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| '''Dog aggression''' expressed by dogs is considered to be normal behaviour and various types of aggression are influenced by a dog's environment and genetic predisposition.<ref name=":3">{{cite journal| |
'''Dog aggression''' expressed by dogs is considered to be normal behaviour and various types of aggression are influenced by a dog's environment and genetic predisposition.<ref name=":3">{{cite journal|last1=Jacobs|first1=C.|last2=Keuster|first2=T. De|last3=Simoens|first3=P.|date=2003-06-01|title=Assessing the pathological extent of aggressive behaviour in dogs. A review of the literature|journal=Veterinary Quarterly|volume=25|issue=2|pages=53–60|doi=10.1080/01652176.2003.9695145|issn=0165-2176|pmid=12854682|doi-access=free}}</ref> Dogs commonly display possessive aggression when defending resources or themselves.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Jacobs|first1=Jacquelyn A.|last2=Coe|first2=Jason B.|last3=Widowski|first3=Tina M.|last4=Pearl|first4=David L.|last5=Niel|first5=Lee|date=2018-06-11|title=Defining and Clarifying the Terms Canine Possessive Aggression and Resource Guarding: A Study of Expert Opinion|journal=Frontiers in Veterinary Science|volume=5|pages=115|doi=10.3389/fvets.2018.00115|issn=2297-1769|pmc=6004413|pmid=29942810}}</ref> Aggression in canines is also a reaction to a person or animal violating a dog's personal space.<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal|last=Frank|first=Diane|date=2013-06-01|title=Aggressive dogs: What questions do we need to ask?|journal=The Canadian Veterinary Journal|volume=54|issue=6|pages=554–556|issn=0008-5286|pmc=3659447|pmid=24155444}}</ref> Canine aggression is influenced by a dog's age, sex, health and reproductive status.<ref name=":8">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/domesticdogitsev00serp|url-access=registration|page=|quote=canine aggression.|title=The Domestic Dog: Its Evolution, Behaviour and Interactions with People|last1=Serpell|first1=James|last2=Serpell|first2=Professor of Humane Ethics & Animal Welfare James|last3=Barrett|first3=Priscilla|date=1995-09-21|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521425377|language=en}}</ref> Canine aggression is one of the most serious behavior problems in animal behavioral medical science.<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal|last1=Arata|first1=Sayaka|last2=Takeuchi|first2=Yukari|last3=Inoue|first3=Mai|last4=Mori|first4=Yuji|date=2014-06-27|title="Reactivity to Stimuli" Is a Temperamental Factor Contributing to Canine Aggression|journal=PLOS ONE|language=en|volume=9|issue=6|pages=e100767|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0100767|issn=1932-6203|pmc=4074066|pmid=24972077|bibcode=2014PLoSO...9j0767A}}</ref> Aggression in canines is particularly important because a dog's sharp teeth can result in serious injuries.<ref name=":12" /> The determinants for each type of aggression are different, but there are specific factors that are common to canine aggression.<ref name=":12" /> The types of aggression include dominance aggression, defensive aggression, predatory aggression and maternal aggression. Aggressive behavior in dogs can be caused by fear, anxiety disorder, diet, gut microbiome or genetic background. These types of aggression can be treated through animal behaviour therapy or proper socialization. | ||
| == Types of aggression == | == Types of aggression == | ||
| === Dominance aggression === | === Dominance aggression === | ||
| Dominance aggression is the most common type of aggression in dogs and approximately 60% of aggressive dogs exhibit dominance aggression.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal| |
Dominance aggression is the most common type of aggression in dogs and approximately 60% of aggressive dogs exhibit dominance aggression.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last1=Perez-Guisado|first1=J|last2=Munoz-Serrano|first2=P|date=2009|title=Factors linked to dominance aggression in dogs|url=http://docsdrive.com/pdfs/medwelljournals/javaa/2009/336-342.pdf|journal=Journal of Animal & Veterinary Advances|volume=8|pages=336–342|via=}}</ref> Dominance aggression occurs when a dog battles familiar people or other dogs for higher hierarchical position.<ref name=":2" /> An owner plays a significant role in dominance aggression because 40% of dominance aggression circumstances are related to non-authoritarian dog owners who spoil their dogs and provide poor levels of obedience training.<ref name=":2" /> The actions of an owner and the relationship between a dog and its owner influence dominance aggression in dogs.<ref name=":2" /> For instance, the punishments endured by the dog, the obedience training received by the dog, the quality time spent with the dog and how spoiled a dog is contribute to dominance aggressive behaviour.<ref name=":2" /> | ||
| === Defensive aggression === | === Defensive aggression === | ||
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| === Predatory aggression === | === Predatory aggression === | ||
| ] | ] | ||
| Predatory aggression is often triggered by a stimulation and results in the dog chasing, capturing or killing the prey.<ref name=":02" /> Predatory aggression is impacted by anxious influences, which results in the expression of affective aggression.<ref name=":15">{{Cite journal| |
Predatory aggression is often triggered by a stimulation and results in the dog chasing, capturing or killing the prey.<ref name=":02" /> Predatory aggression is impacted by anxious influences, which results in the expression of affective aggression.<ref name=":15">{{Cite journal|last1=Chávez|first1=Gonzalo A.|last2=Opazo|first2=Álvaro J.|date=2012-11-01|title=Predatory aggression in a German shepherd dog|journal=Journal of Veterinary Behavior|volume=7|issue=6|pages=386–389|doi=10.1016/j.jveb.2012.02.004|issn=1558-7878}}</ref> This type of aggression is caused by sympathetic system activation and is non-affective.<ref name=":15" /> Based on a study that examines the predatory aggression in German shepherd dogs, this type of aggression is rarely displayed by dogs.<ref name=":15" /> However, if it does occur, it is usually directed towards unfamiliar dogs.<ref name=":15" /> Furthermore, predatory behavior activates reward centers in the central nervous system.<ref name=":15" /> According to Gonzalo and colleagues, this type of behavior is rewarding and therefore difficult to change.<ref name=":15" /> Predatory aggression is displayed by mature and intact males and this type of aggression results in serious damage to others.<ref name=":15" /> It includes actions such as chasing, biting, catching and may involve death or injury.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jacobs|first=Jacquelyn|date=April 2016|title=Understanding Canine Resource Guarding Behaviour: An Epidemiological Approach|url=https://atrium.lib.uoguelph.ca/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10214/9642/Jacobs_Jacquelyn_201605_PhD.pdf?sequence=1|journal=Population Medicine|volume=|pages=1–334|via=}}</ref> | ||
| ] | ] | ||
| === Maternal aggression === | === Maternal aggression === | ||
| Maternal aggression is displayed by mothers when they are approached and particularly when their offspring are young. This type of aggression is linked to pain such as in cases of mastitis.<ref name=":10">{{Cite journal| |
Maternal aggression is displayed by mothers when they are approached and particularly when their offspring are young. This type of aggression is linked to pain such as in cases of mastitis.<ref name=":10">{{Cite journal|last1=Lezama-García|first1=Karina|last2=Mariti|first2=Chiara|last3=Mota-Rojas|first3=Daniel|last4=Martínez-Burnes|first4=Julio|last5=Barrios-García|first5=Hugo|last6=Gazzano|first6=Angelo|date=2019-01-02|title=Maternal behaviour in domestic dogs|journal=International Journal of Veterinary Science and Medicine|volume=7|issue=1|pages=20–30|doi=10.1080/23144599.2019.1641899|pmc=6776987|pmid=31620484}}</ref> Oxytocin plays an important role in the early bonding between the mother and her offspring.<ref name=":10" /> Dogs with maternal aggressiveness are protective of their offspring and nest.<ref name=":10" /> The change in hormone is linked to lactation, and the mothers can change the dogs' perception and assessment .<ref name=":10" /> Maternal aggression may lead to bites or other attacks.<ref name=":10" /> Maternal aggressiveness affects the growth and socialization of puppies<ref name=":10" />. Furthermore, this type of aggression may stem from unstable social environments.<ref name=":10" /> Maternal dogs are very protective of their puppies and their aggressive tendencies decreases as their offspring grow up and they are able to defend themselves.<ref name=":10" /> | ||
| ==Causes== | ==Causes== | ||
| Line 22: | Line 22: | ||
| ==== Gut microbiome ==== | ==== Gut microbiome ==== | ||
| ] | ] | ||
| The gut microbiome is linked to numerous health problems such as diarrhea and bowel disease, which results in pain and can possibly lead to aggression.<ref name=":11">{{Cite journal| |
The gut microbiome is linked to numerous health problems such as diarrhea and bowel disease, which results in pain and can possibly lead to aggression.<ref name=":11">{{Cite journal|last1=Kirchoff|first1=Nicole S.|last2=Udell|first2=Monique A. R.|last3=Sharpton|first3=Thomas J.|title=The gut microbiome correlates with conspecific aggression in a small population of rescued dogs (Canis familiaris)|journal=PeerJ|year=2019|volume=7|pages=e6103|doi=10.7717/peerj.6103|pmid=30643689|pmc=6330041|url=https://peerj.com/preprints/26990|language=en}}</ref> The gut microbiome affects the affective disorders such as anxiety, which contribute to canine aggression.<ref name=":11" /> Based on a study carried out by Kirchoff and colleagues, the composition of gut microbiome differs on the basis of aggressive and non-aggressive assessments.<ref name=":11" /> In this study, the researchers tested rescued dogs that possessed aggressive and non aggressive behavior.<ref name=":11" /> The dogs were tested in the same environment, ate the same diet, and were consistent breed type, but variation was still present in the gut microbiome <ref name=":11" />. The results of this study show the difference and abundance in lineages in aggressive and non-aggressive groups, indicating that an aggressive dog displays physiological conditions in their gut, which affects the composition of the gut microbiome <ref name=":11" />. It also shows that the gut microbiome is associated with aggressive behavior.<ref name=":11" /> ''Lactobacillus'' are present in the guts of dogs that exhibit aggressive behavior, even though strains of ''Lactobacillus rhamnosus'' reduce stress and anxiety in mice.<ref name=":11" /> However, ''Fusobacterium'' is present in the stool sample of dogs that display non-aggressive behavior, even though it is known to evoke pro-inflammatory effects of gut microbiome.<ref name=":11" /> | ||
| ==== Anxiety ==== | ==== Anxiety ==== | ||
| Many dogs suffer from anxiety disorder and cannot determine the difference between a legitimate threat and a false threat.<ref name=":02" /> Therefore, it is important to recognize that aggressive dogs display aggressive behaviour as a result of fear or an anxiety disorder.<ref name=":02" /> There are various signs compatible with anxiety disorder such as dilated pupils, puffed cheeks, constant yawning, and continuous lip licking.<ref name=":02" /> The motor activity of anxious dogs fluctuates depending on the specific dog; in many cases, dogs are unable to relax when there is not a threat.<ref name=":02" /> Anxiety screening were used in behavioral evaluation of children-directed aggressive behavior in dogs and according to Reisner and colleagues, 77% of animals displayed abnormalities.<ref name=":13">{{Cite journal| |
Many dogs suffer from anxiety disorder and cannot determine the difference between a legitimate threat and a false threat.<ref name=":02" /> Therefore, it is important to recognize that aggressive dogs display aggressive behaviour as a result of fear or an anxiety disorder.<ref name=":02" /> There are various signs compatible with anxiety disorder such as dilated pupils, puffed cheeks, constant yawning, and continuous lip licking.<ref name=":02" /> The motor activity of anxious dogs fluctuates depending on the specific dog; in many cases, dogs are unable to relax when there is not a threat.<ref name=":02" /> Anxiety screening were used in behavioral evaluation of children-directed aggressive behavior in dogs and according to Reisner and colleagues, 77% of animals displayed abnormalities.<ref name=":13">{{Cite journal|last1=Reisner|first1=Ilana R|last2=Shofer|first2=Frances S|last3=Nance|first3=Michael L|date=October 13, 2007|title=Behavioral assessment of child‐directed canine aggression|journal=Injury Prevention|volume=13|issue=5|pages=348–351|doi=10.1136/ip.2007.015396|issn=1353-8047|pmc=2610618|pmid=17916894}}</ref> Aggressive behavior in dogs is often associated with fear, the separation from their owner, or noise sensitivity, all of which may result in or contribute to anxiety disorder.<ref name=":13" /> | ||
| ==== Fear ==== | ==== Fear ==== | ||
| In a study that examines the prevalence, comorbidity, and behavioral variation in canine anxiety, fearful dogs are aggressive to strangers and other dogs <ref name=":14">{{Cite journal| |
In a study that examines the prevalence, comorbidity, and behavioral variation in canine anxiety, fearful dogs are aggressive to strangers and other dogs <ref name=":14">{{Cite journal|last1=Tiira|first1=Katriina|last2=Sulkama|first2=Sini|last3=Lohi|first3=Hannes|date=2016-11-01|title=Prevalence, comorbidity, and behavioral variation in canine anxiety|journal=Journal of Veterinary Behavior|volume=16|pages=36–44|doi=10.1016/j.jveb.2016.06.008|issn=1558-7878|doi-access=free}}</ref>. The owners of 673 dogs noted that their dogs express fear by barking, and growling. The presence of aggression in dogs is associated with defense mechanism.<ref name=":14" /> Based on this study, there was an increase in bites towards strangers and familiar people.<ref name=":14" /> The reason for aggression towards owners is because the majority of owners who participated in this study owned a fearful dog.<ref name=":14" /> | ||
| ==== Breed, socialization, and health status ==== | ==== Breed, socialization, and health status ==== | ||
| Line 38: | Line 38: | ||
| ==== Gonadectomy ==== | ==== Gonadectomy ==== | ||
| Gonadectomy is used to treat aggressive behavior of dogs. Farhoody and colleagues carried out a study to determine the impact of gonadectomy on the aggressive behavior of dogs using the Canine Behavioral Assessment Research Questionnaire (C-BARQ).<ref name=":16">{{Cite journal| |
Gonadectomy is used to treat aggressive behavior of dogs. Farhoody and colleagues carried out a study to determine the impact of gonadectomy on the aggressive behavior of dogs using the Canine Behavioral Assessment Research Questionnaire (C-BARQ).<ref name=":16">{{Cite journal|last1=Farhoody|first1=Parvene|last2=Mallawaarachchi|first2=Indika|last3=Tarwater|first3=Patrick M.|last4=Serpell|first4=James A.|last5=Duffy|first5=Deborah L.|last6=Zink|first6=Chris|date=2018-02-26|title=Aggression toward Familiar People, Strangers, and Conspecifics in Gonadectomized and Intact Dogs|journal=Frontiers in Veterinary Science|volume=5|pages=18|doi=10.3389/fvets.2018.00018|issn=2297-1769|pmc=5834763|pmid=29536014}}</ref> According to the data collected, gonadectomised dogs between the ages of 7 and 12 months were more likely to be aggressive to strangers.<ref name=":16" /> Furthermore, gonadectomised dogs of all ages do not display violent behavior to familiar people or strangers.<ref name=":16" /> The data does not show that gonadectomy prevent or treat aggressive behavior of dogs.<ref name=":16" /> Perez-Guisado and Munoz-Serrano argued that owner-related factors were the primary cause of aggression in dogs.<ref name=":2" /> Based on their studies, dogs owned by first time owners and with little training displayed aggressive behavior.<ref name=":2" /> Based on McMillan and colleagues’ research, aggressive behavior was prominent in dogs obtained from pet stores<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=McMillan|first1=Franklin D.|last2=Serpell|first2=James A.|last3=Duffy|first3=Deborah L.|last4=Masaoud|first4=Elmabrok|last5=Dohoo|first5=Ian R.|s2cid=20708165|date=2013-05-15|title=Differences in behavioral characteristics between dogs obtained as puppies from pet stores and those obtained from noncommercial breeders|journal=Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association|volume=242|issue=10|pages=1359–1363|doi=10.2460/javma.242.10.1359|issn=1943-569X|pmid=23634679}}</ref>. Guy and colleagues found that environmental factors directly contributed to aggression in dogs.<ref name=":32">{{Cite journal|last1=Guy|first1=N. C|last2=Luescher|first2=U. A|last3=Dohoo|first3=S. E|last4=Spangler|first4=E|last5=Miller|first5=J. B|last6=Dohoo|first6=I. R|last7=Bate|first7=L. A|date=2001-09-11|title=Risk factors for dog bites to owners in a general veterinary caseload|journal=Applied Animal Behaviour Science|volume=74|issue=1|pages=29–42|doi=10.1016/S0168-1591(01)00154-X|issn=0168-1591}}</ref> For instance, a dog that lives in a home with an adolescent or has a skin disorder is more likely to exhibit aggressive behavior to familiar people and strangers.<ref name=":32" /> Roll and Unshelm believed that the reason for buying or adopting a dog was a significant factor that correlated with aggression.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last1=Roll|first1=A.|last2=Unshelm|first2=J.|date=1997-04-01|title=Aggressive conflicts amongst dogs and factors affecting them|journal=Applied Animal Behaviour Science|series=Behavioural Problems of Small Animals|volume=52|issue=3|pages=229–242|doi=10.1016/S0168-1591(96)01125-2|issn=0168-1591}}</ref> They also argued that the relationship between the owner and dog determined whether or not the dog would exhibit aggressive behavior.<ref name=":4" /> For instance, the owner’s attitude towards training, or physical mistreatment endured by the dog at the hands of the owner resulted in aggressive behavior towards others.<ref name=":4" /> Many factors impact the aggressive behavior displayed by dogs.<ref name=":4" /> | ||
| ==== Reactivity to stimuli ==== | ==== Reactivity to stimuli ==== | ||
| Line 49: | Line 49: | ||
| Missed early socialization and an absence in obedience training result in aggression in dogs.<ref name=":9">{{cite web|url=https://dogcare.dailypuppy.com/behavioral-therapy-aggressive-behavior-dogs-6361.html|title=Behavioral Therapy for Aggressive Behavior in Dogs|last=Foden|first=Simon|date=2019|website=daily puppy|url-status=live|access-date=2019-10-25}}</ref> Animal behaviour therapy (ABT) aims to reduce aggressive behaviour in dogs by applying scientific ideologies.<ref name=":9" /> Behaviorists aim to familiarize dogs with trigger stimuli by continuously exposing them to it.<ref name=":9" /> ABT ranges from relaxing a dog by giving massages to implementing consistent obedience training in the daily life.<ref name=":9" /> | Missed early socialization and an absence in obedience training result in aggression in dogs.<ref name=":9">{{cite web|url=https://dogcare.dailypuppy.com/behavioral-therapy-aggressive-behavior-dogs-6361.html|title=Behavioral Therapy for Aggressive Behavior in Dogs|last=Foden|first=Simon|date=2019|website=daily puppy|url-status=live|access-date=2019-10-25}}</ref> Animal behaviour therapy (ABT) aims to reduce aggressive behaviour in dogs by applying scientific ideologies.<ref name=":9" /> Behaviorists aim to familiarize dogs with trigger stimuli by continuously exposing them to it.<ref name=":9" /> ABT ranges from relaxing a dog by giving massages to implementing consistent obedience training in the daily life.<ref name=":9" /> | ||
| 40% of dominance aggression in dogs is a result of lenient owners who provide basic levels of obedience training to their dogs.<ref name=":7">{{cite journal| |
40% of dominance aggression in dogs is a result of lenient owners who provide basic levels of obedience training to their dogs.<ref name=":7">{{cite journal|last1=Grognet|first1=Jeff|last2=Parker|first2=Tony|date=1993|title=Further diagnosis and treatment of canine dominance aggression|journal=Animal Behavior Comportment Animal|volume=33|issue=6|pages=409–410|pmc=1481273|pmid=17424030}}</ref> A dog is an owner’s responsibility and it is necessary for the owner to establish leadership over the dog.<ref name=":7" /> A leash that is also known as a control line is critical in establishing and maintaining control.<ref name=":7" /> Furthermore, it is important for the owner to eat before the dog as this allows the owner to regain power and authority over the dog.<ref name=":7" /> The food within the home must be inaccessible, giving more power to the owner.<ref name=":7" /> By concealing food, the dog will stop growling and display submission.<ref name=":7" /> Poor obedience training and leniency will not reduce aggression in dogs, but will increase damage and injury.<ref name=":7" /> It is the owner’s role to modify aggressive behaviour of dogs by implementing various techniques.<ref name=":7" /> | ||
| ==See also== | ==See also== | ||
Revision as of 13:36, 6 June 2020
Dog aggression expressed by dogs is considered to be normal behaviour and various types of aggression are influenced by a dog's environment and genetic predisposition. Dogs commonly display possessive aggression when defending resources or themselves. Aggression in canines is also a reaction to a person or animal violating a dog's personal space. Canine aggression is influenced by a dog's age, sex, health and reproductive status. Canine aggression is one of the most serious behavior problems in animal behavioral medical science. Aggression in canines is particularly important because a dog's sharp teeth can result in serious injuries. The determinants for each type of aggression are different, but there are specific factors that are common to canine aggression. The types of aggression include dominance aggression, defensive aggression, predatory aggression and maternal aggression. Aggressive behavior in dogs can be caused by fear, anxiety disorder, diet, gut microbiome or genetic background. These types of aggression can be treated through animal behaviour therapy or proper socialization.
Types of aggression
Dominance aggression
Dominance aggression is the most common type of aggression in dogs and approximately 60% of aggressive dogs exhibit dominance aggression. Dominance aggression occurs when a dog battles familiar people or other dogs for higher hierarchical position. An owner plays a significant role in dominance aggression because 40% of dominance aggression circumstances are related to non-authoritarian dog owners who spoil their dogs and provide poor levels of obedience training. The actions of an owner and the relationship between a dog and its owner influence dominance aggression in dogs. For instance, the punishments endured by the dog, the obedience training received by the dog, the quality time spent with the dog and how spoiled a dog is contribute to dominance aggressive behaviour.
Defensive aggression
Defensive aggression occurs when an individual approaches and interacts with the dogs. Usually, dogs would flee or resort to violent behaviour to defend themselves. This type of aggression stems from previous trauma or a lack of proper socialization. Therefore, when a dog encounters an unfamiliar environment such as interacting with other dogs, they may exhibit this aggression to protect themselves. Also, dogs suffering from trauma react when they encounter a particular stimulus.
Predatory aggression
Predatory aggression is often triggered by a stimulation and results in the dog chasing, capturing or killing the prey. Predatory aggression is impacted by anxious influences, which results in the expression of affective aggression. This type of aggression is caused by sympathetic system activation and is non-affective. Based on a study that examines the predatory aggression in German shepherd dogs, this type of aggression is rarely displayed by dogs. However, if it does occur, it is usually directed towards unfamiliar dogs. Furthermore, predatory behavior activates reward centers in the central nervous system. According to Gonzalo and colleagues, this type of behavior is rewarding and therefore difficult to change. Predatory aggression is displayed by mature and intact males and this type of aggression results in serious damage to others. It includes actions such as chasing, biting, catching and may involve death or injury.
Maternal aggression
Maternal aggression is displayed by mothers when they are approached and particularly when their offspring are young. This type of aggression is linked to pain such as in cases of mastitis. Oxytocin plays an important role in the early bonding between the mother and her offspring. Dogs with maternal aggressiveness are protective of their offspring and nest. The change in hormone is linked to lactation, and the mothers can change the dogs' perception and assessment . Maternal aggression may lead to bites or other attacks. Maternal aggressiveness affects the growth and socialization of puppies. Furthermore, this type of aggression may stem from unstable social environments. Maternal dogs are very protective of their puppies and their aggressive tendencies decreases as their offspring grow up and they are able to defend themselves.
Causes
Gut microbiome
The gut microbiome is linked to numerous health problems such as diarrhea and bowel disease, which results in pain and can possibly lead to aggression. The gut microbiome affects the affective disorders such as anxiety, which contribute to canine aggression. Based on a study carried out by Kirchoff and colleagues, the composition of gut microbiome differs on the basis of aggressive and non-aggressive assessments. In this study, the researchers tested rescued dogs that possessed aggressive and non aggressive behavior. The dogs were tested in the same environment, ate the same diet, and were consistent breed type, but variation was still present in the gut microbiome . The results of this study show the difference and abundance in lineages in aggressive and non-aggressive groups, indicating that an aggressive dog displays physiological conditions in their gut, which affects the composition of the gut microbiome . It also shows that the gut microbiome is associated with aggressive behavior. Lactobacillus are present in the guts of dogs that exhibit aggressive behavior, even though strains of Lactobacillus rhamnosus reduce stress and anxiety in mice. However, Fusobacterium is present in the stool sample of dogs that display non-aggressive behavior, even though it is known to evoke pro-inflammatory effects of gut microbiome.
Anxiety
Many dogs suffer from anxiety disorder and cannot determine the difference between a legitimate threat and a false threat. Therefore, it is important to recognize that aggressive dogs display aggressive behaviour as a result of fear or an anxiety disorder. There are various signs compatible with anxiety disorder such as dilated pupils, puffed cheeks, constant yawning, and continuous lip licking. The motor activity of anxious dogs fluctuates depending on the specific dog; in many cases, dogs are unable to relax when there is not a threat. Anxiety screening were used in behavioral evaluation of children-directed aggressive behavior in dogs and according to Reisner and colleagues, 77% of animals displayed abnormalities. Aggressive behavior in dogs is often associated with fear, the separation from their owner, or noise sensitivity, all of which may result in or contribute to anxiety disorder.
Fear
In a study that examines the prevalence, comorbidity, and behavioral variation in canine anxiety, fearful dogs are aggressive to strangers and other dogs . The owners of 673 dogs noted that their dogs express fear by barking, and growling. The presence of aggression in dogs is associated with defense mechanism. Based on this study, there was an increase in bites towards strangers and familiar people. The reason for aggression towards owners is because the majority of owners who participated in this study owned a fearful dog.
Breed, socialization, and health status
It is important to recognize that aggression is displayed more in certain breeds, which indicates the influence of genetic background on aggression in dogs. According to Roll and Unshelm, German Shepherd dogs and Bull Terriers are more likely to display violent behavior to others. Voith and Borchelt found that higher incidences of aggressive behavior were displayed in pure-bred dogs when compared with mixed breed dogs. Often times, aggression in adult dogs is usually a result of little to no contact in early life. In other words, as a result of missed early socialization, a dog will not know how to interact with others, how to follow rules or how to adapt to new environments. Aggressive behavior is more prominent in intact males when compared with neutered males and in sterilized females than intact females. According to Hoerlein, the removal of a male’s testicles has significant impact on aggressive and dominant males. Neoplasia of the central nervous system, infectious diseases, developmental and metabolic disorders may impact aggression in dogs. Many of these illnesses can cause aggressive and violent behavior, especially when located in the frontal cortex, the hypothalamus, the thalamus, the amygdaloid body, the medial mammillary, the nucleus, the habenular nuclei, the hippocampus and the caudate nucleus.
Research
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Gonadectomy
Gonadectomy is used to treat aggressive behavior of dogs. Farhoody and colleagues carried out a study to determine the impact of gonadectomy on the aggressive behavior of dogs using the Canine Behavioral Assessment Research Questionnaire (C-BARQ). According to the data collected, gonadectomised dogs between the ages of 7 and 12 months were more likely to be aggressive to strangers. Furthermore, gonadectomised dogs of all ages do not display violent behavior to familiar people or strangers. The data does not show that gonadectomy prevent or treat aggressive behavior of dogs. Perez-Guisado and Munoz-Serrano argued that owner-related factors were the primary cause of aggression in dogs. Based on their studies, dogs owned by first time owners and with little training displayed aggressive behavior. Based on McMillan and colleagues’ research, aggressive behavior was prominent in dogs obtained from pet stores. Guy and colleagues found that environmental factors directly contributed to aggression in dogs. For instance, a dog that lives in a home with an adolescent or has a skin disorder is more likely to exhibit aggressive behavior to familiar people and strangers. Roll and Unshelm believed that the reason for buying or adopting a dog was a significant factor that correlated with aggression. They also argued that the relationship between the owner and dog determined whether or not the dog would exhibit aggressive behavior. For instance, the owner’s attitude towards training, or physical mistreatment endured by the dog at the hands of the owner resulted in aggressive behavior towards others. Many factors impact the aggressive behavior displayed by dogs.
Reactivity to stimuli
According to Arata and colleagues, reactivity to stimuli is involved in various types of aggression. The researchers used a questionnaire survey to assess approximately 5000 dogs of 17 breeds. In this study, a factor analysis was used to extract five consistent factors in 14 of the 17 breeds. Using 14 behavioral items, the researchers were able to see the consistent presence of these factors in dogs, indicating that these factors are linked to canine aggression. The collected data and the established factor system indicated that the French Bulldog, Cavalier King Charles Spaniel, Golden Retriever, and Labrador Retriever did not display aggressive behavior. However, the Chihuahua and Miniature Dachshund were more aggressive and more likely to chase others. Based on this study, reactivity to stimuli was linked to owner-directed aggressive behavior in 13 different breeds, child-directed aggressive behavior in eight different breeds, stranger-directed aggressive behavior in nine breeds and dog-directed aggressive behavior in five breeds. In this study, dogs that are highly reactive to stimuli were either uneasy and reacted to all movements or less engaged and overreacted to unexpected stimuli. The association between canine aggression and sociability with humans and likeliness to chase were examined. Sociability with humans was linked to child-, stranger-, and dog-directed aggressive behavior in more than seven breeds. Moreover, likeliness to chase was primarily linked to dog-directed aggressive behavior in 10 breeds and dogs that were more likely to chase smaller animals displayed aggressive behavior when interacting with other dogs. Reactivity to stimuli was proven to be an underlying temperamental factor that leads to canine aggression.
Treatment
Treatment differs for each circumstance, and treatment plans are based heavily on the type of aggression. Based on Judith Blackshaw’s study, dogs exhibited dominance aggression towards familiar people and therefore suggested obedience training as the proper treatment. It is imperative for an owner to train their dog every day for a minimum of 10 minutes. More specifically, it is recommended for males to be neutered as this ensures that inherited aggression will not be passed on. It is suggested to use synthetic progestins with castration to reduce and eliminate aggressive behavior in dogs. Predatory and intermale aggression is inherent and related to testosterone secretion and as a result restrain, castration and the use of progestins are essential in reducing aggression in dogs.
Missed early socialization and an absence in obedience training result in aggression in dogs. Animal behaviour therapy (ABT) aims to reduce aggressive behaviour in dogs by applying scientific ideologies. Behaviorists aim to familiarize dogs with trigger stimuli by continuously exposing them to it. ABT ranges from relaxing a dog by giving massages to implementing consistent obedience training in the daily life.
40% of dominance aggression in dogs is a result of lenient owners who provide basic levels of obedience training to their dogs. A dog is an owner’s responsibility and it is necessary for the owner to establish leadership over the dog. A leash that is also known as a control line is critical in establishing and maintaining control. Furthermore, it is important for the owner to eat before the dog as this allows the owner to regain power and authority over the dog. The food within the home must be inaccessible, giving more power to the owner. By concealing food, the dog will stop growling and display submission. Poor obedience training and leniency will not reduce aggression in dogs, but will increase damage and injury. It is the owner’s role to modify aggressive behaviour of dogs by implementing various techniques.
See also
References
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External links
- Article from ASPCA Virtual Pet Behaviorist on aggression in dogs
- Article from ASPCA Virtual Pet Behaviorist on working with dogs who are aggressive while on leash
- Dog aggression – The Ultimate Guide