| Revision as of 00:00, 21 December 2021 editPeters01 (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users23,232 edits Added details Treaty of Stensby (1238← Previous edit | Revision as of 22:00, 21 December 2021 edit undoPeters01 (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users23,232 edits Added details Battle of Orlygsstadir (1238Next edit → | ||
| Line 19: | Line 19: | ||
| * ] – ]: The ] sign a agreement with King ] ('''the Conqueror'''). ], Italian papal diplomat, meets Grand Master ] and Valdemar on a Danish island, settling outstanding disputes with ].<ref>David Nicolle (2005). Osprey: ''Lake Peipus 1242 – Battle on the Ice'', p. 48. {{ISBN|1-85532-553-5}}.</ref> The ] (or '''Sword Brethren''') are merged into the Teutonic Order as an autonomous branch and become known as the ]. | * ] – ]: The ] sign a agreement with King ] ('''the Conqueror'''). ], Italian papal diplomat, meets Grand Master ] and Valdemar on a Danish island, settling outstanding disputes with ].<ref>David Nicolle (2005). Osprey: ''Lake Peipus 1242 – Battle on the Ice'', p. 48. {{ISBN|1-85532-553-5}}.</ref> The ] (or '''Sword Brethren''') are merged into the Teutonic Order as an autonomous branch and become known as the ]. | ||
| * ] – ]: Emperor ] begins the siege of ]. He rejects the negotiations of the ] and insists on unconditional surrender to the imperial forces in northern ]. This blocks all possibilities of a peaceful settlement. ] and five other Lombard cities are attacked. In early October, after a successful sortie by the city's defenders, Frederick is forced to lift the siege. | * ] – ]: Emperor ] begins the siege of ]. He rejects the negotiations of the ] and insists on unconditional surrender to the imperial forces in northern ]. This blocks all possibilities of a peaceful settlement. ] and five other Lombard cities are attacked. In early October, after a successful sortie by the city's defenders, Frederick is forced to lift the siege. | ||
| * ] – ]: ] and ] are defeated by ] and ], for control of ]. | * ] – ]: Chieftain ] and his son, ], are defeated by ] and ], for control of ] (known as the ]). | ||
| * ] – ] captures the city of ] from the ], who retreat to ]. | * ] – King ] captures the city of ] from the ], who retreat to ]. During the campaign, James' cousin, ], dies from wounds received in action. | ||
| * The ] gives ] back to ], with the Treaty of Stensby. | |||
| * The founder of the ], ], begins ] Complex on the site of a pre-] fortress. | * The founder of the ], ], begins ] Complex on the site of a pre-] fortress. | ||
| * ] is founded in ]. | * ] is founded in ]. | ||
| ==== England ==== | ==== England ==== | ||
| * January – ] marries the 23-year-old ], sister of King ]. While the marriage takes place with the king's approval, the act itself is performed secretly and without consulting the barons. Eleanor has previously been married to ] and has |
* January – ] marries the 23-year-old ], sister of King ]. While the marriage takes place with the king's approval, the act itself is performed secretly and without consulting the barons. Eleanor has previously been married to ] and has sworn a vow of perpetual ] upon his death, which she breaks by marrying Montfort. Archbishop ] condemns the marriage for this reason. | ||
| ==== Asia ==== | ==== Asia ==== | ||
Revision as of 22:00, 21 December 2021
Calendar year
| Millennium: | 2nd millennium |
|---|---|
| Centuries: | |
| Decades: | |
| Years: |
| 1238 by topic |
|---|
| Leaders |
| Birth and death categories |
| Births – Deaths |
| Establishments and disestablishments categories |
| Establishments – Disestablishments |
| Art and literature |
| 1238 in poetry |
| Gregorian calendar | 1238 MCCXXXVIII |
| Ab urbe condita | 1991 |
| Armenian calendar | 687 ԹՎ ՈՁԷ |
| Assyrian calendar | 5988 |
| Balinese saka calendar | 1159–1160 |
| Bengali calendar | 644–645 |
| Berber calendar | 2188 |
| English Regnal year | 22 Hen. 3 – 23 Hen. 3 |
| Buddhist calendar | 1782 |
| Burmese calendar | 600 |
| Byzantine calendar | 6746–6747 |
| Chinese calendar | 丁酉年 (Fire Rooster) 3935 or 3728 — to — 戊戌年 (Earth Dog) 3936 or 3729 |
| Coptic calendar | 954–955 |
| Discordian calendar | 2404 |
| Ethiopian calendar | 1230–1231 |
| Hebrew calendar | 4998–4999 |
| Hindu calendars | |
| - Vikram Samvat | 1294–1295 |
| - Shaka Samvat | 1159–1160 |
| - Kali Yuga | 4338–4339 |
| Holocene calendar | 11238 |
| Igbo calendar | 238–239 |
| Iranian calendar | 616–617 |
| Islamic calendar | 635–636 |
| Japanese calendar | Katei 4 / Ryakunin 1 (暦仁元年) |
| Javanese calendar | 1147–1148 |
| Julian calendar | 1238 MCCXXXVIII |
| Korean calendar | 3571 |
| Minguo calendar | 674 before ROC 民前674年 |
| Nanakshahi calendar | −230 |
| Thai solar calendar | 1780–1781 |
| Tibetan calendar | 阴火鸡年 (female Fire-Rooster) 1364 or 983 or 211 — to — 阳土狗年 (male Earth-Dog) 1365 or 984 or 212 |
Year 1238 (MCCXXXVIII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
By place
Mongol Empire
- January 15–20 – Siege of Moscow: The Mongols under Batu Khan and Subutai campaign across the northern heartland of the Kievan Rus', committing numerous atrocities across multiple settlements, including the sacking of an irrelevant little town known as Moscow. According to the Chronicle of Novgorod, Moscow is a fortified village, a trading post "on a crossroads of four rivers". The village is taken by the Mongols after 5 days of siege.
- March 4 – Battle of the Sit River: The Mongols defeat a Kievan Rus' army (some 4,000 men) under Grand Prince Yuri II of Vladimir in an engagement at the Sit River (located in the Sonkovsky District). With Yuri's death, so too dies the hope of any united Rus' resistance against the Mongols. Batu Khan split his forces up into several contingents – ordering each to wreak havoc across the Rus' territories (modern-day Russia and Ukraine).
- March – Siege of Kozelsk: The 12-year-old Prince Vasily of Chernigov (grandson of Mstislav II Svyatoslavich), manages against all the odds, to hold out in his capital of Kozelsk for nearly two months with only citizen militia. He leads a successful sortie outside of the walls – where the garrison slaughter thousands of Mongols and destroys siege equipment. Finally, Kozelsk is conquered and Vasily is slaughtered alongside the inhabitants.
- Autumn – The Mongols under Batu Khan retire, leaving behind the ruined northern Rus' territories. He spends the rest of the year to suppress the last resistance of the Kipchaks, while his cousin Möngke (son of Tolui Khan) conquer the Alans and the northern Caucasian tribes. Later, Möngke makes a raid of reconnaissance as far as Kiev.
Europe
- June 8 – Treaty of Stensby: The Teutonic Knights sign a agreement with King Valdemar II (the Conqueror). William of Modena, Italian papal diplomat, meets Grand Master Hermann Balk and Valdemar on a Danish island, settling outstanding disputes with Denmark. The Livonian Brothers of the Sword (or Sword Brethren) are merged into the Teutonic Order as an autonomous branch and become known as the Livonian Order.
- July 11 – Siege of Brescia: Emperor Frederick II begins the siege of Brescia. He rejects the negotiations of the Lombard League and insists on unconditional surrender to the imperial forces in northern Italy. This blocks all possibilities of a peaceful settlement. Milan and five other Lombard cities are attacked. In early October, after a successful sortie by the city's defenders, Frederick is forced to lift the siege.
- August 21 – Battle of Örlygsstaðir: Chieftain Sighvatr Sturluson and his son, Sturla Sighvatsson, are defeated by Kolbeinn ungi Arnórsson and Gissur Þorvaldsson, for control of Iceland (known as the Age of the Sturlungs).
- September 28 – King James I of Aragon captures the city of Valencia from the Moors, who retreat to Granada. During the campaign, James' cousin, Bernat Guillem de Montpeller, dies from wounds received in action.
- The founder of the Nasrid Dynasty, Muhammad I of Granada, begins Alhambra Complex on the site of a pre-Islamic fortress.
- Thowadra Monastery is founded in Bhutan.
England
- January – Simon de Montfort marries the 23-year-old Eleanor, sister of King Henry III. While the marriage takes place with the king's approval, the act itself is performed secretly and without consulting the barons. Eleanor has previously been married to William Marshal and has sworn a vow of perpetual chastity upon his death, which she breaks by marrying Montfort. Archbishop Edmund of Abingdon condemns the marriage for this reason.
Asia
- The Khmers are expelled from Luang Phrabang in Laos.
- The Sukhothai Kingdom is founded by Si Inthrathit.
- The Nizari Imam Ala al-Din Muhammad and the Abbasid caliph Al-Mustansir send a joint diplomatic mission to the European kings Louis IX of France and Henry III to forge a Muslim–Christian alliance against the Mongols, but this is unsuccessful.
Births
- May 1 – Magnus Lagabøte, king of Norway (d. 1280)
- May 3 – Emilia Bicchieri, Italian saint (d. 1314)
- November – Henry de Montfort, son of Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester (d. 1265)
- Nizamuddin Auliya, Indian Sufi saint (d. 1325)
- Frederick III, Duke of Lorraine (d. 1302)
- Meinhard II of Gorizia-Tyrol (d. 1295)
- Shri Madhvacharya, Vaishnavite saint and founder of the Dvaita School (d. 1317)
Deaths
- March 4
- Joan of England, Queen of Scotland, wife of Alexander II of Scotland (b. 1210)
- Prince Yuri II of Vladimir (b. 1189)
- March 19 – Henry I the Bearded, Duke of Lower Silesia (b. c. 1165)
- June 9 – Peter des Roches, bishop of Winchester
- Al-Kamil, Ayyubid sultan of Egypt
- Hugh le Despenser, English nobleman
References
- Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre, p. 211. ISBN 978-0-241-29877-0.
- David Nicolle (2005). Osprey: Lake Peipus 1242 – Battle on the Ice, p. 48. ISBN 1-85532-553-5.
- Daftary, Farhad (1992). The Isma'ilis: Their History and Doctrines. Cambridge University Press. pp. 418–420. ISBN 978-0-521-42974-0.
- Daftary, Farhad. "The Mediaeval Ismailis of the Iranian Lands | The Institute of Ismaili Studies". www.iis.ac.uk. Retrieved March 31, 2020.
- Elizabeth Ewan, ed. (2006). The biographical dictionary of Scottish women : from the earliest times to 2004 (Reprinted ed.). Edinburgh: Edinburgh Univ. Press. p. 400. ISBN 0-7486-1713-2.