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| Scotland, in the geographical sense it has retained for nearly a millennium, completed its expansion by the gradual subsumation of the Britons' kingdom of ] into Alba. In ], ], descended from Irish Ui Neill monastery protectors and appointed to the crown of Strathclyde some years earlier, inherited Alba from his maternal grandfather, Malcolm II. With the exception of ], the ], ] and Sutherland, which had come under the sway of the Norse, Scotland stood unified. | Scotland, in the geographical sense it has retained for nearly a millennium, completed its expansion by the gradual subsumation of the Britons' kingdom of ] into Alba. In ], ], descended from Irish Ui Neill monastery protectors and appointed to the crown of Strathclyde some years earlier, inherited Alba from his maternal grandfather, Malcolm II. With the exception of ], the ], ] and Sutherland, which had come under the sway of the Norse, Scotland stood unified. | ||
| ], the Pictish candidate for the throne whose family had been suppressed by Malcolm II, defeated Duncan in battle in ]. Macbeth then ruled for seventeen years before Duncan's son ], more commonly known as Malcolm Canmore, overthrew him. (], in his play '']'', later immortalized these events, in a heavily fictionalized way based on inaccurate contemporary history that flattered the antecedents of ]. For a more accurate fictional account, it is better to read ]'s novel, ''Macbeth the King''.) | |||
| == History of Scotland == | |||
| Draft for History of Scotland. | |||
| ==Post-Roman Scotland== | |||
| (OK) | |||
| In the wake of the Roman withdrawal Scotland's population comprised three main groups: | |||
| # the ], a ] ]ic group) who occupied most of Scotland north of the ] and the ]: the area known as "Pictavia" | |||
| # the ] formed a ]-influenced ] ]ic culture in the south, with the kingdom of Y Strad Glud (]) from the Firth of Clyde southwards, ] in Cumbria, ] in the central ] area and the ] or ] from the Firth of Forth down to the Tweed | |||
| # the Gaelic-speaking ] (Irish) or more specifically, the Dal Riatans, in the south end of the ] and the west coast in the Kingdom of ] | |||
| (Invasion should cover the impact of Bernicia/Northumbria, then move on to the Vikings.) | |||
| Invasions brought two more groups, though the extent to which they replaced native populations is unknown | |||
| # the ] expanding from ] and the continent. Notably seizing ] in the 7th Century. A legacy of this influence is the vernacular ], a ] language similar to, but distinct from, ] . | |||
| # in the aftermath of the ] ] raid on ], the Norse Jarls of ] took hold of the ], ] and ], while Norse settlers mixed with the inhabitants of ] to become the ''Gallgaels''. | |||
| (Separate section on conversion of Scots, Picts, Britons) | |||
| The British ] conducted the first ] mission in Scotland. From his base, the '']'' (present-day ]) on the ], he spread the faith in the south and east of Scotland and in the north of England. However, according to the writings of ] and ], the Picts appear to have renounced Christianity in the century between Ninian's death (432) and the arrival of ] in 563. The reason is not known. The Gaels re-introduced Christianity into Pictish Scotland, gradually pushing out worship of the older Celtic gods. The most famous evangelist of that period, ], came to Scotland in ] and settled on the island of ]. Some consider his (possibly apocryphal) conversion of the Pictish ] the turning point in the ] of Scotland. | |||
| (Draft for Viking Age) | |||
| The coming of the Vikings resulted in great changes. In the south-east, the Bernician Kingdom collapsed, giving place to the Viking ]. In the south-west, Dumbarton, capital of the British Kingdom of Strathclyde, was sacked by the Norsemen. The Kingdom of Dalriata was savaged and even the inland Pictish strongholds in Strathearn and Strathtay were raided. | |||
| (Rewrite, Constantine MacHeth as first King "of Scots") | |||
| The Scotti began their rise to prominence in Scotland at the expense of the Britons and Picts. In the ] and ], Pictavia suffered invasions by ], a preoccupation which allowed the Scots King ] to make himself King of the Picts in ] by inviting all rival claimants to a banquet and then killing them. The resulting unified <nowiki>Scottish/Pictish</nowiki> Kingdom became known as ]. | |||
| ==Rise of Scotland== | |||
| (Scotia == Scotland) | |||
| At first this new kingdom corresponded to Scotland north of the Rivers Forth and Clyde. Southwest Scotland remained under the control of the Strathclyde Britons and Southeast Scotland was under the control from around 638 of the proto-English kingdom of ], then of the ]. This portion of Scotland only fell into Scottish hands in ], when ] attacked the English and pushed the border as far south as the ]. This remains the south-eastern border to this day (except around ]). | |||
| (Cumbria ?) | |||
| Scotland, in the geographical sense it has retained for nearly a millennium, completed its expansion by the gradual subsumation of the Britons' kingdom of ] into Alba. In ], ], descended from Irish Ui Neill monastery protectors and appointed to the crown of Strathclyde some years earlier, inherited Alba from his maternal grandfather, Malcolm II. With the exception of ], the ], ] and Sutherland, which had come under the sway of the Norse, Scotland stood unified. | |||
| (Fix) | |||
| ], the Pictish candidate for the throne whose family had been suppressed by Malcolm II, defeated Duncan in battle in ]. Macbeth then ruled for seventeen years before Duncan's son ], more commonly known as Malcolm Canmore, overthrew him. (], in his play '']'', later immortalized these events, in a heavily fictionalized way based on inaccurate contemporary history that flattered the antecedents of ]. For a more accurate fictional account, it is better to read ]'s novel, ''Macbeth the King''.) | ], the Pictish candidate for the throne whose family had been suppressed by Malcolm II, defeated Duncan in battle in ]. Macbeth then ruled for seventeen years before Duncan's son ], more commonly known as Malcolm Canmore, overthrew him. (], in his play '']'', later immortalized these events, in a heavily fictionalized way based on inaccurate contemporary history that flattered the antecedents of ]. For a more accurate fictional account, it is better to read ]'s novel, ''Macbeth the King''.) | ||
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History of Scotland
Draft for History of Scotland.
Post-Roman Scotland
In the wake of the Roman withdrawal Scotland's population comprised three main groups:
- the Picts, a Brythonic Celtic group) who occupied most of Scotland north of the Firth of Clyde and the Firth of Forth: the area known as "Pictavia"
- the Britons formed a Roman-influenced Brythonic Celtic culture in the south, with the kingdom of Y Strad Glud (Strathclyde) from the Firth of Clyde southwards, Rheged in Cumbria, Selgovae in the central Borders area and the Votadini or Gododdin from the Firth of Forth down to the Tweed
- the Gaelic-speaking Scotti (Irish) or more specifically, the Dal Riatans, in the south end of the Western Isles and the west coast in the Kingdom of Dalriada
The Anglo-Saxon Northumbrian Kings from Edwin to Ecgfrith were the greatest rulers in northern Britain and conquered Lothian and the Border regions. The expansion of Northumbria was stopped when the Pictish King Brude mac Bili crushed Ecgfrith's army at Nechtansmere in 685. The greatest legacy of the Northumbrian conquests was the Scots language.
A far greater challenge to the Picts and Scots came from the Viking raids and invasions from the 9th Century. The Western Isles, Caithness, Sutherland, Galloway and much of the west coast came under Norse rule, either from Dublin or Orkney. When the shock of the Viking invasions was over, only Pictland and Strathclyde remained. The great movement of peoples brought the Gaelic language across the mountains to the east where it would replace the Pictish tongue. Legend tells that in 843 the Scot Kenneth MacAlpin(Cinead mac Ailpin) conquered the Picts. History records Kenneth as King but says nothing of his ancestry. Kenneth's kin fought hard against the Vikings. Kenneth's grandson, Constantine II (Caustantin MacAeda) was one of the greatest of Scotland's Kings, reigning for 43 years before retiring to a monastery at Saint Andrews. Historians believe that in Constantine's reign Pictland became Gaelic Alba.
- in the aftermath of the 795 Viking raid on Iona, the Norse Jarls of Orkney took hold of the Western Isles, Caithness and Sutherland, while Norse settlers mixed with the inhabitants of Galloway to become the Gallgaels.
The British Saint Ninian conducted the first Christian mission in Scotland. From his base, the Candida Casa (present-day Whithorn) on the Solway Firth, he spread the faith in the south and east of Scotland and in the north of England. However, according to the writings of Saint Patrick and Saint Columba, the Picts appear to have renounced Christianity in the century between Ninian's death (432) and the arrival of Saint Columba in 563. The reason is not known. The Gaels re-introduced Christianity into Pictish Scotland, gradually pushing out worship of the older Celtic gods. The most famous evangelist of that period, Saint Columba, came to Scotland in 563 and settled on the island of Iona. Some consider his (possibly apocryphal) conversion of the Pictish King Brude the turning point in the Christianization of Scotland.
The coming of the Vikings resulted in great changes. In the south-east, the Bernician Kingdom collapsed, giving place to the Viking Jorvik. In the south-west, Dumbarton, capital of the British Kingdom of Strathclyde, was sacked by the Norsemen. The Kingdom of Dalriata was savaged and even the inland Pictish strongholds in Strathearn and Strathtay were raided.
The Scotti began their rise to prominence in Scotland at the expense of the Britons and Picts. In the 7th and 8th centuries, Pictavia suffered invasions by Norsemen, a preoccupation which allowed the Scots King Kenneth Mac Alpin to make himself King of the Picts in 843 by inviting all rival claimants to a banquet and then killing them. The resulting unified Scottish/Pictish Kingdom became known as Alba.
Rise of Scotland
At first this new kingdom corresponded to Scotland north of the Rivers Forth and Clyde. Southwest Scotland remained under the control of the Strathclyde Britons and Southeast Scotland was under the control from around 638 of the proto-English kingdom of Bernicia, then of the Kingdom of Northumbria. This portion of Scotland only fell into Scottish hands in 1018, when Malcolm II attacked the English and pushed the border as far south as the River Tweed. This remains the south-eastern border to this day (except around Berwick upon Tweed).
Scotland, in the geographical sense it has retained for nearly a millennium, completed its expansion by the gradual subsumation of the Britons' kingdom of Strathclyde into Alba. In 1034, Duncan I, descended from Irish Ui Neill monastery protectors and appointed to the crown of Strathclyde some years earlier, inherited Alba from his maternal grandfather, Malcolm II. With the exception of Orkney, the Western Isles, Caithness and Sutherland, which had come under the sway of the Norse, Scotland stood unified.
Macbeth, the Pictish candidate for the throne whose family had been suppressed by Malcolm II, defeated Duncan in battle in 1040. Macbeth then ruled for seventeen years before Duncan's son Malcolm III, more commonly known as Malcolm Canmore, overthrew him. (William Shakespeare, in his play Macbeth, later immortalized these events, in a heavily fictionalized way based on inaccurate contemporary history that flattered the antecedents of James VI of Scotland/I of England. For a more accurate fictional account, it is better to read Nigel Tranter's novel, Macbeth the King.)