDF). Committee for Human Rights in North Korea. 2009. Retrieved 17 March 2018.
- Kim Il-song's North Korea by Helen-Louise Hunter.Greenwood Publishing Group, 1999, p 107
- Hyams, James (4 February 2015). "Does North Korea have sex trade and drug problem?". The Korea Observer. Retrieved 10 February 2018.
- ^ "Intervention Agenda Item 12: Elimination of Violence Against Women (archived copy)" at the United Nations Commission on Human Rights in April 2004; speaker: Ji Sun JEONG for A Woman's Voice International (AWVI, an NGO that focused on the PRC's and DPRK's treatment of North Korean refugees to China and of Christians). Incidentally, exactly one year after her speech, the ECOSOC's Committee on Non-Governmental Organizations, which "is the UN body that adjudicates requests by nongovernmental organizations for accreditation to participate in ECOSOC and its subsidiaries' meetings", suspended AWVI at the instigation of the PRC's delegation. This came after another AWVI speaker activated a Chinese taser gun to illustrate torture by PRC authorities while giving his speech at the UNCHR's 61st plenary session."Archived copy". Archived from the original on July 23, 2008. Retrieved February 22, 2009.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)"Archived copy". Archived from the original on July 23, 2008. Retrieved February 22, 2009.{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ "Korea, Democratic People's Republic of 2017 Trafficking in Persons Report". U.S. Department of State.
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- "2008 USCRI RefugeesReportChina". USCRI News. Archived from the original on November 11, 2009.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - "China: Korean women forced into sex slavery" by Carol Anne Douglas. Washington Post, March 3, 2004
- "Smuggling, Sex And Slavery". Sky News. 2008-11-13. Archived from the original on February 11, 2009. Retrieved 2008-11-17.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Kirby, Michael Donald; Biserko, Sonja; Darusman, Marzuki (7 February 2014). "Report of the detailed findings of the commission of inquiry on human rights in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea - A/HRC/25/CRP.1". United Nations Human Rights Council. Archived from the original on February 27, 2014.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help); Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help)
Further reading
- Kim, Eunyoung, Mirang Park, Hue Williams. "A Case Study of Trafficking in North Korean Women in China". Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Society of Criminology, Nov 13, 2007
- Yoon, Bang-Soon. "Sex-Trafficking and Human Rights of North Korean Women Defectors". Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Studies Association 48th Annual Convention, USA, Feb 28, 2007
External links
- Child exploitation not new to stricken region
- Illegal Prostitution Occurring in Massage Parlors and Bathhouses
