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Megasthenes (/mɪˈɡæsθɪniːz/ mi-GAS-thi-neez; Template:Lang-grc, c. 350 – c. 290 BCE) was an ancient Greek historian, diplomat and Indian ethnographer and explorer in the Hellenistic period. He described India in his book Indika, which is now lost, but has been partially reconstructed from literary fragments found in later authors.

Biography

While Megasthenes's account of India has survived in the later works, little is known about him as a person, except that he was a Greek man. He must have been a learned man and a reputed officer, which explains his appointment as an ambassador to India. At the time of treaty between the Greek ruler Seleucus I Nicator and the Indian ruler Chandragupta Maurya in c. 303 BCE, he appears to have been serving as an officer under Sibyrtius, who was Seleucus's satrap of Arachosia.

As an ambassador

Megasthenes was a Greek ambassador of Seleucus I Nicator in the court of Chandragupta Maurya. Arrian explains that Megasthenes lived in Arachosia, with the satrap Sibyrtius, from where he visited India:

Megasthenes lived with Sibyrtius, satrap of Arachosia, and often speaks of his visiting Sandracottus, the king of the Indians." Arrian, Anabasis Alexandri

Megasthenes visited India sometime between c. 302 and 288 BCE, during the reign of Chandragupta Maurya. The exact dates of his visit to India, and the duration of his stay in India are not certain. Modern scholars generally assume that Seleucus sent him to India immediately after the treaty with Chandragupta. Arrian claims that Megasthenes met Porus: this claim seems to be an erroneous one, unless we assume that Megasthenes accompanied Alexander the Great during the Greek invasion of India.

Megasthenes visited the Maurya capital Pataliputra, but it is not certain which other parts of India he visited. He appears to have passed through the Punjab region in north-western India, as he provides a detailed account of the rivers in this area. He must have then traveled to Pataliputra along the Yamuna and the Ganga rivers.

Megasthenes compiled information about India in form of Indika, which is now a lost work, but survives in form of quotations by the later writers.

Other Greek envoys to the Indian court are known after Megasthenes: Deimachus as ambassador to Bindusara, and Dionysius, as ambassador to Ashoka.

Assessment

Among the ancient writers, Arrian (2nd century CE) is the only one who speaks favorably of Megasthenes. Diodorus (1st century BCE) quotes Megasthenes by omitting some parts of his narratives. Other writers explicitly criticize Megasthenes:

• Eratosthenes (2nd century BCE) accuses Megasthenes of engaging in falsehood, although he apparently borrowed much of his content about India from Megasthenes.
• Strabo (1st century CE) calls Megasthenes a liar for writing fabulous stories about India; he also brands as liars the other earlier writers on India, including Deimachus, Onesicritus, Nearchus. According to Strabo, "no faith whatever can be placed in Deimachos and Megasthenes".
• Pliny the Elder (1st century CE) criticizes Megasthenes's description of the fabulous races of India, and his account of Herakles and Dionysus.

Modern scholars such as E. A. Schwanbeck, B. C. J. Timmer, and Truesdell Sparhawk Brown, have characterized Megasthenes as a generally reliable source of Indian history. Schwanbeck finds faults only with Megasthenes's description of the gods worshipped in India. Brown is more critical of Megasthenes, but notes that Megasthenes visited only a small part of India, and must have relied on others for his observations: some of these observations seem to be erroneous, but others cannot be ignored by modern researchers. Thus, although he was often misled by the erroneous information provided by others, his work remained the principal source of information about India to some of the subsequent writers .

Others, take a more critical stance, presenting Megasthenenes' India's depiction as borrowing cultures, customs, and societal structures native to other parts of the world (e.g. the seven societal classes from Herodotus's Egypt ) and transferring them to Indian soil, simultaneously being cautious about his overall disinterest to resolve conflicting testimonies or verify hearsays . One explanation is the general condition of his times of depicting far-away lands such as Egypt, India, Panchaea or the imaginary Atlantis, as lands of opportunities . For example, information available by sailors of ships frequently traveling to India were not being taken into account by some educated Greeks because "their informations were not in accordance" with their romantic imagination . Lastly, others, such as Paul J. Kosmin, believe Megasthenes' motives were political, meant to serve "a legitimizing purpose for Seleucus I and his actions in India" .

See also

• Megasthenes' Herakles
• Herodotus
• Patrocles
• Demodamas

References

1. ^ N. S. Kalota 1978, p. 26.
2. ^ Traver, Andrew G. (2002). From Polis to Empire, the Ancient World, C. 800 B.C.-A.D. 500: A Biographical Dictionary. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 252. ISBN 978-0-313-30942-7.
3. ^ Kosmin, Paul J. (2014). The Land of the Elephant Kings. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-72882-0.
4. Shepherd, William R. (1926). The Historical Atlas, "Mediaeval Commerce (Asia)".
5. ^ Heirman, Ann; Bumbacher, Stephan Peter (2007). The Spread of Buddhism. BRILL. p. 135. ISBN 978-90-04-15830-6.
6. Paul J. Kosmin 2014, p. 38.
7. Arrian. "Book 5". Anabasis.
8. ^ Allan Dahlaquist 1996, p. 9.
9. N. S. Kalota 1978, p. 28.
10. ^ N. S. Kalota 1978, p. 29.
11. Thomas C. Mcevilley (2012). The Shape of Ancient Thought: Comparative Studies in Greek and Indian Philosophies. Allworth. p. 538. ISBN 978-1-58115-933-2. Three Greek ambassadors are known by name: Megasthenes, ambassador to Chandragupta; Deimachus, ambassador to Chandragupta's son Bindusara; and Dyonisius, whom Ptolemy Philadelphus sent to the court of Ashoka, Bindusara's son
12. ^ N. S. Kalota 1978, p. 27.
13. ^ Allan Dahlaquist 1996, p. 27.
14. Allan Dahlaquist 1996, p. 29.
15. U. P. Arora 1982, p. 171.
16. U. P. Arora 1982, p. 176.
17. U. P. Arora 1982, p. 173.
18. U. P. Arora 1982, p. 176-177.
19. Paul J. Kosmin 2013, p. 97.
20. Paul J. Kosmin 2013, p. 103-104.

Bibliography

• Allan Dahlaquist (1996). Megasthenes and Indian Religion: A Study in Motives and Types. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-81-208-1323-6.
• N. S. Kalota (1978). India as Described by Megasthenes. Concept.
• Paul J. Kosmin (2014), The Land of the Elephant Kings: Space, Territory, and Ideology in Seleucid Empire, Harvard University Press, ISBN 978-0-674-72882-0
• U. P. Arora (1982), Plagiarism and prejudices in Megasthenes's Indica, Indian History Congress
• Paul J. Kosmin (2013). "Apologetic Ethnography: Megasthenes' Indica and the Seleucid Elephant". In Eran Almagor, Joseph Skinner (ed.). Ancient Ethnography: New Approaches. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 9781472537607.

Further reading

• Harry Falk (1982). Die sieben "Kasten" des Megasthenes (in German).
• Shri Ram Goyal (2001). India as Known to Kauṭilya and Megasthenes. Kusumanjali Book World.
• "How the Hoopoe Got His Crest: Reflections on Megasthenes’ Stories of India." In Ancient Historiography on War and Empire, edited by Stoneman Richard, Howe Timothy, and Müller Sabine, 188–99. Oxford; Philadelphia: Oxbow Books, 2017. www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1kw2b3r.17.

External links

• Fragments of Indika, as reconstructed from later accounts
• Ancient India as described by Arrian based on accounts by Megasthenes

• Ancient Greek geographers
• Ancient Anatolian Greeks
• Hellenistic-era people
• Historians of India
• Greek Indologists
• Ancient Greek explorers
• Ambassadors in Greek Antiquity
• Explorers of India
• 4th-century BC Greek people
• 3rd-century BC Greek people
• 4th-century BC historians
• 3rd-century BC historians