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| The '''Breast Tax''' (or ''Mulakkaram'') was charged when a lower caste girl attained puberty (age>14) and became a wage earning adult in the ], now apart of ], ]. Similarly, a lower caste boy had to pay a head tax or ''Thalakkaram'' when he joined the working class (age>14) of men. The Breast Tax certainly had nothing to do with the size or shape or attractiveness of her breasts, nor did it have anything to do with covering of a woman’s breasts. The Thalakkaram and Mulakkaram were basically one and the same thing and was a revenue term only differentiated with gender. | |||
| '''Breast Tax''' (known as ''Mulakkaram'') was a ] imposed on lower caste Hindu women if they wanted to cover their chests, including their ]s in public, in the ], now part of ], ].<ref>{{cite book|title=Journal of Kerala Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8UjkVHi_cJoC|accessdate=13 October 2017|year=2011|publisher=University of Kerala.|page=93|quote=One of the many social ills that is worth mentioning to high- light the plight of a person in those times is the breast tax or 'Mulakkaram”. The lower caste women were proscribed by their high caste masters from covering their upper part of the …}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Kattackal|first1=Jacob|title=Comparative Religion|date=1990|publisher=Oriental Institute of Religious Studies, India|page=144|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=O_MnAAAAYAAJ|language=en|quote='low-caste' men had to pay a 'head-tax', and the 'low-caste women' had to pay a 'breast tax' ('tala-karam' and 'mula-karam') to the government treasury.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | url=http://www.homesciencejournal.com/archives/2017/vol3issue3/PartF/3-3-84-673.pdf | title=Rani Gowry Lakshmi Bai: Abolition of slavery in Travancore | author=Renjini P and Dr. C Natarajan | journal=International Journal of Home Science | year=2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/slideshows/nation-world/nine-weird-taxes-from-around-the-world/really-absurd/slideshow/56516222.cms | title=Nine weird taxes from around the world | publisher=] | date=13 January 2017 | accessdate=10 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/kellyphillipserb/2016/03/08/remembering-one-womans-ultimate-tax-protest-on-international-womens-day/#48ec66f7124f | title=Remembering One Woman's Ultimate Tax Protest On International Women's Day | publisher=] | work=Kelly Phillips Erb | date=8 March 2016 | accessdate=10 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | url=http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.676.8762&rep=rep1&type=pdf | title=ROLE OF MISSIONARIES IN UPPER CLOTH RIOT IN KANYAKUMARI DISTRICT | author=DR. A. VANAJA | journal=Paripex - Indian Journal Of Research | date=February 2015 | volume=4 | issue=2}}</ref> | |||
| <ref>Travancore tribes and castes Vol 1, L. Aanatha Krishna Ayyar</ref> | |||
| <ref>A Voyage to the East Indies – John Henry Grose</ref> | |||
| <ref>Protestant Christianity and people's movements in Kerala - J W Gladstone</ref> | |||
| <ref>A People's Revolt in Travancore – R N Yesudasan</ref> | |||
| <ref>The History of the London Missionary Society in Travancore - R N Yesudasan</ref> | |||
| <ref>Colonialism and its forms of knowledge: the British in India – BS Cohen</ref> | |||
| <ref>Freedom from want -Edward Gresser</ref> | |||
| <ref>Let the hills rejoice: the conversion of the Hill Arrians of Kerala and its effect on evangelism – K G Daniel</ref> | |||
| <ref>The Nadars of Tamilnad; the political culture of a community in change - Robert L. Hardgrave, Jr.</ref> | |||
| <ref>Colonial connections of Protestant missionaries in Travancore – P Chandrmohan</ref> | |||
| <ref>The Breast-Cloth Controversy: Caste Consciousness and Social Change in Southern Travancore Robert L Hardgrave </ref> | |||
| There were around 120 categories of taxes existed in the Kingdom of Travancore which include kuppakazcha (taxes for living in a hut), meniponnu (ornament tax), Ezhaputchi (toddy tapping tax), meeshakarram (moustache tax), Tariyira (cess on handloom), Mechikkaram (cattle rearing), Meenpattam (fishing tax), chakkira (oil pressing tax), Kusakkaram (earthenware making tax), vivahakkaram (marriage tax). Of the 120 taxes, some 110 were particularly applicable and extortionary to the poorer communities. | |||
| ==See also== | ==See also== | ||
| * ] | * ] | ||
| * ] | |||
| ==References== | ==References== | ||
Revision as of 05:24, 28 April 2018
The Breast Tax (or Mulakkaram) was charged when a lower caste girl attained puberty (age>14) and became a wage earning adult in the Kingdom of Travancore, now apart of Kerala, India. Similarly, a lower caste boy had to pay a head tax or Thalakkaram when he joined the working class (age>14) of men. The Breast Tax certainly had nothing to do with the size or shape or attractiveness of her breasts, nor did it have anything to do with covering of a woman’s breasts. The Thalakkaram and Mulakkaram were basically one and the same thing and was a revenue term only differentiated with gender.
There were around 120 categories of taxes existed in the Kingdom of Travancore which include kuppakazcha (taxes for living in a hut), meniponnu (ornament tax), Ezhaputchi (toddy tapping tax), meeshakarram (moustache tax), Tariyira (cess on handloom), Mechikkaram (cattle rearing), Meenpattam (fishing tax), chakkira (oil pressing tax), Kusakkaram (earthenware making tax), vivahakkaram (marriage tax). Of the 120 taxes, some 110 were particularly applicable and extortionary to the poorer communities.
See also
References
- Travancore tribes and castes Vol 1, L. Aanatha Krishna Ayyar
- A Voyage to the East Indies – John Henry Grose
- Protestant Christianity and people's movements in Kerala - J W Gladstone
- A People's Revolt in Travancore – R N Yesudasan
- The History of the London Missionary Society in Travancore - R N Yesudasan
- Colonialism and its forms of knowledge: the British in India – BS Cohen
- Freedom from want -Edward Gresser
- Let the hills rejoice: the conversion of the Hill Arrians of Kerala and its effect on evangelism – K G Daniel
- The Nadars of Tamilnad; the political culture of a community in change - Robert L. Hardgrave, Jr.
- Colonial connections of Protestant missionaries in Travancore – P Chandrmohan
- The Breast-Cloth Controversy: Caste Consciousness and Social Change in Southern Travancore Robert L Hardgrave