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{{for|the dynasty that ruled present-day Odisha|Bhauma-Kara dynasty}} {{for|the dynasty that ruled present-day Odisha|Bhauma-Kara dynasty}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}} {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}} {{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox country {{Infobox country
| native_name = Bhauma dynasty | native_name = Bhauma dynasty
| conventional_long_name = | conventional_long_name =
| common_name = Naraka dynasty | common_name = Naraka dynasty
| era = ] | era =
| status = Legendary | status = Legendary
| event_start = 3rd Century BCE | event_start =
| year_start = | year_start =
| date_start = | date_start =
| event1 = | event1 =
| date_event1 = | date_event1 =
| event_end = | event_end =
| year_end = | year_end =
| date_end = | date_end =
| p1 = Danava dynasty | p1 = Danava dynasty
| flag_p1 = | flag_p1 =
| p2 = | p2 =
| flag_p2 = | flag_p2 =
| s1 = Varman dynasty | s1 =
| flag_s1 = | flag_s1 =
| s2 = | s2 =
| flag_s2 = | flag_s2 =
| image_flag = | image_flag =
| flag_type = | flag_type =
| image_coat = | image_coat =
| image_map = | image_map =
| image_map_caption = | image_map_caption =
| capital =
| capital = ]<ref>{{Cite book|last=P. D. Chaudhury|first=P. D.|title=Archaeology in Assam - An Introduction|publisher=Directorate of Archaeolgy, Assam|year=2010|pages=17|quote=The name of the capital of Pragjyotisha was Pragjyotishpur which was identical with present Gauhati.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Sarma|first=Madhab Chandra|title=Structural Analysis of the City of Gauhati - A Geographical Study|publisher=Naya Prokash|year=1982|pages=31|quote=It was said, Narakasura , the son of Lord Narayana conquered the Kingdom of Kamarupa and initiated the Aryan rule in Assam. Pragjyotishpura which represents the actual area of modern Gauhati was the capital of his kingdom. The capital of Narak and his descendants was 'Pragjyotishpura' - the modern Gauhati.}}</ref>
| common_languages = | common_languages =
| religion = | religion =
| government_type = | government_type =
| leader1 = ] | leader1 = ]
| year_leader1 = | year_leader1 =
| leader2 = ] | leader2 = ]
| year_leader2 = | year_leader2 =
| leader3 = | leader3 =
| year_leader3 = | year_leader3 =
| title_leader = | title_leader =
| legislature = | legislature =
| demonym = | demonym =
| area_km2 = | area_km2 =
| area_rank = | area_rank =
| GDP_PPP = | GDP_PPP =
| GDP_PPP_year = | GDP_PPP_year =
| HDI = | HDI =
| HDI_year = | HDI_year =
| today = | today =
}} }}
{{Pragjyotisha}} {{Pragjyotisha}}
{{Assam History}} {{Assam History}}
The '''Bhauma dynasty''' is the progenitor dynasty of ]. ], who is said to have established this dynasty, and his descendants ] and ] are first mentioned in the epics '']'' and the '']'' in the sections that were composed in the first few centuries<ref>"Though the composition of the two epics is supposed to have been completed in periods respectively from the fourth century BC to the fourth century AD and from the third century BC to the second century AD, the passages in question may not be much earlier than the beginning of the Christian era." {{harvcol|Sircar|1990|p=80-81}}</ref> though they place them variously in either northwestern or eastern India.<ref>{{harvcol|Sircar|1990|p=81}}</ref> Narakasura's legend is further embellished in the locally composed '']'' (10th century), the '']'' and local lores and the legends became firmly attached to ]. The '''Bhauma dynasty''' is the second legendary dynasty of ], after the ]. ], who is said to have established this dynasty, and his descendants Bhagadatta and Vajradatta are first mentioned in the epics '']'' and the '']'' in the sections that were composed in the first few centuries<ref>"Though the composition of the two epics is supposed to have been completed in periods respectively from the fourth century BC to the fourth century AD and from the third century BC to the second century AD, the passages in question may not be much earlier than the beginning of the Christian era." {{harvcol|Sircar|1990|p=80-81}}</ref> though they place them variously in either northwestern or eastern India.<ref>{{harvcol|Sircar|1990|p=81}}</ref> Narakasura's legend is further embellished in the locally composed '']'' (10th century), the '']'' and local lores and the legends became firmly attached to ]. The late embellishment of the Naraka legends point to ] of the three dynasties of the ] kings.<ref>See section " The Naraka Legend and Political Legitimization" {{harvcol|Das|2014|pp=154-156}}</ref>


According to the 10th-century ], the dynasty was established by ] of ],<ref>{{Cite book|title=Kāmarūpa-Kaliṅga-Mithilā: a politico-cultural alignment in Eastern India : history, art, traditions|last=Tripathi|first=Chandra Dhar|publisher=Indian Institute of Advanced Study|year=2008|pages=41}}</ref> by removing the ] chief Ghataka, the last of the ].<ref>{{harv|sircar|1990|p=87}}</ref> The development of the details of the Naraka story are considered as myths<ref>"The details of the Naraka legend seems to suggest a development more or less on the mythical lines." {{harv|Sircar|1990|p=84}}</ref> though historically he could have been a native ] chief,<ref>"It is contended that Naraka was a powerful Kirata chief whose feats had been magnified and myths created to prove his divinity to account for his supposed heroic (mis) deeds" {{harv|Das|2005|p=225}}</ref> or a Hinduized tribal youth.<ref>"With the blessings of Vishnu, Narakasura, a Hinduised tribal youth of Videha (North Bihar) destroyed this kingdom with the help of his own tribe and Alpine Hindus after a fierce struggle." {{harv|Sen|1984|p=101}}</ref> The glorification and assimilation of a local chief and the making of myths follow a pattern that is observed in other parts of India.<ref>"Just as in other parts of India, in Assam also, social groups and tribes initially considered to be outside the pale of the varnasramadharma had been assimilated into the fold of Aryan society after they had acquired political power. Thus, in the Brahmaputra valley, Naraka, a Kirata chief rose into prominence in the proto-historic period and became so powerful that the tales of his exploits remained in the collective memory of the people." {{harv|Das|2005|p=225}}</ref> The last ruler, Suparna, was killed by his ministers. The existence of this dynasty is not supported by any tenable evidence.<ref>"Therefore, any claims of the existence of ancient Naraka-Bhagadatta or Bhauma-Naraka dynasty prior to the Varmans are historically untenable, albeit politically tenable."{{harvcol|Shin|2018|p=29}}</ref>
== Delineation ==
The kingdom, limited to western ], was contemporary to Bana of Sonitpur (]). Although eastern valley was outside the ambit of the kingdom, it extended subsequently beyond Dikkaravasini, the easternmost point of the valley.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Caudhurī|first=Niśipada|title=Historical Archaeology of Central Assam|publisher=B.R. Publishing Corporation|year=1985|isbn=9780865907126|pages=65}}</ref>


==Rulers==
== Historical References ==
The ] refers to Pragjyotisha when recounting Naraka.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sen|first=Siba Pada|title=Sources of the History of India - Volume 3|publisher=Institute of Historical Studies|year=1978|pages=16}}</ref> The ] narrates the birth of Naraka and his eastern kingdom. The ] includes Pragjyotisha (with ]) among countries in the east. The ] of ] refers Pragjyotisha as country in the east.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ranganathan|first=Padma|title=Kalidasa's Raghuvamsa - A Study|year=1964|pages=33}}</ref> The ] and ] of ] mentioned Naraka, Bhagadatta and Vajradatta as ancestors. The ] and ] inscription of ] adheres to inscriptions of ancestors.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Barpujari|first=H. K.|title=The Comprehensive History of Assam - From the Pre-historic Times to the Twelfth Century A.D.|publisher=Publication Board, Assam|year=1990|pages=92}}</ref> According to the 10th-century ], the dynasty was established by Naraka of ],<ref>{{Cite book|last=Tripathi|first=Chandra Dhar|title=Kāmarūpa-Kaliṅga-Mithilā: a politico-cultural alignment in Eastern India : history, art, traditions|publisher=Indian Institute of Advanced Study|year=2008|pages=41}}</ref> by removing the ] chief Ghataka, the last of the ].<ref>{{harv|sircar|1990|p=87}}</ref> The development of the details of the Naraka story are considered as myths<ref>"The details of the Naraka legend seems to suggest a development more or less on the mythical lines." {{harv|Sircar|1990|p=84}}</ref> The last ruler, Suparna, was killed by his ministers.

==]<nowiki/>ulers==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:50%;" align="center" {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:50%;" align="center"
|- |-
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==Bibliography== ==Bibliography==
{{refbegin}} {{refbegin}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Das |first1=Paromita |year=2005 |title=The Naraka Legends, Aryanisation and the "varnasramadharma" in the Brahmaputra Valley |journal= Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=66 |pages=224–230 |publisher= Indian History Congress |jstor=44145840}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Das |first1=Sneha |year=2014 |title=Engraved Histories: A Study of Legend of Naraka and Political Legitimacy in the Kamarupa Region |journal= Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=75 |pages=153–159 |publisher= Indian History Congress |jstor=44158374}} * {{cite journal |last1=Das |first1=Sneha |year=2014 |title=Engraved Histories: A Study of Legend of Naraka and Political Legitimacy in the Kamarupa Region |journal= Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=75 |pages=153–159 |publisher= Indian History Congress |jstor=44158374}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Sen |first1=Debasis |year=1984 |title=Ethnic Elements in the Political Life of Ancient Assam |journal= Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=45 |pages=101–106 |publisher= Indian History Congress |jstor=44140186}} * {{cite journal |last1=Sen |first1=Debasis |year=1984 |title=Ethnic Elements in the Political Life of Ancient Assam |journal= Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=45 |pages=101–106 |publisher= Indian History Congress |jstor=44140186}}
*{{Citation| last = Sircar| first = D C| contribution = Epico-Puranic Myths and Allied Legends| year = 1990| title = The Comprehensive History of Assam| editor-last = Barpujari| editor-first = H K| volume = I| pages = 79–93| place = Guwahati| publisher = Publication Board, Assam}} *{{Citation| last = Sircar| first = D C| contribution = Epico-Puranic Myths and Allied Legends| year = 1990| title = The Comprehensive History of Assam| editor-last = Barpujari| editor-first = H K| volume = I| pages = 79–93| place = Guwahati| publisher = Publication Board, Assam}}
* {{Citation| last = Shin| first = Jae-Eun| contribution = Region Formed and Imagined: Reconsidering temporal, spatial and social context of Kamarupa| year = 2018| title = Modern Practices in North East India: History, Culture, Representation| editor-last = Dzüvichü| editor-first = Lipokmar |editor2-last=Baruah |editor2-first=Manjeet |pages = 23–55| place = London & New York| publisher = Routledge}}

{{refend}} {{refend}}


Revision as of 06:49, 28 July 2021

For the dynasty that ruled present-day Odisha, see Bhauma-Kara dynasty.

Bhauma dynasty
StatusLegendary
Preceded by
Danava dynasty
Part of a series on the
Mythology of Pragjyotisha
Ruling dynasties
Bhauma dynasty
Naraka
Bhagadatta
Pushpadatta
Vajradatta
Part of a series on the
History of Assam
Proto-historic
Medieval
Late Medieval
Modern
Contemporary
Sources
Categories

The Bhauma dynasty is the second legendary dynasty of Pragjyotisha, after the Danava dynasty. Narakasura, who is said to have established this dynasty, and his descendants Bhagadatta and Vajradatta are first mentioned in the epics Mahabharata and the Ramayana in the sections that were composed in the first few centuries though they place them variously in either northwestern or eastern India. Narakasura's legend is further embellished in the locally composed Kalika Purana (10th century), the Yogini Tantra and local lores and the legends became firmly attached to Assam. The late embellishment of the Naraka legends point to legitimization of the three dynasties of the Kamarupa kings.

According to the 10th-century Kalika Purana, the dynasty was established by Naraka of Videha, by removing the Kirata chief Ghataka, the last of the Danava dynasty. The development of the details of the Naraka story are considered as myths though historically he could have been a native Kirata chief, or a Hinduized tribal youth. The glorification and assimilation of a local chief and the making of myths follow a pattern that is observed in other parts of India. The last ruler, Suparna, was killed by his ministers. The existence of this dynasty is not supported by any tenable evidence.

Rulers

Name succession Queen
1 Naraka son of Bhumi and Vishnu Maya (Princess of Vidarbha)
2 Bhagadatta son of Naraka -
3 Pushpadatta son of Bhagadatta -
4 Vajradatta son of Bhagadatta -

References

  1. "Though the composition of the two epics is supposed to have been completed in periods respectively from the fourth century BC to the fourth century AD and from the third century BC to the second century AD, the passages in question may not be much earlier than the beginning of the Christian era." (Sircar 1990:80-81)
  2. (Sircar 1990:81)
  3. See section " The Naraka Legend and Political Legitimization" (Das 2014:154–156)
  4. Tripathi, Chandra Dhar (2008). Kāmarūpa-Kaliṅga-Mithilā: a politico-cultural alignment in Eastern India : history, art, traditions. Indian Institute of Advanced Study. p. 41.
  5. (sircar 1990, p. 87) harv error: no target: CITEREFsircar1990 (help)
  6. "The details of the Naraka legend seems to suggest a development more or less on the mythical lines." (Sircar 1990, p. 84)
  7. "It is contended that Naraka was a powerful Kirata chief whose feats had been magnified and myths created to prove his divinity to account for his supposed heroic (mis) deeds" (Das 2005, p. 225)
  8. "With the blessings of Vishnu, Narakasura, a Hinduised tribal youth of Videha (North Bihar) destroyed this kingdom with the help of his own tribe and Alpine Hindus after a fierce struggle." (Sen 1984, p. 101)
  9. "Just as in other parts of India, in Assam also, social groups and tribes initially considered to be outside the pale of the varnasramadharma had been assimilated into the fold of Aryan society after they had acquired political power. Thus, in the Brahmaputra valley, Naraka, a Kirata chief rose into prominence in the proto-historic period and became so powerful that the tales of his exploits remained in the collective memory of the people." (Das 2005, p. 225)
  10. "Therefore, any claims of the existence of ancient Naraka-Bhagadatta or Bhauma-Naraka dynasty prior to the Varmans are historically untenable, albeit politically tenable."(Shin 2018:29)

Bibliography

  • Das, Paromita (2005). "The Naraka Legends, Aryanisation and the "varnasramadharma" in the Brahmaputra Valley". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 66. Indian History Congress: 224–230. JSTOR 44145840.
  • Das, Sneha (2014). "Engraved Histories: A Study of Legend of Naraka and Political Legitimacy in the Kamarupa Region". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 75. Indian History Congress: 153–159. JSTOR 44158374.
  • Sen, Debasis (1984). "Ethnic Elements in the Political Life of Ancient Assam". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 45. Indian History Congress: 101–106. JSTOR 44140186.
  • Sircar, D C (1990), "Epico-Puranic Myths and Allied Legends", in Barpujari, H K (ed.), The Comprehensive History of Assam, vol. I, Guwahati: Publication Board, Assam, pp. 79–93
  • Shin, Jae-Eun (2018), "Region Formed and Imagined: Reconsidering temporal, spatial and social context of Kamarupa", in Dzüvichü, Lipokmar; Baruah, Manjeet (eds.), Modern Practices in North East India: History, Culture, Representation, London & New York: Routledge, pp. 23–55
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