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The FIRST PARAGRAPH is problematic for three main reasons. The first is that the fourth sentence is poorly written. The second is that the fourth sentence presents a single POV. The third is that the fifth (last) sentence does not meet the Misplaced Pages requirement of verifiability.

FIRST PARAGRAPH FIRST REASON: The fourth sentence is poorly written. Because it is the logical extension of the third sentence, which cites “a relatively small percentage of the Polish population”, the fourth sentence should also convey the notion of “a small percentage”. The phrase “the same population” does not do this. The phrase “Polish population” in the third sentence, coupled with the phrase “the same population” in the fourth sentence, could lead one to conclude that this applies to the entire or larger Polish population. For the purpose of clarity, the phrase “same population” should be replaced by the phrase “This small percentage”. The second part of the fourth sentence, i.e., “…however, can be accused of indifference to the Jewish plight”, appears to be a subjective assessment. Who is doing the accusing of “indifference”– Connelly or someone else? If it is Connelly, the word “accuse” needs to be shown in quotes and cited appropriately as required by Misplaced Pages. If it is not Connelly, this second part should be deleted and the fourth sentence should be rewritten as follows: “John Connelly attributes the actions of this small percentage of Poles to an indifference of the Jewish plight and calls such behavior ‘structural collaboration’”.

FIRST PARAGRAPH SECOND REASON: The fourth sentence as written presents the single POV of Connelly, i.e., a small percentage of Polish collaborators engaged in “structural collaboration”, which apparently means that they were indifferent to the Germans’ oppression of Polish Jews. For this part of the paragraph to be fair and proportionate, Misplaced Pages requires a second significant POV by a reliable source so that an overall NPOV is presented. That second POV should be inserted as a new fifth sentence and is as follows: “By contrast, historian Arno J. Mayer states the following: “The local populations became indifferent to the torments of the Jews less because of any residual Judeophobia because they, too, were being terrorized and brutalized, even if to a lesser extent.” This second POV should be added as a new fifth sentence to the paragraph. The supporting inline citation, which also needs to be included, is as follows:

FIRST PARAGRAPH THIRD REASON: The fifth (last) sentence and its inline citation do not meet the Misplaced Pages requirement of verifiability and should be deleted. As written, Grabowski claims that Datner claims that “fewer Poles murdered Jews…etc.”. If Datner made this claim, Grabowski would have to have examined the source in which Datner stated it. However, the inline citation does not list the source in which Datner stated it. Instead, inline citation lists Grabowski’s book “Hunt for the Jews” as the source. Misplaced Pages requires, without exception, all content to be verifiable and further requires sources to directly support the claims made. The source that directly supports Grabowski’s claim is the primary source, i.e., Datner. Citing Grabowski as the primary source is invalid. Consequently, this sentence and its inline citation should be removed.

FIRST PARAGRAPH CONCLUSION: Based on the above explanations, THE FIRST PARAGRAPH SHOULD BE REVISED AS FOLLOWS. “The phenomenon of Polish collaboration was described by John Connelly and Leszek Gondek as marginal, when seen against the backdrop of European and world history. Estimates of the number of individual Polish collaborators vary from as few as 7,000 to as many as several hundred thousand. According to John Connelly “only a relatively small percentage of the Polish population engaged in activities that may be described as collaboration, when seen against the backdrop of European and world history.” Connelly attributes the actions of this small percentage of Poles to an indifference of the Jewish plight and calls such behavior ‘structural collaboration’ By contrast, historian Arno J. Mayer states the following: “The local populations became indifferent to the torments of the Jews less because of any residual Judeophobia because they, too, were being terrorized and brutalized, even if to a lesser extent.” ”

The SECOND PARAGRAPH is problematic for six main reasons. The first is that the first sentence contains an invalid inline citation. The second is that the first and third sentences are poorly written and should be combined. The third is that the first and third sentences present a single POV. The fourth is that factual context for the Judenjagd is necessary to present an overall NPOV that accommodates the single POV of Grabowski’s claim. The fifth is that second sentence is extraneous. The sixth is that the third sentence does not meet the Misplaced Pages requirement of verifiability.

SECOND PARAGRAPH FIRST REASON: In the first sentence, inline citation is incomplete and does not comply with the Misplaced Pages requirement for citing individually authored chapters in books. Inline citation apparently was intended to but does not cite Tomasz Frydel’s Chapter 10 in “Perpetrators and Perpetration of Mass Violence: Action, Motivations and Dynamics”, by Timothy Williams and Susanne Buckley-Zistel, eds. In addition, citing Frydel indicates he agrees with Grabowski’s claim, which is not the case. In contrast to Grabowski, Frydel does not claim that approximately 200,000 Jews escaped from the Germans and tried to hide among the Polish population. On page 187, Frydel merely presents a working assumption of others that 250,000 Jews escaped and notes that, according to Grabowski, 200,000 did not survive. Inline citation was apparently inserted to indicate that another historian agrees with the 200,000 assertion. Because this is not the case, inline citation should be deleted.

SECOND PARAGRAPH SECOND REASON: The first sentence and third sentence are logically connected; however, they are poorly written and the information presented should be restructured and combined into a new first sentence as follows: “Jan Grabowski claims that, in German-occupied Poland, approximately 200,000 Jews escaped from the Germans and tried to hide among the rural Polish population. Of the 200,000 fugitive Jews, Grabowski claims about 80 percent, or 160,000, were turned in or killed by Poles who participated in the so-called Judenjagd (German: “Hunt for Jews”). ”

SECOND PARAGRAPH THIRD REASON: The restructured and combined new first sentence presented in the Second Reason above presents a single POV. To be fair and proportionate, Misplaced Pages requires a second significant POV by a reliable source so that an overall NPOV is presented. To counterbalance the single POV in the new first sentence, the following sentences should directly follow the new first sentence. “By contrast, historian Gunnar Paulsson points out that Holocaust scholars disagree on the percentage of Jews who escaped from the Warsaw Ghetto, the most-studied one, let alone the percentage of Jews who escaped from all of the ghettos combined in German-occupied Poland. According to Paulsson, Raul Hilberg estimates that 5,000-6,000 escaped while Joseph Kermish, Israel Gutman, and others estimate approximately 25,000. ”

SECOND PARAGRAPH FOURTH REASON: To counterbalance the single POV of Grabowski’s claim in the new first sentence presented in the Second Reason above, contextual facts that accurately explain the structure and function of the German-mandated Judenjagd is necessary to enable the presentation of an overall NPOV. The following sentences provide the necessary specifics for the NPOV and should directly follow the two new sentences outlined in the THIRD REASON. “The ‘Judenjagd’, a term introduced by historian Christopher R. Browning, were German-conducted searches in the General Government in which village Poles were conscripted and compelled to participate. Tomasz Frydel explains that the occupying Germans established a village authority structure in which village heads were required to apprehend Polish laborers as well as report and deliver any Jews, Soviet prisoners of war, partisans, or strangers. This structure functioned as a surveillance system against all fugitives pursued by the Germans. The death penalty was enforced for anyone helping a fugitive Jew as well as for anyone failing to report and apprehend any fugitives. Fugitive Jews sheltered by Poles and captured by the Germans typically denounced their benefactors, whom the Germans then executed. Collectively, this created widespread communal fear that caused a desperate competition for survival and compelled village Poles to participate in the manhunts for fugitive Jews. Frydel also notes that, counterintuitively, Jews participated in these manhunts. New Inline Citation 215, p. 193.] He further points out that manhunts initiated by Poles acting independently of the village security system were the exception and occurred in specific circumstances. ”

SECOND PARAGRAPH FIFTH REASON: The second sentence is extraneous and should be deleted together with its inline citations and . First, this sub-section addresses Polish collaboration with the Germans. In the case of Jedwabne, Jan Gross’s thesis in his book “Neighbors” is that village Poles acted alone in killing Jedwabne’s Jews while the Germans only watched and took photographs. Within the context of this subsection, Poles acting alone, as Gross claims, fails to qualify as collaboration. Moreover, there already are Misplaced Pages entries that address Jedwabne in detail. Second, because this sub-section addresses Polish collaboration with the Germans, Ukrainian collaboration with the Germans is extraneous and irrelevant. In inline citation , John-Paul Himka explains that the OUN was the principal collaborator. Additionally, Himka does not mention collaboration by Poles with the Germans. Moreover, Misplaced Pages already has a detailed entry about the 1941 Lviv pogrom.

SECOND PARAGRAPH SIXTH REASON: The third (last) sentence does not meet the Misplaced Pages requirement of verifiability and should be deleted. As currently written, it claims that Szymon Datner stated that 100,000 Jews “fell prey to the Germans and their local helpers, or were murdered in various unexplained circumstances.” However, the incline citation for this quotation attributed to Datner only cites Grabowski’s book “Hunt for Jews”. Rather than only cite Grabowski’s book, inline citation should include the source Grabowski referenced in his book and which he claims is a Datner quotation. Moreover, Grabowski’s claim that Datner made this statement is contradicted by the statement Datner made in his own work “Zbrodnie Hitlerowskie Na Żydach Zbiegłych Z Gett” , Biuletyn Zydowskiego Instytutu Historycznego Lipiec-Wrzesien 1970, Nr. 75, pages 9-29. In this Bulletin, Datner stated the following in Polish: “W jednej z prac liczbe ocalalych Zydow oszacowalem, głównie dzięki pomocy ludności polskiej–na ok. 100 000 osób. Rownie orientacyjnie oceniamy, ze co najmniej drugie tyle ofiar zostalo wychwytanych przez organa okupacyjne i padlo ofiara zbrodni.” (p. 29). The English translation is: “In one of the works , I had assessed the number of surviving Jews, mainly thanks to the help of the Polish population–as around 100,000 persons. We also indicatively assess, that at least that many victims were seized by the organs of the occupation authorities and fell victim to crime.” (p. 29). Note that Datner makes no mention of “local helpers” or “murders in unexplained circumstances” cited in the third sentence. Again, this last sentence is clearly challengeable because of its lack of verifiability and should be deleted.

SECOND PARAGRAPH CONCLUSION: Based on the above explanations, THE SECOND PARAGRAPH SHOULD BE REVISED AS FOLLOWS. “Jan Grabowski claims that, in German-occupied Poland, approximately 200,000 Jews escaped from the Germans and tried to hide among the rural Polish population. Of the 200,000 fugitive Jews, Grabowski claims about 80 percent, or 160,000, were turned in or killed by Poles who participated in the so-called Judenjagd (German: “Hunt for Jews”). By contrast, historian Gunnar Paulsson points out that Holocaust scholars disagree on the percentage of Jews who escaped from the Warsaw Ghetto, the most-studied one, let alone the percentage of Jews who escaped from all of the ghettos combined in German-occupied Poland. According to Paulsson, Raul Hilberg estimates that 5,000-6,000 escaped while Joseph Kermish, Israel Gutman and others estimate approximately 25,000. The ‘Judenjagd’, a term introduced by historian Christopher R. Browning, were German-conducted searches in the General Government in which village Poles were largely conscripted and compelled to participate. Tomasz Frydel explains that the occupying Germans established a village authority structure in which village heads were required to apprehend Polish laborers as well as report and deliver any Jews, Soviet prisoners of war, partisans, or strangers. This structure functioned as a surveillance system against all fugitives pursued by the Germans. The death penalty was enforced for anyone helping a fugitive Jew as well as for anyone failing to report and apprehend any fugitives. Fugitive Jews sheltered by Poles and captured by the Germans typically denounced their benefactors, whom the Germans then executed. Collectively, this created widespread communal fear that caused a desperate competition for survival and compelled village Poles to participate in the manhunts for fugitive Jews. Frydel also notes that, counterintuitively, Jews participated in these manhunts. He further points out that manhunts initiated by Poles acting independently of the village security system were the exception and occurred in specific circumstances. ”

The THIRD PARAGRAPH is problematic for one main reason.

THIRD PARAGRAPH MAIN REASON: The first sentence says that “Szmalcowniki – blackmailers – operated in Poland” but fails to note the fact that szmalcowniki consisted of Poles, Jews, Volksdeutsche, and Ukrainians. Because this distinction is not presented, the uninformed reader will likely assume that the term szmalcowniki applies to ethnic Poles. As a result, the first sentence indirectly conveys a single POV that needs to be counterbalanced with the facts so that an overall NPOV is presented. To achieve this, the first sentence needs to be revised slightly. Also, the word szmalcowniki is seldom capitalized in conventional sources and in this sentence, and in the last sentence, should remain so. In addition, two new sentences are needed to provide relevant, factual context.

THIRD PARAGRAPH CONCLUSION: Based on the above explanation, THE THIRD PARAGRAPH SHOULD BE REVISED AS FOLLOWS. “Several thousand Szmalcowniki - blackmailers - operated in German-occupied Poland, most of whom operated in cities near the ghettos established by the Germans. According to historian Tadeusz Piotrowski, szmalcowniki demanded money in exchange for not reporting on Jews in hiding and among them were Poles, Jews, Ukrainians, and Volksdeutsche. Szmalcowniki also blackmailed Poles who were sheltering Jews from the Germans. The Polish Underground State strongly opposed this sort of collaboration, and threatened szmalcowniki with death; sentences were usually given and carried out by the Special Courts.”

The FOURTH PARAGRAPH is problematic for eight main reasons. The first is that the first part of the first sentence is redundant. The second is that the second part of the first sentence presents an invalid descriptor. The third is that the entire first sentence needs to be rewritten to achieve contextual accuracy. The fourth is that the second sentence is contextually incomplete and requires factual expansion. The fifth is that the second sentence is supported by an invalid inline citation. The sixth is that the third sentence is also supported by an invalid inline citation. The seventh is that the fourth sentence is contextually incomplete and requires factual expansion. The eighth is that fifth sentence is contextually incomplete and requires factual expansion.

FOURTH PARAGRAPH FIRST REASON: This paragraph addresses the Blue Police and Baudienst; however, the first part of the first sentence begins with “In addition to peasantry and individual collaborators…” Because the second paragraph already addresses the “peasantry”, i.e., rural Poles, and “individual collaborators”, i.e., szmalcowniki, this first part of the first sentence is redundant and should be deleted.

FOURTH PARAGRAPH SECOND REASON: The second part of the first sentence contains an invalid descriptor. The word “mobilized”, i.e., assembled and readied military troops and supplies for war, is incorrect and should be deleted.

FOURTH PARAGRAPH THIRD REASON: Because the second part of the first sentence is contextually incomplete and requires factual expansion, the entire first sentence should be rewritten. The prewar police were ordered by the Germans to return to their prewar posts under threat of death or concentration camp internment and were forced into service. Moreover, the internal leadership of the Blue Police was gutted by the Germans, who comprised the higher ranks. To present factual historical context, the entire first sentence should be revised as follows: “The Germans conscripted the prewar Polish police, called the “Blue Police” (Policja Granatowa) because of their navy-blue uniform, and under threat of death or concentration camp internment, they were forced to fulfill German objectives while remaining under firm German command.”

FOURTH PARAGRAPH FOURTH REASON: The second sentence is contextually incomplete and requires factual expansion. For factual accuracy, the second sentence should be revised as follows: “Although their primary task was to act as a regular police force dealing with criminal activities, the Germans also used them to combat smuggling, round up Polish civilians for forced labor in Germany, participate in German-led patrols for Jewish ghetto escapees, and support German actions against the Polish resistance. ” Additionally for factual context, the following two sentences should be added: “Historian Tadeusz Piotrowski points out that the Jewish Ghetto Police, in conjunction with the Polish Blue Police, also participated in German-conducted roundups of fugitive Jews for deportation to extermination camps, concentration camps, forced-labor camps, or execution. ”

FOURTH PARAGRAPH FIFTH REASON: The second sentence is supported by an invalid inline citation , which should be removed for a number of reasons. First, the citation does not follow Misplaced Pages sourcing guidance for newspapers. Second, the newspaper article is clearly challengeable because of the lack of verifiability as required by Misplaced Pages. For example, the article’s lead photograph purportedly shows German and Blue Police in front of a building somewhere; however, no caption or citation is included to enable verification. Also, the article’s 23rd paragraph is the only place where Blue Police are mentioned. The article claims that Grabowski claims that Blue Police murdered Jews as they liquidated the ghettos. This implies the Blue Police liquidated all of the ghettos in German-occupied Poland, which is false. The Blue Police did not participate in the liquidation of the larger ghettos such as Warsaw, Łódź, Lwów, Wilno, Białystok, Lublin, Sosnowiec, Będzin, Kraków, Częstochowa, Lublin, Kielce, Piotrków Trybunalski, Radom, Grodno, and other cities. The liquidation of these ghettos was carried out by the Jewish Ghetto Police and Ukrainian and Baltic auxiliary forces. Moreover, the last sentence in the paragraph claims that Grabowski claims that Emanuel Ringelblum claims that “the ‘Blue’ police alone were responsible for ‘hundreds of thousands of Jewish deaths.’” This is false. In a 17 November 2016 paper he wrote for the USHMM, titled “The Polish Police: Collaboration in the Holocaust”, on page 17 Grabowski writes “Referring to the blood on the hands of the Polish policemen, Ringelblum was using a figure of speech, a metaphor.” Taken together, these reasons confirm inline citation should be deleted. To provide balance and present an NPOV as required by Misplaced Pages, the following sentences should follow the two new sentences outlined in FOURTH REASON above: “In assessing the role of the Blue Police, Holocaust scholar Raul Hilberg writes: ‘Of all the native police forces in occupied Eastern Europe, those of Poland were least involved in anti-Jewish actions…The Germans could not view them as collaborators, for in German eyes they were not even worthy of that role. They in turn could not join the Germans in major operations against Jews or Polish resisters, lest they be considered by traitors by virtually every Polish onlooker. Their task in the destruction of Jews was therefore limited. ” For further factual balance and NPOV appearance, Hilberg’s excerpt should be followed by the following sentence: “Some Blue Police worked for the Polish Underground, aided Jews, and are among Israel’s Righteous Among the Nations.”

FOURTH PARAGRAPH SIXTH REASON: The third sentence is supported by an invalid inline citation . The website URL cited, i.e., the website’s home page, does not provide the number of Polish Police in the General Government. If the website’s content includes “some 17,000 men”, the URL for the specific page on which that content appears should be cited. A reliable source that provides the peak number of Blue Police in the General Government should instead be used for the third sentence. Otherwise, the third sentence and inline citation should be deleted.

FOURTH PARAGRAPH SEVENTH REASON: The fourth sentence is contextually incomplete and requires factual expansion. The sentence introduces the Baudienst but does not indicate it was a forced-labor youth organization nor that the young Polish men who tried to elude service could be punished with death. This is similar to the text on the Blue Police, which excludes the fact that prewar police were conscripted and faced with the threat of death or concentration camp internment if they did not report for service. The only way the uninformed reader would even know the Baudienst was a forced-labor organization is by clicking the Baudienst hyperlink, which can’t be guaranteed. For factual accuracy, the fourth sentence should be revised as follows: “In several districts of the General Government, the Germans also created the Baudienst ("construction service"), a forced-labor organization of 18- to 23-year-olds subordinate to Germany’s Reich Labor Service.” Note that the 18-23 age range is specified on page 720 of inline citation .

FOURTH PARAGRAPH EIGHTH REASON: The first part of the fifth sentence misleads with false information. It claims that the Baudienst young men (junacy) helped round up Jews for “extermination”. This is false. Klaus-Peter Friedrich, in inline citation , page 721, says the junacy “took part in deportations” but there is no mention of “extermination” by either the Germans or junacy in this section of the document, which is the only place where the Baudienst are mentioned. Moreover, Klaus-Peter Friedrich, in inline citation , page 721, says the junacy consisted of 18- to 23-year-olds Poles and Ukrainians. This fact is missing in the fifth sentence and should be included. Also, the second part of the fifth sentence is misleading. In inline citation , page 721, Friedrich cites a specific event i.e., a German-led aktion against Jews interned in a “Jewish quarter” of Tarnów. However, as written, the second part of the fifth sentence omits this fact and instead presents this aktion as a common Baudienst activity in the General Government. Friedrich writes that the junacy “closed off the Jewish quarter” in Tarnów “in order to keep the inmates from fleeing.” Friedrich also writes “sometimes the Poles had to search houses and apartments after their Jewish inhabitants had been deported.” However, as written, the second part of the fifth sentence conveys the impression that Jews were not interned in a German-established ghetto and were simply residing in their homes when the Baudienst suddenly descended upon them.

FOURTH PARAGRAPH CONCLUSION: Based on the above explanations, THE SECOND PARAGRAPH SHOULD BE REVISED AS FOLLOWS. “The Germans conscripted the prewar Polish police, called the “Blue Police” (Polish: Policja Granatowa) because of their navy-blue uniform, and under threat of death or concentration camp internment, they were forced to fulfill German objectives while remaining under firm German command. Although their primary task was to act as a regular police force dealing with criminal activities, the Germans also used them to combat smuggling, round up Polish civilians for forced labor in Germany, participate in German-led patrols for Jewish ghetto escapees, and support German actions against the Polish resistance. Historian Tadeusz Piotrowski points out that the Jewish Ghetto Police, in conjunction with the Polish Blue Police, also participated in German-conducted roundups of fugitive Jews for deportation to extermination camps, concentration camps, forced-labor camps, or execution. In assessing the role of the Blue Police, Holocaust scholar Raul Hilberg writes: “Of all the native police forces in occupied Eastern Europe, those of Poland were least involved in anti-Jewish actions…The Germans could not view them as collaborators, for in German eyes they were not even worthy of that role. They in turn could not join the Germans in major operations against Jews or Polish resisters, lest they be considered by traitors by virtually every Polish onlooker. Their task in the destruction of Jews was therefore limited. Some Blue Police worked for the Polish Underground, aided Jews, and are among Israel’s Righteous Among the Nations. In several districts of the General Government, the Germans also created the Baudienst ("construction service"), which was a forced-labor organization of 18- to 23-year-old Poles and Ukrainians subordinate to Germany’s Reich Labor Service. The young Baudienst workers (Polish: Junacy) were sometimes used by the Germans in aktions, i.e., German campaigns of violence directed against Jews and Poles. In one German-led aktion conducted against Jews confined by the Germans in the Jewish quarter of Tarnów, Baudienst workers closed off the area in order to prevent the inmates from fleeing and also participated in their deportations. In this same aktion, they were made to search houses and apartments after their Jewish occupants had been deported, collect their belongings, and drag out anyone who was hiding.:721 By 1944, Baudienst strength had grown to some 45,000 servicemen.

The FIFTH PARAGRAPH is problematic for four main reasons. The first is that it that it consists of a single, run-on sentence. The second is that its description of the NSZ is incomplete. The third is that it presents a single POV. The fourth is that it makes an assertion unsupported by the facts.

FIFTH PARAGRAPH FIRST REASON: The fifth paragraph consists of a single, needlessly long, run-on sentence. It should be rewritten in the form of a paragraph and consist of logically-connected sentences as presented below in the FIFTH PARAGRAPH CONCLUSION.

FIFTH PARAGRAPH SECOND REASON: The fifth paragraph’s description of the NSZ is incomplete. An accurate description is presented in the FIFTH PARAGRAPH CONCLUSION below.

FIFTH PARAGRAPH THIRD REASON: The fifth paragraph presents a single POV, i.e., the NSZ collaborated with the Germans, the NSZ killed “Jewish partisans”, and the NSZ killed “Jewish refugees”. To provide balance and present an NPOV as required by Misplaced Pages, the paragraph should be rewritten as presented in the FIFTH PARAGRAPH CONCLUSION below.

FIFTH PARAGRAPH FOURTH REASON: The fifth paragraph makes an assertion unsupported by the facts. As written, the last two clauses of the fifth paragraph, i.e., “-- also collaborated with the Germans on several occasions, killing or giving away Jewish partisans to the German authorities and murdering Jewish refugees” claim the NSZ killed “Jewish partisans” and “Jewish refugees” because they collaborated with the Germans beforehand and acted on their demands. If any of the authors in the inline citations claimed this, it should be specifically cited. Otherwise, it should be rewritten as presented in the FIFTH PARAGRAPH CONCLUSION below.

FIFTH PARAGRAPH CONCLUSION: Based on the above explanations, THE FIFTH PARAGRAPH SHOULD BE REVISED AS FOLLOWS. “The Polish underground organization National Armed Forces (Narodowe Siły Zbrojne, or NSZ), which fought the Germans, Soviets, and Soviet-allied communist partisan forces such as the Gwardia Ludowa (GL) and Armia Ludowa (AL), has been accused of collaborating with the Germans and killing Jewish partisans :149 and fugitive Jews.:141 While some collaboration occurred in instances of a tactical cease fire, safe conduct, and prisoner swaps with the German military, there is no evidence the NSZ killed Jews on behalf of the Germans or ever gave an order that encouraged or commanded the killings of Jews because they were Jews. . The NSZ did, however, kill Jews as it fought Soviet-allied GL-AL units, a number of whom were Jews, as well as Jewish bandit bands formed by fugitive Jews. Both groups plundered, destroyed the properties of, and often murdered Poles while foraging for food and conducting Communist guerilla actions. Widely perceived as anti-Semitic :371, the ranks of the NSZ included Jews and NSZ members also aided Jews during the German occupation. . Additionally, Israel named some NSZ members as Righteous Among the Nations, such as Edward Kemnitz.

Antisemitism had been increasing in Poland before the outbreak of war. Anti-Jewish violence occurred in more than 150 localities between 1935 and 1937. Prior to the war, right-wing Polish politicians encouraged Jews to emigrate in order to reduce the number of Jews in Poland.