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| The '''Liberia National Transitional Government''' (abbreviated '''LNTG''') was a provisional government in ], formed in the midst of the ]. The LNTG was product of the July 25, 1993 Cotonou Peace Accord, whereby the Interim Government of National Unity disbanded.<ref name="Waugh2011">{{cite book | author = Colin M. Waugh | date = 13 October 2011 | title = Charles Taylor and Liberia: Ambition and Atrocity in Africa's Lone Star State | publisher = Bloomsbury Publishing | pages = 164-165, 167| isbn = 978-1-84813-849-0 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=AQI1EAAAQBAJ&pg=PT174}}</ref> The agreement was signed by NPFL and ULIMO, as well as co-signatories by the government of ] and other observers.<ref name="Waugh2011"/> The Cotonou accord provided amnesty for the warring factions and a cessation of hostilities.<ref name="Waugh2011"/> Per the Cotonou accord the warring factions would name representatives to a five-member Council of State and that a 35-member transitional parliament would be instituted (with 13 members from NPFL and 9 from ULIMO).<ref name="Waugh2011"/> Following the signing of the Cotonou accords, the factions disagreed over repartition of key posts and eight months passed before the transitional parliament would meet.<ref name="Waugh2011"/> | The '''Liberia National Transitional Government''' (abbreviated '''LNTG''') was a provisional government in ], formed in the midst of the ]. The LNTG was product of the July 25, 1993 Cotonou Peace Accord, whereby the Interim Government of National Unity disbanded.<ref name="Waugh2011">{{cite book | author = Colin M. Waugh | date = 13 October 2011 | title = Charles Taylor and Liberia: Ambition and Atrocity in Africa's Lone Star State | publisher = Bloomsbury Publishing | pages = 164-165, 167| isbn = 978-1-84813-849-0 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=AQI1EAAAQBAJ&pg=PT174}}</ref> The agreement was signed by NPFL and ULIMO, as well as co-signatories by the government of ] and other observers.<ref name="Waugh2011"/> The Cotonou accord provided amnesty for the warring factions and a cessation of hostilities.<ref name="Waugh2011"/> Per the Cotonou accord the warring factions would name representatives to a five-member Council of State and that a 35-member transitional parliament would be instituted (with 13 members from NPFL and 9 from ULIMO).<ref name="Waugh2011"/> Following the signing of the Cotonou accords, the factions disagreed over repartition of key posts and eight months passed before the transitional parliament would meet.<ref name="Waugh2011"/> | ||
| <ref name="Flowers2010">{{cite book | author = Melanie Flowers | date = 26 May 2010 | title = Conflict Resolution: Peace Implementation in New Wars | publisher = Lulu.com | pages = 100– | isbn = 978-1-4457-8431-1 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Ni2fAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA100}}</ref> | |||
| ==First== | ==First== | ||
| <ref name="Waugh2011"/> | <ref name="Waugh2011"/> | ||
| Line 72: | Line 74: | ||
| ==Fifth== | ==Fifth== | ||
| <ref name=" |
<ref name="Adebajo2002b">{{cite book | author = Adekeye Adebajo | date = 2002 | title = Building Peace in West Africa: Liberia, Sierra Leone, and Guinea-Bissau | publisher = Lynne Rienner Publishers | pages = 56-59| isbn = 978-1-58826-077-2 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=hEe6r5DFOiIC&pg=PA59}}</ref> | ||
| *peace talks in Geneva July 10-17, 1993. Following Geneva talks, further peace talks were held in Cotonou. | *peace talks in Geneva July 10-17, 1993. Following Geneva talks, further peace talks were held in Cotonou. | ||
| *Per Cotonou agreement, ECOMOG would be boosted by UN and OAU peacekeeping forces, ceasefire would begin August 1, 1993, | *Per Cotonou agreement, ECOMOG would be boosted by UN and OAU peacekeeping forces, ceasefire would begin August 1, 1993, | ||
Revision as of 18:01, 19 February 2023
The Liberia National Transitional Government (abbreviated LNTG) was a provisional government in Liberia, formed in the midst of the First Liberian Civil War. The LNTG was product of the July 25, 1993 Cotonou Peace Accord, whereby the Interim Government of National Unity disbanded. The agreement was signed by NPFL and ULIMO, as well as co-signatories by the government of Benin and other observers. The Cotonou accord provided amnesty for the warring factions and a cessation of hostilities. Per the Cotonou accord the warring factions would name representatives to a five-member Council of State and that a 35-member transitional parliament would be instituted (with 13 members from NPFL and 9 from ULIMO). Following the signing of the Cotonou accords, the factions disagreed over repartition of key posts and eight months passed before the transitional parliament would meet.
First
- Tom Woewiyu, labor minister of LNTG
- Split in NPFL occured as Woewiyu moved to Monrovia to become LNTG minister
Second
- Cotonou Peace Accord signed by IGNU, NPFL, ULIMO
- November 3, 1993 the three signatories again met in Cotonou. After 3 days of talks in Cotonou, agreement had been reached on repatrition of posts in Council of State, Supreme Court, electoral commission, legislature and 13 out of 17 ministerial posts in the LNTG - foreign affairs, justice, finance, defense. Then negotiations broke down. ECOWAS chairman Soglo gave 10-day ultimatum to resolve the issue, ordering the delegations to leave Cotonou at once.
- Early December 1993 talks resumed at Hotel Africa (Monrovia). NPFL objected to presence of ECOWAS, UN, OAU at the talks, whilst ECOMOG Chief of Staff Gen. Williams called for disarmament of factions prior to the installation of LNTG (which brought strong reactions from ULIMO and NPFL).
- US government pushed for agreement, giving Feb 15 as deadline or else US support would be withdrawn
- February 15, 1994, 3 signatories signed Monrovia agreement ("Triple 7 agreement"), whereby they agreed on installation of LNTG, disarmament, deployment of ECOMOG and UNOMIL peacekeepers across the entire country, all to occur by March 7, 1994
- US pushing for LNTG installation prior to disarmament. Late February 1994 Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs George Moose visited Liberia, and exterted pressure on warring factions to cooperate with ECOMOG
- David Kpomakpor LNTG chairmanIGNU nominee DK would become the Council of State chairman
- As LNTG installed on March 7, 1994, ECOMOG forces began to deploy throughout the country
- After LNTG cabinet was installed, US stated that they would only recognize the government if it was in control of the entire country
- Kpomakpor-led CoS ineffective, Cotonou PA demanded unaminity for decision-making,
...
- 3 NPFL ministers of LNTG split: Woewiyu, Laveli Supuwood, Sam Dokie(National Patriotic Front of Liberia – Central Revolutionary Council)
- Taylor unsuccesfully tried to replace trio in LNTG cabinet
-- Sep 1994: Aksombo Agreement, signed by 3, new 5-member CoS (3 faction leaders Taylor, Kromah, Bowen, 1 jointly nominated by Taylor and Kromah, 1 by Liberian National Conference 'of political and civic groups'), rotating chair, gave authority to ECOMOG to manage borders, disarmament, arms searchs (whilst allowing LNTG to use force, in cooperation with ECOMOG). New LNTG cabinet. TLA expanded from 35 to 49. national elections scheduled for October 1995. changed unanimity to simple majority in CoS However, fighting intense in all of Liberia at the time of the signing
-
- Chief Tamba Tailor, vice chair of council (CoS?)
--
- Ahead of Accra agreement, Council of State would be re-constituted, LNTG electoral college would elect 1 of 5 members. (agreement failed)
- LNTG would set up civilian administrations in areas under ECOMOG control
- "In line with the provisions of the first Abuja agreement, the appointed its cabinet and swore in new ministers by 26 September. Council of State Chairman Wilton Sankawulo's first major announcement was the LNTG would submit a comprehensive plan for the long-overdue restructuring of the Krahn-dominated ". However Sankawulo, lacking military and popular support was outmaneuvered by warlords
third
- Cotonou PA signed July 25, by IGNU (Sawyer), ULIMO (Kromah), NPFL (Ernest Dogolea, NPFL vice president)
- ended with National anthem sung and leaders embraced
- agreed on encampment and disarmament of all factions, increased role of ECOMOG and UN observer mission, forming LNTG, IGNU/NPRAG dissolved once LNTG seated, LNTG to be seated within 30 days of signing "concomitant with the commencement of the process of disarmament"
- CoS pre installation of LNTG: CoS chair Kuyon distancing himself from IGNU, moving towards installation of LNTG without preconditions of disarmament. IGNU removed Kuyon from CoS, replaced him with Philip A. Z. Banks (IGNU Justice Minister) as new Council member. ULIMO, NPFL and parts of IGNU protested the removal of Kuyon. Subsequently name David Kpomakpor as new CoS chairman. In NPFL, Ms. Cooper was removed from CoS Dty Chair, replace on CoS by Isaac Musa. Later factional dispute in ULIMO led to replacing Thomas Ziah by Dexter Tahyor.
- Cooper later LNTG MoFA
- Sawyer and his followers eventually caved in, allowing LNTG to be seated March 7, 1994 without any progress on disarmanent
- National elections would be held within 6 months, 7 Sep 1994
- However the installation of LNTG failed to contain violence. Mid-1994 factional conflict in ULIMO raged in Bomi and Grand Cape Mount counties, with the ULIMO-K faction retreating to Lofa County where more violence ensued
- NPRAG defense minister Woiweyu, NPRAG justice minister Supuwood, NPRAG internal affairs Minister Dokie, rebelled after they shifted from Gbarnga to Monrovia to begin the cabinet posts in LNTG. The trio called CRC, called for cooperation with ECOMOG and speedy disarmament
- Taylor announced trio removed from LNTG posts, but ineffective as LNTG resolved that it would not interfere in internal workings of any factions. CRC, based in MOnrovia, declared Taylor removed from NPFL leadership
- September 15 Gen. Charles Julu, leading AFL soldiers, staged a military coup against LNTG, seized EM, declaring Kpomakpor removed from power, Julu was attacked by ECOMOG and removed from EM, ECOMOG seized AFL arms from BTC and other locations
- Kpomakpor, as Command-in-C of AFL, moved to remove AFL chief of staff Hezekiah Bowen and Moses Wright (both Krahn), from their posts for having known about Julu's plans without intervening. The AFL refused to comply with the order, leading to further ECOMOG-AFL clashes.
- Sep 12, Akosombo accord, signed by NPFL, ULIMO-K, AFL. Excluded CRC, ULIMO-J, LPC. Kpomakpor and other civilian politicians opposed the accord. LNTG mandate expired Sep 1994.
- Second round of Akosombo talks collapsed Jan 11, 1994
- January 24, 1995, WA head of state met in Accra, along with Liberian factions. Ten days of talks. Feb 2, 1995 announced new transitional governement:
- Chair Tamba Taylor, "aged traditional chief" from Lofa, in charge of health, education, social services, national reconciliation
- Charles Taylor, first vice chairman of CoS, in charge of Foreign affairs, national security, agriculture
- Alhaji Kromah, second vice chairman, in charge of finance, economy, internal affairs
- Hezekiah Bowen, third vice chairman, in charge of disarmament and reintegration of all warring factions
- Oscar J. Quiah All-Liberia Conference, fourth vice chairman, in charge of repatriation and resettlement of refugees
- Most factions rejected the agreement announced Feb 2, (agreement failed to be implemented?)
- June 1995, Abacha hosts first meeting of Liberian factions in Abuja. A second meeting in Abuja, in which the All-Liberia Conference also participated, signed the Abuja Accord on August 19, 1995, paving the way for the formation of LNTG-2
- Abuja Accord supplemented Cotonou and Akosombo agreements. Established 6-member council of government of LNTG-2, Charles Taylor from NPFL, Alhaji Kromah from ULIMO-K, Dr. George Boley from LPC, all equal co-presidents. Three other represented ALC or other civilian actors: Chief Tamba Taylor, Oscar Quiah, Prof. Wilton Sankawolo, the latter as chairman
- Abuja Accord signed by 7 armed factions and ALC
- Under Abuja Accord, smaller factions (AFL, NPFL-CRC, LDF) were included in power sharing, Bowen AFL, Supuwood/Woewiyu/Dokie (NPFL-CRC), Francois Massaquoi (LDF) all given ministerial posts or other senior govt roles. The accommodation of smaller armed factions occured at the expenses of the former IGNU
- LNTG-2 given 12 month mandate
- LNTG-2 government, including Taylor and Kromah, arrived in Monrovia August 31, 1995, jubilatory mood. LNTG-2 installation ceremony Sep 1, 1995, attended by Rawlings
- Roosevelt Johnson, leader of ULIMO-J, Minister of Rural Development in LNTG-2 cabinet.
- Two weeks after installation of LNTG-2, clashes broke out between ULIMO-K and ULIMO-J.
- December 1995-January 1996 heavy fighting between ECOMOG and ULIMO-J
- New LNTG-2 CoS chair Ruth Perry
- Morris M. Dukuly of ULIMO, former Post and Telecommunications Minister was the assembly speaker of LNTG parliament
Fifth
- peace talks in Geneva July 10-17, 1993. Following Geneva talks, further peace talks were held in Cotonou.
- Per Cotonou agreement, ECOMOG would be boosted by UN and OAU peacekeeping forces, ceasefire would begin August 1, 1993,
- LNTG authority limited to Monrovia, financially completely dependent on international donors, CoS split over appointments for key posts,
form 5-member executive CoS, install LNTG by end of Aug 1993, hold presidential elections in 7 months, establish buffer zones along land borders
- LNTG installed in Monrovia March 7, 1994. ECOMOG started deploying throughout country, assisted by 1,500 OAU troops (from Tanzania and Uganda) and 368 unarmed UN miliary observers
- March 1994 IGNU nominee DK installed as CoS chair. CoS included ULIMO and NPFL reps
- "Akosombo gave joint responsibility for disarmament, monitoring of Liberia's borders, and arms searches to ECOMOG, the UN, and the warlord-dominated LNTG."
- LNTG given authority to use force, "in collaboration with ECOMOG"
- Agreement gave LNTG responsibility to restructure Liberian military with ECOMOG/UN/friendly govt assistance
- warlords' agreement
- Taylor's position that faction leaders should be directly represented in Council of State prevailed and that LNTG should supervise disarmament. Akosombo granted both
- At time of signing of Akosombo Taylor had been expelled from HQ in Gbargna and Kromah from his HQ in Tubmanburg. ULIMO-J, LDF, LPC, NPFL-CRC excluded from Akosombo talks, in spite that these factions together controlled significant portions of the national territory
- ECOWAS foreign ministers gathered in Accra November 22, 1994 for renegotiating Akosombo. 3 weeks of talks led to agreement on 5-member CoS: NPFL, ULIMO-K, anti-NPFL coalition (AFL, CRC-NPFL, LDF, LPC, ULIMO-J, coalition founded in September 1994), LNC (civil society representatives) and a 5th member elected by electoral college of LNTG
- AFL was to be reorganized, to include all factions
- Warlords signed Accra agreement December 21, 1994
- However, like previous agreements, Accra agreement was never implemented. In SE NPFL and LPC clashed. In central regions NPFL and ULIMO-J clashed. Anti-NPFL coalition never agreed on their CoS nominee.
Bullet points
- Wilson Tarpeh LNTG (LNTG-1) finance minister.
See also
- ^ Colin M. Waugh (13 October 2011). Charles Taylor and Liberia: Ambition and Atrocity in Africa's Lone Star State. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 164–165, 167. ISBN 978-1-84813-849-0.
- Melanie Flowers (26 May 2010). Conflict Resolution: Peace Implementation in New Wars. Lulu.com. pp. 100–. ISBN 978-1-4457-8431-1.
- Adekeye Adebajo (2002). Liberia's Civil War: Nigeria, ECOMOG, and Regional Security in West Africa. Lynne Rienner Publishers. pp. 138, 142, 157, 160–161, 164, 176, 183, 186. ISBN 978-1-58826-052-9.
- Gabriel I. H. Williams (2002). Liberia: The Heart of Darkness : Accounts of Liberia's Civil War and Its Destabilizing Effects in West Africa. pp. 176–177, 180–189, 204, 332. ISBN 978-1-55369-294-2.
- Adekeye Adebajo (2002). Building Peace in West Africa: Liberia, Sierra Leone, and Guinea-Bissau. Lynne Rienner Publishers. pp. 56–59. ISBN 978-1-58826-077-2.
- Edmund Hogan (13 December 2021). Liberia's First Civil War: A Narrative History. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-00-048570-7.