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{{Refimprove|date=December 2017}} {{Refimprove|date=December 2017}}
{{Infobox ethnic group||group=Romani people in Turkey<br>Türkiye'deki Romanlar {{Infobox ethnic group|
| group = Romani people in Turkey<br>Türkiye'deki Romanlar
| native_name =
⚫ |population = at least 500,000-3,000,000
| native_name_lang =
⚫ |popplace = ] (]), ]/]
⚫ | population = at least 500,000-5,000,000
⚫ |rels = ], ]
⚫ | popplace = ] (]), ]/], ], ], ]
⚫ |langs = ], ]
⚫ | rels = ], ]
| related_groups =
⚫ | langs = ], ]
}} }}
{{Romani people}} {{Romani people}}
The '''Romani people in Turkey''' ({{lang-tr|Türkiye'deki Romanlar}}) are an ethnic minority in Turkey. The exact number of Roma is not known due to an official government policy of ]. Roma have been a visible ethnic group in Turkey since the Ottoman era. The '''Romani people in Turkey''' ({{lang-tr|Türkiye'deki Romanlar}}), are ] who speak ] as their first language and take the ]. The majority group are the Şoparlar, who live in ]. Other Romanlar live in ] and ].


There are officially about 500,000 Romani in Turkey.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/topic,4565c2253b,4677ea9b2,46ef87ab32,0.html |title=UNHCR - Document Not Found |accessdate=2014-06-17 |url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010211734/http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/topic,4565c2253b,4677ea9b2,46ef87ab32,0.html |archivedate=2012-10-10 |df= }} </ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/civilsociety/articles/eav072205.shtml|title=Roma Rights Organizations Work to Ease Prejudice in Turkey|first=Yigal|last=Schleifer|date=21 July 2005|accessdate=15 December 2017|website=Eurasianet.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ihf-hr.org/viewbinary/viewdocument.php?doc_id=7081 |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2010-02-15 |url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090729194614/http://www.ihf-hr.org/viewbinary/viewdocument.php?doc_id=7081 |archivedate=2009-07-29 |df= }} </ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.radikal.com.tr/haber.php?haberno=188686 |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2010-03-24 |url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020044553/http://www.radikal.com.tr/haber.php?haberno=188686 |archivedate=2012-10-20 |df= }} </ref> There are officially about 500,000 Romani in Turkey.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/topic,4565c2253b,4677ea9b2,46ef87ab32,0.html |title=UNHCR - Document Not Found |access-date=2014-06-17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010211734/http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/topic,4565c2253b,4677ea9b2,46ef87ab32,0.html |archive-date=2012-10-10 }} </ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/civilsociety/articles/eav072205.shtml|title=Roma Rights Organizations Work to Ease Prejudice in Turkey|first=Yigal|last=Schleifer|date=21 July 2005|access-date=15 December 2017|website=Eurasianet.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ihf-hr.org/viewbinary/viewdocument.php?doc_id=7081 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2010-02-15 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090729194614/http://www.ihf-hr.org/viewbinary/viewdocument.php?doc_id=7081 |archive-date=2009-07-29 }} </ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.radikal.com.tr/haber.php?haberno=188686 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2010-03-24 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020044553/http://www.radikal.com.tr/haber.php?haberno=188686 |archive-date=2012-10-20 }} </ref>


==History== ==History==

===Origin=== ===Origin===
The Romani people in Turkey originate from ] ],{{sfn|Hancock|2002 |p= | ps =: ‘While a nine century removal from India has diluted Indian biological connection to the extent that for some Romanian groups, it may be hardly representative today, Sarren (1976:72) concluded that we still remain together, genetically, Asian rather than European’}}<ref name="IsabelMendizabal">{{cite journal| doi = 10.1016/j.cub.2012.10.039|first=Isabel|last=Mendizabal|title=Reconstructing the Population History of European Romani from Genome-wide Data|journal=Current Biology|date=6 December 2012|volume=22| issue = 24|pages=2342–2349|pmid=23219723}}</ref><ref name="Comas">{{cite news|author=Sindya N. Bhanoo|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/11/science/genomic-study-traces-roma-to-northern-india.html?_r=0|title=Genomic Study Traces Roma to Northern India|newspaper=]|date=11 December 2012}}</ref><ref>''Current Biology''.</ref><ref name="google1">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=AS61CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA50&dq=Roma+Rajastan+Penjab#v=snippet&q=Roma%20Rajasthan%20Punjab&f=false |title=Flamenco on the Global Stage: Historical, Critical and Theoretical Perspectives |author1=K. Meira Goldberg |author2=Ninotchka Devorah Bennahum |author3=Michelle Heffner Hayes |page=50 |date= 2015-10-06|accessdate=2016-05-21|isbn=9780786494705 }}</ref><ref name="google2">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=gyiTOcnb2yYC&pg=PA147&dq=Roma+Rajastan+Penjab#v=onepage&q=Roma%20Rajastan%20Penjab&f=false |title=World Music: Africa, Europe and the Middle East |author1=Simon Broughton |author2=Mark Ellingham |author3=Richard Trillo |page=147 |accessdate=2016-05-21|isbn=9781858286358 |year=1999 }}</ref> presumably from the northwestern Indian states ]<ref name="google1"/><ref name="google2"/> and ].<ref name="google1"/> The Romani people in Turkey originate from the ],<ref>{{cite book |last = Hancock |first = Ian F. |year = 2005 |orig-year=2002 |title = We are the Romani People |publisher = Univ of Hertfordshire Press |isbn = 978-1-902806-19-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MG0ahVw-kdwC&pg=PA70 |page=70 | postscript =: ‘While a nine century removal from India has diluted Indian biological connection to the extent that for some Romani groups, it may be hardly representative today, Sarren (1976:72) concluded that we still remain together, genetically, Asian rather than European’}}</ref><ref name="IsabelMendizabal">{{cite journal| doi = 10.1016/j.cub.2012.10.039|first=Isabel|last=Mendizabal|title=Reconstructing the Population History of European Romani from Genome-wide Data|journal=Current Biology|date=6 December 2012|volume=22| issue = 24|pages=2342–2349|pmid=23219723|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Comas">{{cite news|author=Sindya N. Bhanoo|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/11/science/genomic-study-traces-roma-to-northern-india.html?_r=0|title=Genomic Study Traces Roma to Northern India|newspaper=]|date=11 December 2012}}</ref><ref>''Current Biology''.</ref><ref name="google1">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AS61CgAAQBAJ&q=Roma+Rajasthan+Punjab&pg=PA50 |title=Flamenco on the Global Stage: Historical, Critical and Theoretical Perspectives |author1=K. Meira Goldberg |author2=Ninotchka Devorah Bennahum |author3=Michelle Heffner Hayes |page=50 |date= 2015-10-06|access-date=2016-05-21|isbn=9780786494705 }}</ref><ref name="google2">{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/roughguidetoworl00simo |url-access=registration |quote=Roma Rajastan Penjab. |title=World Music: Africa, Europe and the Middle East |publisher=Rough Guides |author1=Simon Broughton |author2=Mark Ellingham |author3=Richard Trillo |page= |access-date=2016-05-21|isbn=9781858286358 |year=1999 }}</ref> presumably from ], ]<ref name="google1"/><ref name="google2"/> ], ] and ].<ref name="google1"/>


The linguistic evidence has indisputably shown that roots of Romani language lie in India: The language has grammatical characteristics of Indian languages and shares with them a big part of the basic lexicon, for example, body parts or daily routines.<ref name="mluvnice">{{Citation | last1 = Šebková | first1 = Hana | last2 = Žlnayová | first2 = Edita | year = 1998 | url = http://rss.archives.ceu.hu/archive/00001112/01/118.pdf | title = Nástin mluvnice slovenské romštiny (pro pedagogické účely) | place = Ústí nad Labem | publisher = Pedagogická fakulta Univerzity J. E. Purkyně v Ústí nad Labem | page = 4 | isbn = 978-80-7044-205-0 | url-status=dead| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304024041/http://rss.archives.ceu.hu/archive/00001112/01/118.pdf | archivedate = 2016-03-04 | df = }}</ref> The linguistic evidence has indisputably shown that roots of Romani language lie in India: The language has grammatical characteristics of Indian languages and shares with them a big part of the basic lexicon, for example, body parts or daily routines.<ref name="mluvnice">{{Citation | last1 = Šebková | first1 = Hana | last2 = Žlnayová | first2 = Edita | year = 1998 | url = http://rss.archives.ceu.hu/archive/00001112/01/118.pdf | title = Nástin mluvnice slovenské romštiny (pro pedagogické účely) | place = Ústí nad Labem | publisher = Pedagogická fakulta Univerzity J. E. Purkyně v Ústí nad Labem | page = 4 | isbn = 978-80-7044-205-0 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304024041/http://rss.archives.ceu.hu/archive/00001112/01/118.pdf | archive-date = 2016-03-04 }}</ref>


More exactly, Romani shares the basic lexicon with ] and ]. It shares many phonetic features with ], while its grammar is closest to ].<ref name="hub1995">{{cite journal|first=Milena|last=Hübschmannová|title=Romaňi čhib – romština: Několik základních informací o romském jazyku|journal=Bulletin Muzea Romské Kultury|issue=4/1995|year= 1995 |place=Brno|quote=Zatímco romská lexika je bližší hindštině, marvárštině, pandžábštině atd., v gramatické sféře nacházíme mnoho shod s východoindickým jazykem, s bengálštinou.}}</ref> More exactly, Romani shares the basic lexicon with ] and ]. It shares many phonetic features with ], while its grammar is closest to ].<ref name="hub1995">{{cite journal|first=Milena|last=Hübschmannová|title=Romaňi čhib – romština: Několik základních informací o romském jazyku|journal=Bulletin Muzea Romské Kultury|issue=4/1995|year= 1995 |place=Brno|quote=Zatímco romská lexika je bližší hindštině, marvárštině, pandžábštině atd., v gramatické sféře nacházíme mnoho shod s východoindickým jazykem, s bengálštinou.}}</ref>


Genetic findings in 2012 suggest the Romani originated in northwestern India and migrated as a group.<ref name="IsabelMendizabal"/><ref name="Comas"/><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.livescience.com/40652-facts-about-roma-romani-gypsies.html|title=5 Intriguing Facts About the Roma|work=Live Science}}</ref> Genetic findings in 2012 suggest the Romani originated in Coastal India and migrated at 1st Century AD - 2nd AD in waves to Egypt (Roman province), where there ] with ]<ref name="IsabelMendizabal"/><ref name="Comas"/><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.livescience.com/40652-facts-about-roma-romani-gypsies.html|title=5 Intriguing Facts About the Roma|work=Live Science}}</ref>
But, the majority of the Romany People in Turkey, have Turkish Ancestor's too, because they intermarried since the Ottoman time, with Turks. So they belongend to different Haplogroups.


In February 2016, during the International Roma Conference, the ] stated that the people of the Roma community were children of India. The conference ended with a recommendation to the ] to recognize the Roma community spread across 30 countries as a part of the ].<ref name="diaspora">{{cite web|title=Can Romas be part of Indian diaspora?|website=Khaleejtimes.com|url=http://www.khaleejtimes.com/international/india/can-romas-be-part-of-indian-diaspora|date=29 February 2016|accessdate=4 March 2016}}</ref> In February 2016, during the International Roma Conference, the ] stated that the people of the Roma community were children of India. The conference ended with a recommendation to the ] to recognize the Roma community spread across 30 countries as a part of the ].<ref name="diaspora">{{cite web|title=Can Romas be part of Indian diaspora?|website=Khaleejtimes.com|url=http://www.khaleejtimes.com/international/india/can-romas-be-part-of-indian-diaspora|date=29 February 2016|access-date=4 March 2016}}</ref>
⚫ === Migration to Turkey ===
There are records of the presence of the Romani people from AD 800 in ], known in Greek as ] and in Turkish as Çingene. The Romanlar in Turkey have their own oral tradition, according to which their Ancestors, once came as Traders from different parts of the ], at the time of the ], to ], and settled around the ] coast.
From Egypt, they went with the Umayyad Arabs Warriors as ] to ]. After the ], they settled there. ] in ] is the oldest Romani settlement in ], recorded in 1054. With the expansion of the ], Romani settled in ] (southeastern Europe) under Ottoman rule.
The name Roman/Romanlar came from the Turkish Doğu Roman İmparatorluğu (eastern Roman empire).
The majority of the Romani people in Turkey live in ], ] and ]. Uniquely in Ottoman history, the Muslim Romani people were given their own sanjak, or province, the ].
Romani people in Turkey speak Turkish as their first language, and no longer use Romani. They often marry non-Romani.


⚫ The descendants of the Ottoman Romani today are known as ]. They are of ]ic faith of ] ], and practise male ]. In ], the ] festival is held every year.<ref>Elena Marushiakova, Veselin Popov (2001) "Gypsies in the Ottoman Empire", {{ISBN|1902806026}}'']''
⚫ ===Migration to Turkey===
⚫ *Original: Елена Марушиакова, Веселин Попов (2000) "Циганите в Османската империя". Литавра, София (''Litavra'' Publishers, ]).{{in lang|bg}}</ref>
There are records of the presence of the Romani people from the 9th century in ], called by the Greek, ]. The Romani People in Turkey have their own Oral tradition who said there Ancestor's once came from North-India as musicians and dancers, they arrived at the time of the ], from ], through ], to the ]. With the expansion of the ], Romani settled in ] (Southeastern Europe) under the Ottoman rule. ] in ] is the oldest Romani settlement in ], record since 1054, in ] record since 1068. The majority of the Romani People in Turkey live in ]. Romani People in Turkey speak Turkish as there first language, romani language is not longer in practise. Marriages with non Romani People are not seldom.

⚫ The descendants of the Ottoman Romani today are known as ] Romani. They are of the ]ic faith and practise male ]. In ], the ] festival is held all year.<ref>Elena Marushiakova, Veselin Popov (2001) "Gypsies in the Ottoman Empire", {{ISBN|1902806026}}'']''
⚫ *Original: Елена Марушиакова, Веселин Попов (2000) "Циганите в Османската империя". Литавра, София (''Litavra'' Publishers, ]). {{in lang|bg}}</ref>


==Legal status== ==Legal status==
In modern Turkey, Xoraxane Romani do not have a legal status of ] because they are traditionally adherents of the Islamic faith, adherents of which, regardless of ethnicity or race, are considered part of the ethnic majority in Turkey. This goes as far back as the ] (1923), in which Section III "Protection of Minorities" put an emphasis on non-] minorities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wwi.lib.byu.edu/index.php/Treaty_of_Lausanne|title=Treaty of Lausanne - World War I Document Archive|website=Lib.byu.edu|accessdate=15 December 2017}}</ref> In modern Turkey, Xoraxane Romani do not have a legal status of ] because they are traditionally adherents of the Islamic faith, adherents of which, regardless of ethnicity or race, are considered part of the ethnic majority in Turkey. This goes as far back as the ] (1923), in which Section III "Protection of Minorities" put an emphasis on non-] minorities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wwi.lib.byu.edu/index.php/Treaty_of_Lausanne|title=Treaty of Lausanne - World War I Document Archive|website=Lib.byu.edu|access-date=15 December 2017}}</ref>


==In popular culture== ==In popular culture==
A group of Turkish Romani appears in the 16th century ] ] of the video game '']''. A group of Turkish Romani appears in the 16th century ] ] of the video game '']''.

A Turkish tv series made between 2004-2007 called <nowiki>''</nowiki>Cennet Mahallesi<nowiki>''</nowiki> based on Istanbulite Romans.


== Gallery == == Gallery ==


<gallery mode="packed" heights="200px" widths="200px"> <gallery mode="packed" heights="200px" widths="200px">
Smyrne Group of Gypsy.jpg|Postcard of group of gypsies in front of their tent in Smyrne (today the city of ]) in 1903. Smyrne Group of Gypsy.jpg|Postcard of group of Romani in front of their tent in ] (today the city of ]) in 1903.
Samsunlu bir ayı oynatıcısı.jpg|A dancing bear around 1970 in ]. His holder beats the frame drum Def. Samsunlu bir ayı oynatıcısı.jpg|A dancing bear around 1970 in ]. His holder beats the frame drum Def.
Romanlar (Istanbul).JPG|Gypsies in ] in 2008. Romanlar (Istanbul).JPG|Romani in ] in 2008.
Kakava2015 (25).JPG|] celebration at ] in 2015. Kakava2015 (25).JPG|] celebration at ] in 2015.
Children Ortakoy 1563.jpg|Children in ] in Istanbul, 2000. Children Ortakoy 1563.jpg|Children in ] in Istanbul, 2000.
Line 46: Line 57:


== Notable people == == Notable people ==

*], Turkish folk pop and classical music singer *], Turkish folk pop and classical music singer
*], Turkish belly dancer, model and singer *], Turkish belly dancer, model and singer
Line 54: Line 64:
*], Turkish clarinet virtuoso of Romani heritage *], Turkish clarinet virtuoso of Romani heritage
*], Turkish musician *], Turkish musician
*], Turkish Popstar


==See also== ==See also==

Revision as of 22:47, 18 May 2021

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Find sources: "Romani people in Turkey" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Ethnic group
Romani people in Turkey
Türkiye'deki Romanlar
Total population
at least 500,000-5,000,000
Regions with significant populations
Istanbul (Sulukule), East Thrace/Edirne, Marmara Region, Aegean Region, İzmir Province
Languages
Balkan Romani, Turkish
Religion
Sunni Islam, Sufism
Part of a series on
Romani people
Flag of the Romani people
Romani people by sub-group
Romani diaspora by country

The Romani people in Turkey (Template:Lang-tr), are Sunni muslims who speak Turkish as their first language and take the Turkish culture. The majority group are the Şoparlar, who live in East Thrace. Other Romanlar live in Istanbul and İzmir Province.

There are officially about 500,000 Romani in Turkey.

History

Origin

The Romani people in Turkey originate from the Indian subcontinent, presumably from Gujarat, Sindh Punjab, Malabar Coast and Bengal.

The linguistic evidence has indisputably shown that roots of Romani language lie in India: The language has grammatical characteristics of Indian languages and shares with them a big part of the basic lexicon, for example, body parts or daily routines.

More exactly, Romani shares the basic lexicon with Hindi and Punjabi. It shares many phonetic features with Marwari, while its grammar is closest to Bengali.

Genetic findings in 2012 suggest the Romani originated in Coastal India and migrated at 1st Century AD - 2nd AD in waves to Egypt (Roman province), where there Intermingling with Egyptians But, the majority of the Romany People in Turkey, have Turkish Ancestor's too, because they intermarried since the Ottoman time, with Turks. So they belongend to different Haplogroups.

In February 2016, during the International Roma Conference, the Indian Minister of External Affairs stated that the people of the Roma community were children of India. The conference ended with a recommendation to the Government of India to recognize the Roma community spread across 30 countries as a part of the Indian diaspora.

Migration to Turkey

There are records of the presence of the Romani people from AD 800 in Thrace, known in Greek as Athinganoi and in Turkish as Çingene. The Romanlar in Turkey have their own oral tradition, according to which their Ancestors, once came as Traders from different parts of the Indian subcontinent, at the time of the Indo-Roman trade relations, to Egypt (Roman province), and settled around the Red Sea coast. From Egypt, they went with the Umayyad Arabs Warriors as Sutler to Anatolia. After the Battle of Akroinon, they settled there. Sulukule in Istanbul is the oldest Romani settlement in Europe, recorded in 1054. With the expansion of the Ottoman Empire, Romani settled in Rumelia (southeastern Europe) under Ottoman rule. The name Roman/Romanlar came from the Turkish Doğu Roman İmparatorluğu (eastern Roman empire). The majority of the Romani people in Turkey live in East Thrace, Marmara Region and Aegean Region. Uniquely in Ottoman history, the Muslim Romani people were given their own sanjak, or province, the Sanjak of the Çingene. Romani people in Turkey speak Turkish as their first language, and no longer use Romani. They often marry non-Romani.

The descendants of the Ottoman Romani today are known as Muslim Roma. They are of Sunni Islamic faith of Hanafi madhab, and practise male Khitan (circumcision). In Edirne, the Kakava festival is held every year.

Legal status

In modern Turkey, Xoraxane Romani do not have a legal status of ethnic minority because they are traditionally adherents of the Islamic faith, adherents of which, regardless of ethnicity or race, are considered part of the ethnic majority in Turkey. This goes as far back as the Treaty of Lausanne (1923), in which Section III "Protection of Minorities" put an emphasis on non-Muslim minorities.

In popular culture

A group of Turkish Romani appears in the 16th century Ottoman Constantinople of the video game Assassin's Creed: Revelations.

A Turkish tv series made between 2004-2007 called ''Cennet Mahallesi'' based on Istanbulite Romans.

Gallery

  • Postcard of group of Romani in front of their tent in Smyrne (today the city of Izmir) in 1903. Postcard of group of Romani in front of their tent in Smyrne (today the city of Izmir) in 1903.
  • A dancing bear around 1970 in Samsun. His holder beats the frame drum Def. A dancing bear around 1970 in Samsun. His holder beats the frame drum Def.
  • Romani in Istanbul in 2008. Romani in Istanbul in 2008.
  • Kakava celebration at Edirne in 2015. Kakava celebration at Edirne in 2015.
  • Children in Ortaköy in Istanbul, 2000. Children in Ortaköy in Istanbul, 2000.

Notable people

See also

References

  1. "UNHCR - Document Not Found". Archived from the original on 2012-10-10. Retrieved 2014-06-17.
  2. Schleifer, Yigal (21 July 2005). "Roma Rights Organizations Work to Ease Prejudice in Turkey". Eurasianet.org. Retrieved 15 December 2017.
  3. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2009-07-29. Retrieved 2010-02-15.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  4. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2012-10-20. Retrieved 2010-03-24.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  5. Hancock, Ian F. (2005) . We are the Romani People. Univ of Hertfordshire Press. p. 70. ISBN 978-1-902806-19-8: ‘While a nine century removal from India has diluted Indian biological connection to the extent that for some Romani groups, it may be hardly representative today, Sarren (1976:72) concluded that we still remain together, genetically, Asian rather than European’{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
  6. ^ Mendizabal, Isabel (6 December 2012). "Reconstructing the Population History of European Romani from Genome-wide Data". Current Biology. 22 (24): 2342–2349. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2012.10.039. PMID 23219723.
  7. ^ Sindya N. Bhanoo (11 December 2012). "Genomic Study Traces Roma to Northern India". The New York Times.
  8. Current Biology.
  9. ^ K. Meira Goldberg; Ninotchka Devorah Bennahum; Michelle Heffner Hayes (2015-10-06). Flamenco on the Global Stage: Historical, Critical and Theoretical Perspectives. p. 50. ISBN 9780786494705. Retrieved 2016-05-21.
  10. ^ Simon Broughton; Mark Ellingham; Richard Trillo (1999). World Music: Africa, Europe and the Middle East. Rough Guides. p. 147. ISBN 9781858286358. Retrieved 2016-05-21. Roma Rajastan Penjab.
  11. Šebková, Hana; Žlnayová, Edita (1998), Nástin mluvnice slovenské romštiny (pro pedagogické účely) (PDF), Ústí nad Labem: Pedagogická fakulta Univerzity J. E. Purkyně v Ústí nad Labem, p. 4, ISBN 978-80-7044-205-0, archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04
  12. Hübschmannová, Milena (1995). "Romaňi čhib – romština: Několik základních informací o romském jazyku". Bulletin Muzea Romské Kultury (4/1995). Brno. Zatímco romská lexika je bližší hindštině, marvárštině, pandžábštině atd., v gramatické sféře nacházíme mnoho shod s východoindickým jazykem, s bengálštinou.
  13. "5 Intriguing Facts About the Roma". Live Science.
  14. "Can Romas be part of Indian diaspora?". Khaleejtimes.com. 29 February 2016. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
  15. Elena Marushiakova, Veselin Popov (2001) "Gypsies in the Ottoman Empire", ISBN 1902806026University of Hertfordshire Press
    • Original: Елена Марушиакова, Веселин Попов (2000) "Циганите в Османската империя". Литавра, София (Litavra Publishers, Sofia).(in Bulgarian)
  16. "Treaty of Lausanne - World War I Document Archive". Lib.byu.edu. Retrieved 15 December 2017.

External links

[REDACTED] Media related to Romani people in Turkey at Wikimedia Commons

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