| Revision as of 12:51, 6 March 2005 editAngusmclellan (talk | contribs)64,067 edits History of Scotland← Previous edit | Revision as of 19:53, 6 March 2005 edit undoAngusmclellan (talk | contribs)64,067 edits →Post-Roman ScotlandNext edit → | ||
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| # the ] formed a ]-influenced ] ]ic culture in the south, with the kingdom of Y Strad Glud (]) from the Firth of Clyde southwards, ] in Cumbria, ] in the central ] area and the ] or ] from the Firth of Forth down to the Tweed | # the ] formed a ]-influenced ] ]ic culture in the south, with the kingdom of Y Strad Glud (]) from the Firth of Clyde southwards, ] in Cumbria, ] in the central ] area and the ] or ] from the Firth of Forth down to the Tweed | ||
| # the Gaelic-speaking ] (Irish) or more specifically, the Dal Riatans, in the south end of the ] and the west coast in the Kingdom of ] | # the Gaelic-speaking ] (Irish) or more specifically, the Dal Riatans, in the south end of the ] and the west coast in the Kingdom of ] | ||
| From the 7th Century the ] Kingdoms of ] and, later, ] conquered the southern and eastern parts of the Brythonic regions, corresponding with modern Lothian and Galloway. Northumbrian Kings from ] to ] were the greatest rulers in northern Britain, but the Pictish King ] crushed Ecgfrith's army at ] in 685 beginning the decline of Northumbria. | |||
| Invasions brought two more groups, though the extent to which they replaced native populations is unknown | Invasions brought two more groups, though the extent to which they replaced native populations is unknown | ||
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History of Scotland
Draft for History of Scotland.
Post-Roman Scotland
In the wake of the Roman withdrawal Scotland's population comprised three main groups:
- the Picts, a Brythonic Celtic group) who occupied most of Scotland north of the Firth of Clyde and the Firth of Forth: the area known as "Pictavia"
- the Britons formed a Roman-influenced Brythonic Celtic culture in the south, with the kingdom of Y Strad Glud (Strathclyde) from the Firth of Clyde southwards, Rheged in Cumbria, Selgovae in the central Borders area and the Votadini or Gododdin from the Firth of Forth down to the Tweed
- the Gaelic-speaking Scotti (Irish) or more specifically, the Dal Riatans, in the south end of the Western Isles and the west coast in the Kingdom of Dalriada
From the 7th Century the Anglo-Saxon Kingdoms of Bernicia and, later, Northumbria conquered the southern and eastern parts of the Brythonic regions, corresponding with modern Lothian and Galloway. Northumbrian Kings from Edwin to Ecgfrith were the greatest rulers in northern Britain, but the Pictish King Brude mac Bili crushed Ecgfrith's army at Nechtansmere in 685 beginning the decline of Northumbria.
Invasions brought two more groups, though the extent to which they replaced native populations is unknown
- the Anglo-Saxons expanding from Bernicia and the continent. Notably seizing Gododdin in the 7th Century. A legacy of this influence is the vernacular Scots language, a Germanic language similar to, but distinct from, English .
- in the aftermath of the 795 Viking raid on Iona, the Norse Jarls of Orkney took hold of the Western Isles, Caithness and Sutherland, while Norse settlers mixed with the inhabitants of Galloway to become the Gallgaels.
The British Saint Ninian conducted the first Christian mission in Scotland. From his base, the Candida Casa (present-day Whithorn) on the Solway Firth, he spread the faith in the south and east of Scotland and in the north of England. However, according to the writings of Saint Patrick and Saint Columba, the Picts appear to have renounced Christianity in the century between Ninian's death (432) and the arrival of Saint Columba in 563. The reason is not known. The Gaels re-introduced Christianity into Pictish Scotland, gradually pushing out worship of the older Celtic gods. The most famous evangelist of that period, Saint Columba, came to Scotland in 563 and settled on the island of Iona. Some consider his (possibly apocryphal) conversion of the Pictish King Brude the turning point in the Christianization of Scotland.
The coming of the Vikings resulted in great changes. In the south-east, the Bernician Kingdom collapsed, giving place to the Viking Jorvik. In the south-west, Dumbarton, capital of the British Kingdom of Strathclyde, was sacked by the Norsemen. The Kingdom of Dalriata was savaged and even the inland Pictish strongholds in Strathearn and Strathtay were raided.
The Scotti began their rise to prominence in Scotland at the expense of the Britons and Picts. In the 7th and 8th centuries, Pictavia suffered invasions by Norsemen, a preoccupation which allowed the Scots King Kenneth Mac Alpin to make himself King of the Picts in 843 by inviting all rival claimants to a banquet and then killing them. The resulting unified Scottish/Pictish Kingdom became known as Alba.
Rise of Scotland
At first this new kingdom corresponded to Scotland north of the Rivers Forth and Clyde. Southwest Scotland remained under the control of the Strathclyde Britons and Southeast Scotland was under the control from around 638 of the proto-English kingdom of Bernicia, then of the Kingdom of Northumbria. This portion of Scotland only fell into Scottish hands in 1018, when Malcolm II attacked the English and pushed the border as far south as the River Tweed. This remains the south-eastern border to this day (except around Berwick upon Tweed).
Scotland, in the geographical sense it has retained for nearly a millennium, completed its expansion by the gradual subsumation of the Britons' kingdom of Strathclyde into Alba. In 1034, Duncan I, descended from Irish Ui Neill monastery protectors and appointed to the crown of Strathclyde some years earlier, inherited Alba from his maternal grandfather, Malcolm II. With the exception of Orkney, the Western Isles, Caithness and Sutherland, which had come under the sway of the Norse, Scotland stood unified.
Macbeth, the Pictish candidate for the throne whose family had been suppressed by Malcolm II, defeated Duncan in battle in 1040. Macbeth then ruled for seventeen years before Duncan's son Malcolm III, more commonly known as Malcolm Canmore, overthrew him. (William Shakespeare, in his play Macbeth, later immortalized these events, in a heavily fictionalized way based on inaccurate contemporary history that flattered the antecedents of James VI of Scotland/I of England. For a more accurate fictional account, it is better to read Nigel Tranter's novel, Macbeth the King.)
History of Scotland
Draft for History of Scotland.
Post-Roman Scotland
(OK)
In the wake of the Roman withdrawal Scotland's population comprised three main groups:
- the Picts, a Brythonic Celtic group) who occupied most of Scotland north of the Firth of Clyde and the Firth of Forth: the area known as "Pictavia"
- the Britons formed a Roman-influenced Brythonic Celtic culture in the south, with the kingdom of Y Strad Glud (Strathclyde) from the Firth of Clyde southwards, Rheged in Cumbria, Selgovae in the central Borders area and the Votadini or Gododdin from the Firth of Forth down to the Tweed
- the Gaelic-speaking Scotti (Irish) or more specifically, the Dal Riatans, in the south end of the Western Isles and the west coast in the Kingdom of Dalriada
(Invasion should cover the impact of Bernicia/Northumbria, then move on to the Vikings.)
Invasions brought two more groups, though the extent to which they replaced native populations is unknown
- the Anglo-Saxons expanding from Bernicia and the continent. Notably seizing Gododdin in the 7th Century. A legacy of this influence is the vernacular Scots language, a Germanic language similar to, but distinct from, English .
- in the aftermath of the 795 Viking raid on Iona, the Norse Jarls of Orkney took hold of the Western Isles, Caithness and Sutherland, while Norse settlers mixed with the inhabitants of Galloway to become the Gallgaels.
(Separate section on conversion of Scots, Picts, Britons)
The British Saint Ninian conducted the first Christian mission in Scotland. From his base, the Candida Casa (present-day Whithorn) on the Solway Firth, he spread the faith in the south and east of Scotland and in the north of England. However, according to the writings of Saint Patrick and Saint Columba, the Picts appear to have renounced Christianity in the century between Ninian's death (432) and the arrival of Saint Columba in 563. The reason is not known. The Gaels re-introduced Christianity into Pictish Scotland, gradually pushing out worship of the older Celtic gods. The most famous evangelist of that period, Saint Columba, came to Scotland in 563 and settled on the island of Iona. Some consider his (possibly apocryphal) conversion of the Pictish King Brude the turning point in the Christianization of Scotland.
(Draft for Viking Age)
The coming of the Vikings resulted in great changes. In the south-east, the Bernician Kingdom collapsed, giving place to the Viking Jorvik. In the south-west, Dumbarton, capital of the British Kingdom of Strathclyde, was sacked by the Norsemen. The Kingdom of Dalriata was savaged and even the inland Pictish strongholds in Strathearn and Strathtay were raided.
(Rewrite, Constantine MacHeth as first King "of Scots")
The Scotti began their rise to prominence in Scotland at the expense of the Britons and Picts. In the 7th and 8th centuries, Pictavia suffered invasions by Norsemen, a preoccupation which allowed the Scots King Kenneth Mac Alpin to make himself King of the Picts in 843 by inviting all rival claimants to a banquet and then killing them. The resulting unified Scottish/Pictish Kingdom became known as Alba.
Rise of Scotland
(Scotia == Scotland)
At first this new kingdom corresponded to Scotland north of the Rivers Forth and Clyde. Southwest Scotland remained under the control of the Strathclyde Britons and Southeast Scotland was under the control from around 638 of the proto-English kingdom of Bernicia, then of the Kingdom of Northumbria. This portion of Scotland only fell into Scottish hands in 1018, when Malcolm II attacked the English and pushed the border as far south as the River Tweed. This remains the south-eastern border to this day (except around Berwick upon Tweed).
(Cumbria ?)
Scotland, in the geographical sense it has retained for nearly a millennium, completed its expansion by the gradual subsumation of the Britons' kingdom of Strathclyde into Alba. In 1034, Duncan I, descended from Irish Ui Neill monastery protectors and appointed to the crown of Strathclyde some years earlier, inherited Alba from his maternal grandfather, Malcolm II. With the exception of Orkney, the Western Isles, Caithness and Sutherland, which had come under the sway of the Norse, Scotland stood unified.
(Fix)
Macbeth, the Pictish candidate for the throne whose family had been suppressed by Malcolm II, defeated Duncan in battle in 1040. Macbeth then ruled for seventeen years before Duncan's son Malcolm III, more commonly known as Malcolm Canmore, overthrew him. (William Shakespeare, in his play Macbeth, later immortalized these events, in a heavily fictionalized way based on inaccurate contemporary history that flattered the antecedents of James VI of Scotland/I of England. For a more accurate fictional account, it is better to read Nigel Tranter's novel, Macbeth the King.)