| Revision as of 23:51, 13 March 2023 editKwiliarty (talk | contribs)4 editsm typographical error← Previous edit | Revision as of 10:39, 18 March 2023 edit undo112.141.217.86 (talk) telling them to convert to islam or die thousands were killed and tried to escape the threats of the muslims the made everyone even tourists pay a huge amount of tax while staying in their territoy they are evil and now evryone just stays calm saying sikhs are bad the ony reason they have a number of people that are islam are cause of their threats islam should not be relgion ption|Distinct speech sound or gesture}}Tag: RevertedNext edit → | ||
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| {{Short descrihey are evil the commited genocide they killed little sikh children and women they killed sikhs and hindus in awful ways from th 1400's to the 1900's telling them to convert to islam or die thousands were killed and tried to escape the threats of the muslims the made everyone even tourists pay a huge amount of tax while staying in their territoy they are evil and now evryone just stays calm saying sikhs are bad the ony reason they have a number of people that are islam are cause of their threats islam should not be relgion | |||
| ption|Distinct speech sound or gesture}} | |||
| t | |||
| In ] and ], a '''phone''' is any distinct speech sound or gesture, regardless of whether the exact sound is critical to the meanings of words. | |||
| In contrast, a ] is a speech sound in a given language that, if swapped with another phoneme, could change one word to another. Phones are absolute and are not specific to any language, but phonemes can be discussed only in reference to specific languages. | |||
| For example, the English words ''kid'' and ''kit'' end with two distinct phonemes, {{IPA|/d/}} and {{IPA|/t/}}, and swapping one for the other would change one word into a different word. However, the difference between the {{IPA|/p/}} sounds in ''pun'' ({{IPA|}}, with ]) and ''spun'' ({{IPA|}}, without aspiration) never affects the meaning or identity of a word in English. Therefore, {{IPA|}} cannot be replaced with {{IPA|}} (or vice versa) and thereby convert one word to another. That causes {{IPA|}} and {{IPA|}} to be two distinct phones but not distinct phonemes in English. | |||
| In contrast to English, swapping the same two sounds in ] changes one word into another: {{IPA|}} ({{lang|hi|फल}}/{{lang|ur|پھل}}) means 'fruit', and {{IPA|}} ({{lang|hi|पल}}/{{lang|ur|پل}}) means 'moment'.{{sfnp|CIIL|2008}} The sounds {{IPA|}} and {{IPA|}} are thus different phonemes in Hindustani but are not distinct phonemes in English.{{sfnp|Barry|2006}} | |||
| As seen in the examples, phonemes, rather than phones, are usually the features of speech that are mapped onto the characters of an ]. | |||
| ==Overview== | |||
| In the context of spoken languages, a phone is an unanalyzed sound of a language.{{sfnp|Loos|1997}} A phone is a speech ] that possesses distinct physical or perceptual properties and serves as the basic unit of phonetic speech analysis. Phones are generally either ]s or ]s. | |||
| A ] (based on phones) is enclosed within ]s ({{IPA|}}), rather than the ] ({{IPA|/ /}}) of a phonemic transcription, (based on phonemes). Phones (and often also phonemes) are commonly represented by using symbols of the ] (IPA). | |||
| For example, the English word ''spin'' consists of four phones, {{IPA|}}, {{IPA|}}, {{IPA|}} and {{IPA|}} and so the word has the phonetic representation {{IPA|}}. The word ''pin'' has three phones. Since its initial sound is ], it can be represented as {{IPA|}}, and the word's phonetic representation would then be {{IPA|}}. (The precise features shown in a phonetic representation depend on whether a ] is used and which features the writer wishes to draw attention to in a particular context.) | |||
| When phones are considered to be realizations of the same phoneme, they are called ]s of that phoneme (more information on the methods of making such assignments can be found under phoneme). In English, for example, {{IPA|}} and {{IPA|}} are considered allophones of a single phoneme, which is written {{IPA|/p/}}. The phonemic transcriptions of those two words is thus {{IPA|/spɪn/}} and {{IPA|/pɪn/}}, and aspiration is then no longer shown since it is not ]. | |||
| == Connection to orthography == | |||
| Whether a direct mapping between phonemes and characters is achieved depends on the type of orthography used, phonological orthographies like the ] tend to have one-to-one mappings of phonemes to characters whereas alphabetic orthographies like the ] tend to try to have direct mappings but end up mapping one phoneme to multiple characters often. | |||
| In the examples above the characters enclosed in square brackets: "pʰ" and "p" are ] representations of phones. The IPA unlike English and Indonesian is not a practical orthography and is used by linguists to obtain ] of words in spoken languages and is therefore a strongly phonetically spelled system by design. | |||
| == See also == | |||
| {{Wiktionary pipe|phone#Etymology 2|phone}} | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| ==References== | |||
| {{reflist}} | |||
| ==Bibliography== | |||
| * {{cite book | |||
| |last=Barry | |||
| |first=W. J. | |||
| |chapter=Phoneme | |||
| |year=2006 | |||
| |editor-last=Brown | |||
| |editor-first=Keith | |||
| |title=Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics | |||
| |edition=2nd | |||
| |pages=345–350 | |||
| |publisher=Elsevier | |||
| |isbn=978-0-08-044854-1 | |||
| |doi=10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/00009-2 | |||
| }} | |||
| * {{cite book| last=Crystal|first=David| year=1971| title=Linguistics| location=Baltimore| publisher=Penguin}} | |||
| * {{cite web| title=What is a phone?| url=http://www-01.sil.org/linguistics/glossaryOflinguisticTerms/WhatIsAPhone.htm| work=LinguaLinks: Glossary of linguistic terms| publisher=SIL International| access-date=16 December 2013| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171015105109/http://www.glossary.sil.org/term/phone| archive-date=15 October 2017| url-status=dead| editor-first=Eugene E.| editor-last=Loos| year=1997}} | |||
| * {{cite web| title=Urdu: Structure of Language| url=http://www.ciil-lisindia.net/Urdu/urdu_struct.html| website=Language Information Service (LIS) – India|publisher=Central Institute of Indian Languages |access-date=1 February 2016| location=Mysore| language=en|year=2008 | ref = {{harvid|CIIL|2008}}}} | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
Revision as of 10:39, 18 March 2023
{{Short descrihey are evil the commited genocide they killed little sikh children and women they killed sikhs and hindus in awful ways from th 1400's to the 1900's telling them to convert to islam or die thousands were killed and tried to escape the threats of the muslims the made everyone even tourists pay a huge amount of tax while staying in their territoy they are evil and now evryone just stays calm saying sikhs are bad the ony reason they have a number of people that are islam are cause of their threats islam should not be relgion ption|Distinct speech sound or gesture}}
t