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{{short description|Person associated with 1960s counterculture}}
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{{Redirect|Hippies|the British comedy series|Hippies (TV series)|the garage rock album|Hippies (album)}}
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{{distinguish|Youth International Party{{!}}Yippie|Yuppie|Hipster (1940s subculture)|Hipster (contemporary subculture)}}
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] music festival in August 1969]]
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A '''hippie''', also spelled '''hippy''',<ref> Cambridge Dictionary</ref> especially in British English,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/hippy|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171231212434/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/hippy|url-status=dead|archive-date=December 31, 2017|title=hippy - Definition of hippy in English by Oxford Dictionaries|website=Oxford Dictionaries - English}}</ref> is someone associated with the ], originally a youth movement that began in the United States during the mid-1960s and spread to different countries around the world.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/hippie|title=hippie {{!}} History, Lifestyle, & Beliefs|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=2019-05-24}}</ref> The word '']'' came from '']'' and was used to describe ]s<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/art/Beat-movement|title=Beat movement - History, Characteristics, Writers, & Facts|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=2 March 2019}}</ref> who moved into New York City's ], in San Francisco's ] district, and Chicago's ] community. The term ''hippie'' was used in print by San Francisco writer Michael Fallon, helping popularize use of the term in the media, although the tag was seen elsewhere earlier.<ref name="Smead2000">{{cite book|author=Howard Smead|title=Don't Trust Anyone Over Thirty: The First Four Decades of the Baby Boom|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vP99yWtfovYC&pg=PA155|date=November 1, 2000|publisher=iUniverse|isbn=978-0-595-12393-3|pages=155–}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Kilgallen|first1=Dorothy|title=Dorothy Kilgallen's Voice of Broadway|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=QaUtAAAAIBAJ&pg=5541,2026321&dq=hippies&hl=en|publisher=Syndicated column via The Montreal Gazette|access-date=July 10, 2014|date=June 11, 1963|quote=New York hippies have a new kick – baking marijuana in cookies...}}</ref>
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The origins of the terms '']'' and ''hep'' are uncertain. By the 1940s, both had become part of ] ] slang and meant "sophisticated; currently fashionable; fully up-to-date".<ref>To say "I'm hip to the situation" means "I'm aware of the situation. See: {{Citation| last = Sheidlower| first = Jesse | author-link = Jesse Sheidlower| date = December 8, 2004| title = Crying Wolof: Does the word hip really hail from a West African language?| work = ]| url = https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2004/12/the-real-history-of-hip.html | access-date = May 7, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=hep |title=Online Etymology Dictionary |website=Etymonline.com |access-date=February 3, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/hep |title=Hep - Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary |website=Merriam-webster.com |date=August 31, 2012 |access-date=February 3, 2014}}</ref> The Beats adopted the term ''hip'', and early hippies adopted the language and ] of the ]. Hippies created their own communities, listened to ], embraced the ], and many used drugs such as ] and ] to explore ].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Davis |first1=Fred |last2= Munoz|first2= Laura|date= June 1968|title= Heads and Freaks: Patterns and Meanings of Drug Use Among Hippies|journal=Journal of Health and Social Behavior |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages= 156–64|doi=10.2307/2948334|pmid=5745772 |jstor=2948334 |s2cid=27921802 |url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/4c8368a41d84aec2f5a3ab80a13a1daf53126743 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Allen|first1=James R. |last2= West|first2=Louis Jolyon |date=1968 |title=Flight from violence: Hippies and the green rebellion |journal=] |volume= 125|issue=3 |pages=364–370 |doi= 10.1176/ajp.125.3.364|pmid=5667202 }}</ref>
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In 1967, the ] in ], San Francisco, and the ]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://montereyinternationalpopfestival.com/|title=Monterey International Pop Festival|first=Monterey International Pop|last=Festival|website=Monterey International Pop Festival|access-date=2 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170622053934/https://montereyinternationalpopfestival.com/|archive-date=22 June 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>
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popularized hippie culture, leading to the ] on the West Coast of the United States, and the 1969 ] Festival on the East Coast. Hippies in Mexico, known as '']'', formed '']'' and gathered at ], while in New Zealand, nomadic ]s practiced alternative lifestyles and promoted sustainable energy at ]. In the United Kingdom in 1970, many gathered at the gigantic third ] with a crowd of around 400,000 people.<ref>"The attendance at the third Pop Festival at...Isle of Wight, England on 30 Aug 1970 was claimed by its promoters, Fiery Creations, to be 400,000." ''The Guinness book of Records, 1987'' (p. 91), Russell, Alan (ed.). ], 1986 {{ISBN|0851124399}}.</ref> In later years, mobile "peace convoys" of ] made summer ]s to free music festivals at ] and elsewhere. In Australia, hippies gathered at ] for the 1973 ] and the annual Cannabis Law Reform Rally or ]. "'']'' Festival", a major hippie event in Chile, was held in 1970.<ref>{{cite book|last=Purcell|first=Fernando|title=Ampliando miradas: Chile y su historia en un tiempo global|year=2009|publisher=RIL Editores|isbn=978-956-284-701-8|author2=Alfredo Riquelme|page=21}}</ref> Hippie and psychedelic culture influenced 1960s and early 1970s youth culture in ] countries in Eastern Europe (see '']'').<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/1347632.html|title=(Un)Civil Societies: September 3, 2007|website=Rferl.org}}</ref>
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Hippie fashion and values had a major effect on culture, influencing ], television, film, literature, and the arts. Since the 1960s, mainstream society has assimilated many aspects of hippie culture. The religious and ] the hippies espoused has gained widespread acceptance, and their pop versions of ] and Asiatic spiritual concepts have reached a larger group.
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The vast majority of people who had participated in the golden age of the hippie movement were those born during the 1940s. These included the youngest of the ] as well as the oldest of the ]; the latter who were the actual leaders of the movement as well as the pioneers of ].<ref>{{cite magazine |title=The Misconception About Baby Boomers and the Sixties |url=https://www.newyorker.com/culture/cultural-comment/the-misconception-about-baby-boomers-and-the-sixties |magazine=The New Yorker |access-date=20 December 2021 |date=18 August 2019}}</ref>
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==Etymology==
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{{main|Hippie (etymology)}}
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] in Russia, 2005]]
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] ], the principal American editor of the '']'', argues that the terms ''hipster'' and ''hippie'' are derived from the word '']'', whose origins are unknown.<ref>{{Citation
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| url = http://www.slate.com/id/2110811/
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}}</ref> The word ''hip'' in the sense of "aware, in the know" is first attested in a 1902 cartoon by ],<ref>Jonathan Lighter, ''Random House Dictionary of Historical Slang''</ref> and first appeared in prose in a 1904 novel by ]<ref>George Vere Hobart (January 16, 1867 – January 31, 1926)</ref> (1867–1926), ''Jim Hickey: A Story of the One-Night Stands'', where an African-American character uses the slang phrase "Are you hip?"
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The term ''hipster'' was coined by ] in 1944.<ref name="Harry The Hipster Gibson 1986">{{Citation
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| author = Harry "The Hipster" Gibson
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| year = 1986| title = Everybody's Crazy But Me646456456654151
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| series = The Hipster Story
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| publisher = Progressive Records
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| url = http://www.hyzercreek.com/harryautobio.htm
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| author-link = Harry Gibson
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}}</ref> By the 1940s, the terms ''hip'', ''hep'' and ''hepcat'' were popular in ] ] slang, although ''hep'' eventually came to denote an inferior status to ''hip''.<ref>Harry Gibson wrote: ''"At that time musicians used jive talk among themselves and many customers were picking up on it. One of these words was ''hep'' which described someone in the know. When lots of people started using ''hep'', musicians changed to ''hip''. I started calling people ''hipsters'' and greeted customers who dug the kind of jazz we were playing as 'all you hipsters.' Musicians at the club began calling me ''Harry the Hipster''; so I wrote a new tune called 'Handsome Harry the Hipster.'"'' -- "Everybody's Crazy But Me" (1986).</ref> In ] in the early 1960s, ], young ] advocates were named ''hips'' because they were considered "in the know" or "cool", as opposed to being '']'', meaning conventional and old-fashioned. In the April 27, 1961 issue of ], "An open letter to JFK & Fidel Castro", Norman Mailer utilizes the term hippies, in questioning JFK's behavior. In a 1961 essay, ] used both the terms ''hipster'' and ''hippies'' to refer to young people participating in black American or ] nightlife.<ref>Rexroth, Kenneth. (1961). "." ''Metronome''. Reprinted in ''Assays''</ref> According to ]'s 1964 autobiography, the word ''hippie'' in 1940s Harlem had been used to describe a ] who "acted more ] than Negroes".<ref>Booth, Martin (2004), ''Cannabis: A History, St. Martin's Press'', p. 212.</ref> ] refers to "all the Chicago hippies," seemingly about black blues/R&B musicians, in his rear ] to the 1965 LP '']''
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Although the word ''hippies'' made other isolated appearances in print during the early 1960s, the first use of the term on the West Coast appeared in the article "A New Paradise for ]" (in the '']'', issue of September 5, 1965) by San Francisco journalist Michael Fallon. In that article, Fallon wrote about the Blue Unicorn Cafe (]) (located at 1927 Hayes Street in the Haight-Ashbury district of San Francisco), using the term ''hippie'' to refer to the new generation of beatniks who had moved from ] into the ] district.<ref name=pc42>{{Gilliland |url=https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc19801/m1/ |title=Show 42 - The Acid Test: Defining 'hippy' |show=42 |track=1}}</ref><ref>Use of the term "hippie" did not become widespread in the ] until early 1967, after '']'' ] ] began to use the term; See "Take a Hippie to Lunch Today", S.F. Chronicle, January 20, 1967, p. 37. San Francisco Chronicle, January 18, 1967 column, p. 27</ref>
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==History==
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{{main|History of the hippie movement}}
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===Origins===
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]]]
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A July 1968 ] study on hippie philosophy credited the foundation of the hippie movement with historical precedent as far back as the ] of India, the spiritual seekers who had renounced the world and materialistic pursuits by taking "]". Even the counterculture of the Ancient Greeks, espoused by philosophers like ] and the ] were also early forms of hippie culture.<ref name="Time_1968">{{Citation
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| title = The Hippies
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| newspaper = ]
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| date = July 7, 1968
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| url = http://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,899555-1,00.html
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| access-date = 2007-08-24
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}}</ref> It also named as notable influences the religious and spiritual teachings of ], ], ], ], ], ] and ].<ref name="Time_1968" />
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The first signs of modern "proto-hippies" emerged at the turn of the 19th century in Europe. Late 1890s to early 1900s, a German youth movement arose as a countercultural reaction to the organized social and cultural clubs that centered around "German folk music". Known as '']'' ("wandering bird"), this hippie movement opposed the formality of traditional German clubs, instead emphasizing folk music and singing, creative dress, and outdoor life involving hiking and camping.<ref>{{Citation
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| title = Music, Power, and Politics
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| chapter = The Power to Influence Minds
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| pages = 66–67
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| publisher = Routledge
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| year = 2005
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| isbn = 0-415-94364-7
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| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=jXdWmAEACAAJ
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}}</ref> Inspired by the works of ], ], and ], Wandervogel attracted thousands of young Germans who rejected the rapid trend toward urbanization and yearned for the ], back-to-nature spiritual life of their ancestors.<ref name="Kennedy_Ryan">{{Citation
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| title = Hippie Roots & The Perennial Subculture
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| year = 2003
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| url = http://www.hippy.com/php/article-243.html
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| access-date = 2007-08-31
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}}. See also: {{harvnb|Kennedy|1998}}.</ref> During the first several decades of the 20th century, Germans settled around the United States, bringing the values of this German youth culture. Some opened the first ]s, and many moved to ] where they introduced an alternative lifestyle. One group, called the "Nature Boys", took to the California desert and raised organic food, espousing a back-to-nature lifestyle like the Wandervogel.<ref name=LAT081004>Elaine Woo, , ''Los Angeles Times'', August 10, 2004, Accessed December 22, 2008.</ref> Songwriter ] wrote a hit song called '']'' inspired by Robert Bootzin (]), who helped popularize health-consciousness, ], and ] in the United States.
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] posing in front of a piece of beatnik art, 1959. The ] are seen as a predecessor to the hippie movement]]
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The hippie movement in the United States began as a youth movement. Composed mostly of white teenagers and young adults between 15 and 25 years old,<ref>]. "Hippies." ''World Book Online Reference Center''. 2006. Retrieved on 2006-10-12. "Hippies were members of a youth movement...from white middle-class families and ranged in age from 15 to 25 years old."</ref><ref name="Dudley_2000_193194">{{harvnb|Dudley|2000|pp=193–194}}.</ref> hippies inherited a tradition of cultural dissent from ] and ] of the ] in the late 1950s.<ref name="Dudley_2000_193194"/> Beats like ] crossed over from the beat movement and became fixtures of the burgeoning hippie and ]s. By 1965, hippies had become an established ] in the U.S., and the movement eventually expanded to other countries,<ref name="Hirsch_1993_419">{{harvnb|Hirsch|1993|p=419}}. Hirsch describes hippies as: "Members of a cultural protest that began in the U.S. in the 1960s and affected Europe before fading in the 1970s...fundamentally a cultural rather than a political protest."</ref><ref name="Pendergast_2005">{{harvnb|Pendergast|Pendergast|2005}}. Pendergast writes: "The Hippies made up the...nonpolitical subgroup of a larger group known as the counterculture...the counterculture included several distinct groups...One group, called the New Left...Another broad group called...the Civil Rights Movement...did not become a recognizable social group until after 1965...according to John C. McWilliams, author of ''The 1960s Cultural Revolution''."</ref> extending as far as the United Kingdom and Europe, Australia, Canada, New Zealand, Japan, ], and Brazil.<ref name="Stone_1994">{{harvnb|Stone|1999|loc=}}</ref> The hippie ethos influenced ] and others in the United Kingdom and other parts of Europe, and they in turn influenced their American counterparts.<ref>August 28 - Bob Dylan turns The Beatles on to cannabis for the second time. See also: {{Citation
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}};{{Citation
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| title = Tony Blair: Child Of The Hippie Generation
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| date = September 25, 2006
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}}</ref> Hippie culture spread worldwide through a fusion of ], ], ], and ]; it also found expression in literature, the dramatic arts, ], and the visual arts, including film, posters advertising rock concerts, and ] covers.<ref>{{Citation|title=Light My Fire: Rock Posters from the Summer of Love |publisher=] |year=2006 |url=http://www.mfa.org/exhibitions/sub.asp?key=15&subkey=2147 |access-date=2007-08-25 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070815092511/http://www.mfa.org/exhibitions/sub.asp?key=15&subkey=2147 |archive-date=August 15, 2007 }}</ref> In 1968, self-described hippies represented just under 0.2% of the U.S. population<ref name="Booth_2004_214">{{harvnb|Booth|2004|p=214}}.</ref> and dwindled away by mid-1970s.<ref name="Hirsch_1993_419"/>
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Along with the ] and the ], the hippie movement was one of three dissenting groups of the 1960s counterculture.<ref name="Pendergast_2005" /> Hippies rejected established institutions, criticized ] values, opposed ] and the ], embraced aspects of ],<ref name="Oldmeadow_2004_260269">{{harvnb|Oldmeadow|2004|pp=260, 264}}.</ref> championed ], were often ] and ], promoted the use of ]s which they believed expanded one's consciousness, and created ] or communes. They used alternative arts, ], ], and ] as a part of their lifestyle and as a way of expressing their feelings, their protests, and their vision of the world and life. Hippies opposed political and social orthodoxy, choosing a gentle and nondoctrinaire ideology that favored peace, love, and personal freedom,<ref name="Time-Life Books_1998_137">{{harvnb|Stolley|1998|pp=137}}.</ref><ref>] ] envisioned a different society: "...where people share things, and we don't need money; where you have the machines for the people. A free society, that's really what it amounts to... a free society built on life; but life is not some ''Time Magazine'', hippie version of fagdom... we will attempt to build that society..." See: Swatez, Gerald. Miller, Kaye. (1970). '''' Anagram Pictures. University of Illinois at Chicago Circle. Social Sciences Research Film Unit. qtd at ~16:48. The speaker is not explicitly identified, but it is thought to be Abbie Hoffman. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080315025043/http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-3077305241438405731 |date=March 15, 2008 }}</ref> expressed for example in ]' song "]".<ref>{{Citation
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| title = Come Together: John Lennon in His Time
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| year = 1991
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}}: "Seven hundred million people heard it in a worldwide TV satellite broadcast. It became the anthem of flower power that summer...The song expressed the highest value of the counterculture...For the hippies, however, it represented a call for liberation from Protestant culture, with its repressive sexual taboos and its insistence on emotional restraint...The song presented the ] critique of movement politics: there was nothing you could do that couldn't be done by others; thus you didn't need to do anything...John was arguing not only against bourgeois self-denial and future-mindedness but also against the activists' sense of urgency and their strong personal commitments to fighting injustice and oppression..."</ref> Hippies perceived the dominant culture as a corrupt, monolithic entity that exercised undue power over their lives, calling this culture "]", "]", or "]".<ref name="Yablonsky_1968_106107">{{harvnb|Yablonsky|1968|pp=106–107}}.</ref><ref>Theme appears in contemporaneous interviews throughout {{harvtxt|Yablonsky|1968}}.</ref><ref name="McCleary_2004_50166323">{{harvnb|McCleary|2004|pp=50, 166, 323}}.</ref> Noting that they were "seekers of meaning and value", scholars like ] have described hippies as a ].<ref name="Dudley_2000_203206">{{harvnb|Dudley|2000|pp=203–206}}. ] notes that the counterculture was a "movement of seekers of meaning and value...the historic quest of any religion." Miller quotes ], William C. Shepard, ], and ] in support of the view of the hippie movement as a new religion. See also ]'s ''The Big Bang, The Buddha, and the Baby Boom'': "At its core, however, hippie was a spiritual phenomenon, a big, unfocused, revival meeting." Nisker cites the ''San Francisco Oracle'', which described the Human Be-In as a "spiritual revolution".</ref>
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There are echoes of the term "hippie" in "]" (with particular cultural currency as a 1950s fashion trend) and "]" (1980s), both of which embraced rather than rejected establishment culture.
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===1958–1967: Early hippies===
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[[File:Furthur 02.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.25|{{poemquote|Escapin' through the lily fields
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The bus came by and I got on
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There was cowboy Neal
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At the wheel
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Of a bus to never-ever land}} – ], lyrics from "That's It for the Other One"<ref name="Dodd 1998">{{Citation
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During the late 1950s and early 1960s, novelist ] and the ] lived communally first in Oregon and after the 1962 success of his novel ] in his San Francisco villa. Members included Beat Generation hero ], ], ], ], ], ], ], Sandy Lehmann-Haupt and others. Their adventures were documented in ]'s book '']''. With Cassady at the wheel of a school bus named ], the Merry Pranksters traveled across the United States to celebrate the publication of Kesey's novel '']'' and to visit the 1964 ] in New York City. The Merry Pranksters were known for using ], ], and ], and during their journey they "turned on" many people to these ]. The Merry Pranksters filmed and audio-taped their bus trips, creating an immersive ] experience that would later be presented to the public in the form of festivals and concerts. The ] wrote a song about the Merry Pranksters' bus trips called "That's It for the Other One".<ref name="Dodd 1998"/>
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In 1961, ] and his wife Szou established in ] a clothing boutique which was credited with being one of the first to introduce "hippie" fashions.<ref name=scram>{{cite web |url = http://www.scrammagazine.com/franzoni |title = Carl Franzoni, Last of the Freaks |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060621124240/http://www.scrammagazine.com/franzoni |archive-date=21 June 2006 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=rogan>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VLCw5BbrTwkC&q=%22vito+paulekas%22&pg=PA66|title=The Byrds: Timeless Flight Revisited : the Sequel|first=Johnny|last=Rogan|page=66|date=August 31, 1997|publisher=Rogan House|via=Google Books|isbn=9780952954019}}</ref><ref name=walker>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aYbZZUAOpdAC&q=%22vito+paulekas%22&pg=PA14|title=Laurel Canyon: The Inside Story of Rock-and-Roll's Legendary Neighborhood|first=Michael|last=Walker|page=14|date=May 1, 2010|publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux|via=Google Books|isbn=9781429932936}}</ref>
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During this period ] in New York City and ], California anchored the American folk music circuit.
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Berkeley's two coffee houses, "the Cabale Creamery" and "the Jabberwock", sponsored performances by folk music artists in a beat setting.<ref>{{Citation
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| title = The History of The Jabberwock
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In April 1963, Chandler A. Laughlin III, co-founder of the Cabale Creamery,<ref>{{Citation
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}}</ref> established a kind of tribal, family identity among approximately fifty people who attended a traditional, all-night ] ] ceremony in a rural setting. This ceremony combined a ] with traditional Native American spiritual values; these people went on to sponsor a unique genre of musical expression and performance at the "Red Dog Saloon" in the isolated, old-time mining town of ], Nevada.<ref name="Works" />
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During the summer of 1965, Laughlin recruited much of the original talent that led to a unique amalgam of traditional folk music and the developing psychedelic rock scene.<ref name="Works">{{Citation
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}}</ref> He and his cohorts created at this very place what became known as "]", featuring previously unknown musical acts—], ], ], ], ], and others—who played in the completely refurbished, intimate setting of Nevada, Virginia City's "Red Dog Saloon". There was no clear delineation between "performers" and "audience" in "The Red Dog Experience", during which music, psychedelic experimentation, a unique sense of personal style, and Bill Ham's first primitive light shows combined to create a new sense of community.<ref name="Ham">{{Citation
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}}</ref> Laughlin and George Hunter of the Charlatans were true "proto-hippies", with their ], boots, and outrageous clothing of 19th-century American (and Native American) heritage.<ref name="Works"/> LSD manufacturer ] lived in Berkeley during 1965 and provided much of the LSD that became a seminal part of the "Red Dog Experience", the early evolution of psychedelic rock and budding hippie culture. At the "Red Dog Saloon", The Charlatans were the first psychedelic rock band to play live (albeit unintentionally) loaded on LSD.<ref name="Lau">{{Citation
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When they returned to San Francisco, "Red Dog" participants Luria Castell, Ellen Harman and ] created a collective called "The Family Dog."<ref name="Works"/> Modeled on their "Red Dog experiences", on October 16, 1965, the "Family Dog" hosted "]" at Longshoreman's Hall.<ref name="Grunenberg_2005_325">{{harvnb|Grunenberg|Harris|2005|p=325}}.</ref> Attended by approximately one thousand of the Bay Area's original "hippies", this was San Francisco's first ] performance, costumed dance and light show, featuring ], ] and The Marbles.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2007/05/20/MNG2NPUD1C1.DTL&ao=all | work=The San Francisco Chronicle | first=Joel | last=Selvin | title=Summer of Love: 40 Years Later / 1967: The stuff that myths are made of | date=June 24, 2011}}</ref> Two other events followed before year's end, one at "California Hall" and one at "the Matrix".<ref name="Works" /> After the first three "Family Dog" events, a much larger psychedelic event occurred at San Francisco's "Longshoreman's Hall". Called "The ]", it took place on January 21 – 23, 1966, and was organized by ], ], ] and others. Ten thousand people attended this sold-out event, with a thousand more turned away each night.<ref name="Tamony_1981_98">{{harvnb|Tamony|1981|p=98}}.</ref> On Saturday January 22, the ] and ] came on stage, and six thousand people arrived to imbibe punch spiked with LSD and to witness one of the first fully developed light shows of the era.<ref>{{Citation|last=Dodgson |first=Rick |title=Prankster History Project |website=Pranksterweb.org |year=2001 |url=http://www.pranksterweb.org/trips.htm |access-date=2007-10-19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011133826/http://pranksterweb.org/trips.htm |archive-date=October 11, 2007 }}</ref>
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| quote = It is nothing new. We have a private revolution going on. A revolution of individuality and diversity that can only be private. Upon becoming a group movement, such a revolution ends up with imitators rather than participants...It is essentially a striving for ''realization'' of one's ''relationship'' to life and other people...
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|source= Bob Stubbs, "Unicorn Philosophy"<ref name="Perry_2005_18">{{harvnb|Perry|2005|p=18}}.</ref>}}
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By February 1966, the "Family Dog" became "Family Dog Productions" under organizer ], promoting happenings at the ] and the ] in initial cooperation with ]. The Avalon Ballroom, the Fillmore Auditorium, and other venues provided settings where participants could partake of the full psychedelic music experience. Bill Ham, who had pioneered the original "Red Dog" light shows, perfected his art of ], which combined light shows and film projection and became ] with the "San Francisco ballroom experience".<ref name="Works" /><ref name="Grunenberg_2005_156">{{harvnb|Grunenberg|Harris|2005|p=156}}.</ref> The sense of style and costume that began at the "Red Dog Saloon" flourished when ] went out of business and hippies bought up its costume stock, reveling in the freedom to dress up for weekly musical performances at their favorite ballrooms. As ''San Francisco Chronicle'' music columnist ] put it, "They danced all night long, orgiastic, spontaneous and completely free form."<ref name="Works" />
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Some of the earliest San Francisco hippies were former students at ]<ref>The college was later renamed San Francisco State University.</ref> who became intrigued by the developing psychedelic hippie music scene.<ref name="Works" /> These students joined the bands they loved, living communally in the large, inexpensive ] apartments in the ].<ref name="Perry_2005_57">{{harvnb|Perry|2005|pp=5–7}}. Perry writes that San Francisco State College students rented cheap, Edwardian-Victorians houses and appartments in the Haight.</ref> Young Americans around the country began moving to San Francisco, and by June 1966, around 15,000 hippies had moved into the Haight.<ref name="Tompkins_2001b" /> ], ], ], and the ] all moved to San Francisco's Haight-Ashbury neighborhood during this period. Activity centered around the ], a guerrilla street ] group that combined spontaneous street theatre, anarchistic action, and ] in their agenda to create a "free city". By late 1966, ] opened ] which simply gave away their stock, provided free food, distributed free drugs, gave away money, organized free music concerts, and performed works of political art.<ref name="Lytle_2006_213215">{{harvnb|Lytle|2006|pp=213, 215}}.</ref>
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On October 6, 1966, the state of California declared LSD a controlled substance, which made the drug illegal.<ref name="Columbia">{{Citation
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| title = The Columbia Guide to America in the 1960s
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| page = 145
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| year = 2001
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}}</ref> In response to the criminalization of LSD, San Francisco hippies staged a gathering in the ], called the ],<ref name="Columbia" /> attracting an estimated 700–800 people.<ref>{{Citation
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| title = The Portable Sixties Reader
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| publisher = Penguin Classics
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| year = 2003
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| isbn = 0-14-200194-5
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}}</ref> As explained by Allan Cohen, co-founder of the '']'', the purpose of the rally was twofold: to draw attention to the fact that LSD had just been made illegal—and to demonstrate that people who used LSD were not criminals, nor were they mentally ill. The Grateful Dead played, and some sources claim that LSD was consumed at the rally. According to Cohen, those who took LSD "were not guilty of using illegal substances...We were celebrating transcendental consciousness, the beauty of the universe, the beauty of being."<ref name="Lee_Shlain_1992_149">{{harvnb|Lee|Shlain|1992|p=149}}.</ref>
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In ], ], the ], also known as the "hippie riots", were a series of early ]-era clashes that took place between police and young people in 1966 and continuing on and off through the early 1970s. In 1966, annoyed residents and business owners in the district had encouraged the passage of strict (10:00&nbsp;p.m.) ] and ] laws to reduce the traffic congestion resulting from crowds of young club patrons.<ref name="LATimes 2007-08-05">{{cite news| first = Cecilia| last = Rasmussen| date = August 5, 2007| title = Closing of club ignited the 'Sunset Strip riots' | newspaper = ] | url = http://articles.latimes.com/2007/aug/05/local/me-then5}}</ref> This was perceived by young, local rock music fans as an infringement on their ], and on Saturday, November 12, 1966, fliers were distributed along the Strip inviting people to demonstrate later that day. Hours before the protest one of the rock 'n' roll radio stations in L.A. announced there would be a rally at ], a club at the corner of ] and Crescent Heights, and cautioned people to tread carefully.<ref name="Priore 2007">{{cite book| last = Priore| first = Domenic| year = 2007| title = Riot on Sunset Strip: Rock 'n' Roll's Last Stand in Hollywood| publisher = Jawbone Press| isbn = 978-1-906002-04-6}}</ref> The '']'' reported that as many as 1,000 youthful demonstrators, including such celebrities as ] and ] (who was afterward handcuffed by police), erupted in protest against the perceived repressive enforcement of these recently invoked curfew laws.<ref name="LATimes 2007-08-05"/> This incident provided the basis for the 1967 low-budget teen ] '']'', and inspired multiple songs including the famous ] song "]".<ref name=Stone>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/features/for-what-its-worth-inside-buffalo-springfield-classic-w449685|magazine=]|title='For What It's Worth': Inside Buffalo Springfield's Classic Protest Song|author=David Browne|date=November 11, 2016|access-date=August 29, 2017|archive-date=June 12, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612141515/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/features/for-what-its-worth-inside-buffalo-springfield-classic-w449685|url-status=dead}}</ref>
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===1967: Human Be-In, Summer of Love, and rise to prevalence===
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{{Main|Summer of Love}}
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]
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On January 14, 1967, the outdoor ] organized by ]<ref>"Chronology of San Francisco Rock 1965-1969"</ref> helped to popularize hippie culture across the United States, with 20,000 to 30,000 hippies gathering in San Francisco's Golden Gate Park.
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On March 26, 1967, ], ] and 10,000 hippies came together in ] for the ] on ].<ref>{{cite magazine|last=DeCurtis|first=Anthony|date=July 12, 2007|title=New York|magazine=Rolling Stone|issue=1030/1031}} For additional sources, see:<br />– {{cite news|last=McNeill|first=Don|url=https://www.villagevoice.com/2010/02/05/the-1967-central-park-be-in-a-medieval-pageant/|title=Central Park Rite is Medieval Pageant|work=The Village Voice|date=March 30, 1967|pages=1, 20}}<br />– {{cite news|last=Weintraub|first=Bernard|title=Easter: A Day of Worship, a "Be-In" or just Parading in the Sun"|work=The New York Times|date=March 27, 1967|pages=1, 24}}<br />– {{cite web|title=Be-In, be-in, Being|first=Don|last=McNeill|date=2017|orig-date=March 30, 1967|work=The Village Voice|url= http://www.villagevoice.com/specials/0543,50thmcneill,69181,31.html|access-date=2008-04-18|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080128161935/http://www.villagevoice.com/specials/0543,50thmcneill,69181,31.html|archive-date=January 28, 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref>
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The ] from June 16 to June 18 1967 introduced the rock music of the counterculture to a wide audience and marked the start of the "Summer of Love".<ref name="Dudley_2000_254">{{harvnb|Dudley|2000|pp=254}}.</ref>
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]'s rendition of ]' song, "]", became a hit in the United States and Europe. The lyrics, "If you're going to San Francisco, be sure to wear some flowers in your hair", inspired thousands of young people from all over the world to travel to San Francisco, sometimes wearing flowers in their hair and distributing flowers to passersby, earning them the name, "]". Bands like the ], ] (with ]), and ] lived in the Haight.
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| align = left | quote = According to the hippies, LSD was the glue that held the Haight together. It was the hippie sacrament, a mind detergent capable of washing away years of social programming, a re-imprinting device, a consciousness-expander, a tool that would push us up the evolutionary ladder.
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In June 1967, ] was approached by "a distinguished magazine"<ref name=Caen/> to write about why hippies were attracted to San Francisco. He declined the assignment but interviewed hippies in the Haight for his own newspaper column in the '']''. Caen determined that, "Except in their music, they couldn't care less about the approval of the straight world."<ref name=Caen/> Caen himself felt that the city of San Francisco was so straight that it provided a visible contrast with hippie culture.<ref name=Caen>SFGate.com. Archive. Herb Caen, June 25, 1967. . Retrieved on June 4, 2009.</ref>
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On July 7, 1967 '']'' magazine featured a cover story entitled, "The Hippies: The Philosophy of a Subculture." The article described the guidelines of the hippie code:{{blockquote | "Do your own thing, wherever you have to do it and whenever you want. Drop out. Leave society as you have known it. Leave it utterly. Blow the mind of every straight person you can reach. Turn them on, if not to drugs, then to beauty, love, honesty, fun."}}<ref name="Marty_1997_125">{{harvnb|Marty|1997|pp=125}}.</ref>
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It is estimated that around 100,000 people traveled to San Francisco in the summer of 1967. The media was right behind them, casting a spotlight on the Haight-Ashbury district and popularizing the "hippie" label. With this increased attention, hippies found support for their ideals of love and peace but were also criticized for their anti-work, pro-drug, and permissive ethos.{{citation needed|date=September 2011}}
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| image1 = <ref>{{cite web |title=Death of Hippie: An end to the Summer of Love |url=https://exhibits.library.ucsc.edu/exhibits/show/love-on-haight/death-of-hippie |website=· Love on Haight: The Grateful Dead and San Francisco in 1967 |publisher=Digital Exhibits UCSC Library |access-date=20 January 2021 |quote=Sign reads: "Funeral Notice: HIPPIE. In the Haight Ashbury District of this city. Hippie, devoted son of Mass Media. Friends are invited to attend service beginning at sunrise, October 6, 1967 at Buena Vista Park."}}</ref>
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At this point, ] had released their groundbreaking album '']'' which was quickly embraced by the hippie movement with its colorful psychedelic sonic imagery.<ref>''Sgt. Pepper and the Beatles: It Was Forty Years Ago Today'', Julien, Olivier. Ashgate, 2009. {{ISBN|978-0754667087}}.</ref>
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In 1967 ] brought the Haight Ashbury hippie and psychedelic scene to ], when he opened the ], modeled on his ] in San Francisco. The music venue created a nexus for the hippie movement in the western-minded Denver, which led to serious conflicts with city leaders, parents and the police, who saw the hippie movement as dangerous. The resulting legal actions and pressure caused Helms and Bob Cohen to close the venue at the end of that year.<ref>{{Cite web|date=August 16, 2017|title=The Mystery of the Family Dog, Denver's Most Storied Rock Venue|url=https://www.westword.com/music/the-tale-of-the-dog-tells-the-story-of-the-family-dog-the-rock-venue-9369088|website=]}}</ref>
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By the end of the summer, the Haight-Ashbury scene had deteriorated. The incessant media coverage led ] to declare the "death" of the hippie with a parade.<ref>{{Citation|first=Barry |last=Miles|year=2003 |title=Hippie|publisher=Sterling Press|isbn=1-4027-1442-4|pages=210–211}}</ref><ref>{{Citation
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| title = October Sixth Nineteen Hundred and Sixty Seven
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| publisher = San Francisco Diggers
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| date = October 6, 1967
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}}</ref><ref name="Bodroghkozy">{{Citation|last=Bodroghkozy|first=Aniko|title=Groove Tube: Sixties Television and the Youth Rebellion|publisher=]|year=2001|page=|isbn=0-8223-2645-0|url=https://archive.org/details/groovetubesixtie00bodr/page/92}}</ref> According to poet Susan 'Stormi' Chambless, the hippies buried an effigy of a hippie in the ] to demonstrate the end of his/her reign. Haight-Ashbury could not accommodate the influx of crowds (mostly naive youngsters) with no place to live. Many took to living on the street, panhandling and drug-dealing. There were problems with malnourishment, disease, and drug addiction. Crime and violence skyrocketed. None of these trends reflected what the hippies had envisioned.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hippiedictionary.com/excerpts.html |title=The Hippie Dictionary, about the 60s and 70s |website=Hippiedictionary.com |access-date=2012-11-21}}</ref>
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By the end of 1967, many of the hippies and musicians who initiated the Summer of Love had moved on. ] ] had once visited Haight-Ashbury and found it to be just a haven for dropouts, inspiring him to give up LSD.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.sfgate.com/news/article/George-Harrison-dies-after-long-fight-with-cancer-2848664.php|title=George Harrison dies after long fight with cancer|work=SFGate|access-date=2017-10-26}}</ref> Misgivings about the hippie culture, particularly with regard to substance use and lenient morality, fueled the ]s of the late 1960s.<ref>{{Citation
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===1967–1969: Revolution and peak of influence===
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], attending a ] organized event, approximately five miles north of the ]. The band ] can be seen playing.]]
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By 1968, hippie-influenced fashions were beginning to take off in the mainstream, especially for youths and younger adults of the populous ] generation, many of whom may have aspired to emulate the hardcore movements now living in tribalistic communes, but had no overt connections to them. This was noticed not only in terms of clothes and also longer hair for men, but also in music, film, art, and literature, and not just in the US, but around the world. ]'s brief presidential campaign successfully persuaded a significant minority of young adults to "get clean for Gene" by shaving their beards or wearing longer skirts; however the "Clean Genes" had little impact on the popular image in the media spotlight, of the hirsute hippy adorned in beads, feathers, flowers and bells.
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A sign of this was the visibility that the hippie subculture gained in various mainstream and underground media. ] are 1960s ] about the hippie counterculture<ref>{{cite web |url=http://thesocietyofthespectacle.com/2009/04/mondo-mod-worlds-of-hippie-revolt-and-other-weirdness/ |title=Mondo Mod Worlds Of Hippie Revolt (And Other Weirdness) |website=Thesocietyofthespectacle.com |date=April 5, 2009 |access-date=2014-02-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112091111/http://thesocietyofthespectacle.com/2009/04/mondo-mod-worlds-of-hippie-revolt-and-other-weirdness/ |archive-date=November 12, 2013 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }}</ref> with stereotypical situations associated with the movement such as ] and ] use, sex and wild psychedelic parties. Examples include '']'', '']'', '']'', and '']''. Other more serious and more critically acclaimed films about the hippie counterculture also appeared such as '']'' and '']''. (See also: ].) Documentaries and television programs have also been produced until today as well as ]. The popular Broadway musical '']'' was presented in 1967.
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People commonly label other cultural movements of that period as hippie, however there are differences. For example, hippies were often not directly engaged in politics, as contrasted with "Yippies" (Youth International Party), an activist organization. The ] came to national attention during their celebration of the 1968 spring equinox, when some 3,000 of them took over ] in New York—eventually resulting in 61 arrests. The Yippies, especially their leaders ] and ], became notorious for their theatrics, such as trying to levitate the Pentagon at the October 1967 war protest, and such slogans as "Rise up and abandon the creeping meatball!" Their stated intention to protest the ] in Chicago in August, including nominating their own candidate, "]" (an actual pig), was also widely publicized in the media at this time.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,900067,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080407222801/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,900067,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=April 7, 2008 |title="The Politics of Yip", ''TIME Magazine'', Apr. 5, 1968 |website=Time.com |date=April 5, 1968 |access-date=2014-02-03}}</ref>
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In ] hippies congregated each Sunday for a large "be-in" at Cambridge Common with swarms of drummers and those beginning the Women's Movement. In the US the Hippie movement started to be seen as part of the "]" which was associated with anti-war college campus protest movements.<ref name="Carmines and Layman" /> The New Left was a term used mainly in the United Kingdom and United States in reference to ], ]s, ] and others in the 1960s and 1970s who sought to implement a broad range of reforms on issues such as gay rights, abortion, gender roles and drugs<ref name="Carmines and Layman">Carmines, Edward G., and Geoffrey C. Layman. 1997. "Issue Evolution in Postwar American Politics". In Byron Shafer, ed., ''Present Discontents''. NJ: Chatham House Publishers.</ref> in contrast to earlier leftist or Marxist movements that had taken a more ] approach to social justice and focused mostly on ] and questions of ].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3nJUwFqRLTwC&q=new+left+cynthia+kaufman&pg=PA275|title=Ideas for Action: Relevant Theory for Radical Change|first=Cynthia|last=Kaufman|date=2 March 2019|page=275|publisher=South End Press|access-date=2 March 2019|via=Google Books|isbn=9780896086937}}</ref><ref><br />], "The Left's Lost Universalism". In Arthur M. Melzer, Jerry Weinberger and M. Richard Zinman, eds., ''Politics at the Turn of the Century'', pp.&nbsp;3–26 (Lanham, MD: ], 2001).<br />{{Cite journal|author=Grant Farred|author-link=Grant Farred|year=2000|title=Endgame Identity? Mapping the New Left Roots of Identity Politics|journal=]|volume=31|issue=4|pages=627–648|jstor=20057628|doi=10.1353/nlh.2000.0045|s2cid=144650061}}</ref>
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In April 1969, the building of ] in Berkeley, California received international attention. The ] had demolished all the buildings on a {{convert|2.8|acre|m2|adj=on}} parcel near campus, intending to use the land to build playing fields and a parking lot. After a long delay, during which the site became a dangerous eyesore, thousands of ordinary Berkeley citizens, merchants, students, and hippies took matters into their own hands, planting trees, shrubs, flowers and grass to convert the land into a park. A major confrontation ensued on May 15, 1969, when Governor ] ordered the park destroyed, which led to a two-week occupation of the city of Berkeley by the ].<ref name="Wollenberg">{{Citation|last=Wollenberg |first=Charles |title=Berkeley, A City in History |publisher=] |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-520-25307-0 |url=http://www.berkeleypubliclibrary.org/system/Chapter9.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080705015337/http://www.berkeleypubliclibrary.org/system/Chapter9.html |archive-date=July 5, 2008 }}</ref><ref name=hayward_2001>{{Citation|last=Hayward|first=Steven F.|title=The Age of Reagan, 1964-1980: The Fall of the Old Liberal Order|year=2001|publisher=Prima Publishing|location=Roseville, California|isbn=978-0-7615-1337-7|oclc=47667257|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0BafgsBIlrwC&pg=PA325|access-date=January 31, 2011|page=325}}</ref> ] came into its own during this occupation as hippies engaged in acts of ] to plant flowers in empty lots all over Berkeley under the slogan "Let a Thousand Parks Bloom".
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] giving the opening talk at the Woodstock Festival of 1969]]
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In August 1969, the ] took place in ], New York, which for many, exemplified the best of hippie counterculture. Over 500,000 people arrived<ref name="Dean">{{Citation|last=Dean|first=Maury|author-link=Maury Dean |title=Rock 'N' Roll Gold Rush|publisher=Algora Publishing|year=2003|page=243|isbn=0-87586-207-1}}</ref> to hear some of the most notable musicians and bands of the era, among them ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], and ]. ]'s ] provided security and attended to practical needs, and the hippie ideals of love and human fellowship seemed to have gained real-world expression. Similar rock festivals occurred in other parts of the country, which played a significant role in spreading hippie ideals throughout America.<ref>Mankin, Bill. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219032259/http://likethedew.com/2012/03/04/we-can-all-join-in-how-rock-festivals-helped-change-america/ |date=2013-12-19 }}. Like the Dew. 2012.</ref>
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In December 1969, a rock festival took place in ], California, about 45&nbsp;km (30 miles ) east of San Francisco. Initially billed as "Woodstock West", its official name was ]. About 300,000 people gathered to hear ]; ]; ] and other bands. The ] provided security that proved far less benevolent than the security provided at the Woodstock event: 18-year-old ] was stabbed and killed by one of the Hells Angels during The Rolling Stones' performance after he brandished a gun and waved it toward the stage.<ref name="Lee">{{cite news|url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/archive/2005/05/26/ALTAMONT.TMP |title=Altamont 'cold case' is being closed |last=Lee |first=Henry K. |date=May 26, 2005 |newspaper=] |access-date=2008-09-11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080626200756/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=%2Fchronicle%2Farchive%2F2005%2F05%2F26%2FALTAMONT.TMP |archive-date=June 26, 2008 }}</ref>
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===1969–present: Aftershocks, absorption into the mainstream, and new developments===
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By the 1970s, the 1960s ] that had spawned hippie culture seemed to be on the wane.<ref name="Bugliosi_1994">{{harvnb|Bugliosi|Gentry|1994|pp=638–640}}.</ref><ref>Bugliosi (1994) describes the popular view that the Manson case "sounded the death knell for hippies and all they symbolically represented", citing ], ], and '']''. Bugliosi admits that although the Manson murders "may have hastened" the end of the hippie era, the era was already in decline.</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/13/opinion/sunday/the-entrepreneurial-generation.html?_r=2&pagewanted=all&smid=fb-share | work=The New York Times | title=Generation Sell | date=November 12, 2011 | access-date=2011-12-03 | first1=William | last1=Deresiewics}}</ref> The events at ] shocked many Americans,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/On-This-Day--Deaths-at-Rolling-Stones--Altamont-Concert-Shocks-the-Nation.html |title=On This Day: Four Die at Rolling Stones' Altamont Concert |website=Findingdulcinea.com |access-date=2012-11-21 |archive-date=2011-04-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429194408/http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/On-This-Day--Deaths-at-Rolling-Stones--Altamont-Concert-Shocks-the-Nation.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> including those who had strongly identified with hippie culture. Another shock came in the form of the ] and ] murders committed in August 1969 by ] and his "family" of followers. Nevertheless, the turbulent political atmosphere that featured the bombing of Cambodia and shootings by ] at ] and ] still brought people together. These shootings inspired the May 1970 song by ] "What About Me?", where they sang, "You keep adding to my numbers as you shoot my people down", as well as ]'s "]", a song that protested the ], recorded by ].
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Much of hippie style had been integrated into mainstream American society by the early 1970s.<ref name="Tompkins_2001a">{{harvnb|Tompkins|2001a}}.</ref><ref name="Morford">{{Citation
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| title = The Hippies Were right!
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| date = May 2, 2007
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}}</ref> Large rock concerts that originated with the 1967 KFRC ] and ] and the British ] in 1968 became the norm, evolving into ] in the process. The anti-war movement reached its peak at the ] as over 12,000 protesters were arrested in Washington, D.C.; President Nixon himself actually ventured out of the White House and chatted with a group of the hippie protesters. The draft was ended soon thereafter, in January 1973. During the mid-late 1970s, with the ] of the draft and the ], a renewal of ] sentiment associated with the approach of the ], the decline in popularity of psychedelic rock, and the emergence of new genres such as ], ], ], and ], the mainstream media lost interest in the hippie counterculture. At the same time there was ], ]s, ] and the emergence of new youth cultures, like the ]s, ] (an arty offshoot of punk), and ]; starting in the late 1960s in Britain, hippies had begun to come under attack by skinheads.<ref>{{Citation | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=iS4hsxKiMNgC&q=Hippie+bashing+by+skinheads&pg=PA188 | title = Encyclopedia of contemporary British culture | isbn = 978-0-415-14726-2 | last1 = Childs | first1 = Peter | last2 = Storry | first2 = Mike | year = 1999 | page=188}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eelpie.org/epd_19.htm |title=Eel Pie Dharma - Skinheads - Chapter 19 |website=Eelpie.org |date=December 13, 2005 |access-date=2012-11-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,909318-1,00.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080630050338/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,909318-1,00.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=June 30, 2008 | magazine=Time | title=Britain: The Skinheads | date=June 8, 1970 | access-date=2010-05-04}}</ref>
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], 1989]]
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]
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Many hippies would adapt and become members of the growing countercultural ] movement of the 1970s.{{sfn|Lewis|Melton|1992|p=xi}} While many hippies made a long-term commitment to the lifestyle, some people argue that hippies "sold out" during the 1980s and became part of the materialist, self-centered consumer ] culture.<ref name="Lattin_2004">{{harvnb|Lattin|2004|pp=74}}.</ref><ref name="Heath_Potter_2004">{{harvnb|Heath|Potter|2004}}.</ref> Although not as visible as it once was, hippie culture has never died out completely: hippies and neo-hippies can still be found on college campuses, on communes, and at gatherings and festivals. Many embrace the hippie values of peace, love, and community, and hippies may still be found in ] enclaves around the world.<ref name="Stone_1994" /> Hippie communes, where members tried to live the ideals of the hippie movement, continued to flourish. On the west coast, Oregon had quite a few.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cavejunction.com/cavejunction/locsites2.shtml |title=In Cave Junction alone there were a number of communes listed |website=Cavejunction.com |access-date=2014-02-03}}</ref> Around 1994, a new term "]" was being used to describe hippies that had embraced ] beliefs, new technology, and a love for electronic music.<ref>Marshall, Jules, "", '']'', issue 2.05, May 1994</ref>
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==Ethos and characteristics==
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]
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The bohemian predecessor of the hippie culture in San Francisco was the "]" style of coffee houses and bars, whose clientele appreciated literature, a game of chess, music (in the forms of jazz and folk style), modern dance, and traditional crafts and arts like pottery and painting."<ref>O'Brien, Karen 2001 ''Joni Mitchell: Shadows and Light''. London:Virgin Books, pp.77-78</ref> The entire tone of the ''new'' subculture was different. Jon McIntire, manager of the Grateful Dead from the late 1960s to the mid-1980s, points out that the great contribution of the hippie culture was this projection of ]. "The beatnik thing was black, cynical, and cold."<ref>{{cite web |last=Greenfield |first=Robert |format=interview |title=The Burden of Being Jerry |url=http://www.levity.com/gans/SFFocus.html |access-date=2013-09-11 }}</ref> Hippies sought to free themselves from societal restrictions, choose their own way, and find new ]. One expression of hippie independence from societal norms was found in their standard of dress and grooming, which made hippies instantly recognizable to one another, and served as a visual symbol of their respect for individual rights. Through their appearance, hippies declared their willingness to question authority, and distanced themselves from the "straight" and "]" (i.e., conformist) segments of society.<ref name="Yablonsky_1968_243357">{{harvnb|Yablonsky|1968|pp=103 et al.}}.</ref> ] and values that hippies tend to be associated with are "] and ], ], ] and ]".<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,899555-1,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070503045854/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,899555-1,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=May 3, 2007 |title="The Hippies" in Time magazine |website=Time.com |date=July 7, 1967 |access-date=2014-02-03}}</ref>
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At the same time, many thoughtful hippies distanced themselves from the very idea that the way a person dresses could be a reliable signal of who he or she was—especially after outright criminals such as ] began to adopt superficial hippie characteristics, and also after plainclothes policemen started to "dress like hippies" to ] legitimate members of the counterculture. ], known for lampooning hippie ethos, particularly with songs like "]" (1968), admonished his audience that "we all wear a uniform". The San Francisco clown/hippie ] said in 1987 that he could still see fellow-feeling in the eyes of ] businessmen who had dressed conventionally to survive.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Martin|first=Avery|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/942003745|title=Curse of the maple leafs.|date=2011|publisher=Lulu Com|isbn=978-1-257-77216-2|oclc=942003745}}</ref>
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===Art and fashion===
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{{See also|Psychedelia}}
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] bus decorated with hand-painting]]
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Leading proponents of the 1960s Psychedelic Art movement were San Francisco poster artists such as: ], ], ], ] & ], and ]. Their Psychedelic Rock concert posters were inspired by ], ], ], and ]. Posters for concerts in the ], a concert auditorium in San Francisco, popular with Hippie audiences, were among the most notable of the time. Richly saturated colors in glaring contrast, elaborately ornate lettering, strongly symmetrical composition, collage elements, rubber-like distortions, and bizarre iconography are all hallmarks of the San Francisco psychedelic poster art style. The style flourished from roughly the years 1966 until 1972. Their work was immediately influential to album cover art, and indeed all of the aforementioned artists also created album covers.
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Psychedelic ] were a new art-form developed for rock concerts. Using oil and dye in an emulsion that was set between large convex lenses upon overhead projectors, the lightshow artists created bubbling liquid visuals that pulsed in rhythm to the music. This was mixed with slide shows and film loops to create an improvisational motion picture art form, and to give visual representation to the improvisational jams of the rock bands and create a completely "trippy" atmosphere for the audience.{{citation needed|date=August 2017}}
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The Brotherhood of Light were responsible for many of the light-shows in San Francisco psychedelic rock concerts.
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<!-- ] violation: ]'' which dealt with the adventures and lifestyles of three fictional hippies]] -->
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Out of the psychedelic counterculture there also arose a new genre of comic books: ]. ''Zap Comix'' was among the original underground comics, and featured the work of ], ], ], ], and ] among others. Underground comix were ribald, intensely satirical, and seemed to pursue weirdness for the sake of weirdness. ] created perhaps the most enduring of underground cartoon characters, '']'', whose drugged-out exploits held a mirror up to the hippie lifestyle of the 1960s.
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], India]]
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As in the beat movement preceding them, and the ] that followed soon after, hippie symbols and iconography were purposely borrowed from either "low" or "primitive" cultures, with hippie fashion reflecting a disorderly, often ] style.<ref name="Katz_1988_120">{{harvnb|Katz|1988|pp=120}}.</ref>
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As with other adolescent, whitebread middle-class movements, ] of the hippies involved challenging the prevailing ] of their time: both men and women in the hippie movement wore jeans and maintained long hair,<ref name="Katz_1988_125">{{harvnb|Katz|1988|pp=125}}.</ref> and both genders wore sandals, moccasins or went ].<ref name="Tompkins_2001b" /> Men often wore beards,<ref name="Pendergast" /> while women wore little or no makeup, with many going ].<ref name="Tompkins_2001b">{{harvnb|Tompkins|2001b}}</ref> Hippies often chose brightly colored clothing and wore unusual ], such as ] pants, vests, ]d garments, ]s, ], and long, full skirts; non-Western inspired clothing with ], ]n, African and Asiatic motifs were also popular. Much hippie clothing was self-made in defiance of corporate culture, and hippies often purchased their clothes from flea markets and second-hand shops.<ref name="Pendergast" /> Favored accessories for both men and women included Native American jewelry, head scarves, headbands and ].<ref name="Tompkins_2001b" /> Hippie homes, vehicles and other possessions were often decorated with ]. The bold colors, hand-made clothing and loose fitting clothes opposed the tight and uniform clothing of the 1940s and 1950s. It also rejected consumerism in that the hand-production of clothing called for self-efficiency and individuality.<ref>{{cite book|last=Pendergast|first=Sara|title=Fashion, Costume, and Culture: Clothing, Headwear, Body Decorations, and Footwear Through the Ages|year=2004|publisher=UXL|location=Detroit|page=640}}</ref>
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=== Love and sex ===
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{{See also|Free love}}
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]'' number 28, also known as the "]", which was the main cause of a 1971 high-profile obscenity case in the United Kingdom. ''Oz'' was a UK underground publication with a general hippie / counter-cultural point of view.]]
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The common stereotype on the issues of love and sex had it that the hippies were "], having wild sex ], seducing innocent teenagers and every manner of sexual perversion."<ref name="StonesexII">{{harvnb|Stone|1999|loc=}}</ref> The hippie movement appeared concurrently in the midst of a rising ], in which many views of the ''status quo'' on this subject were being challenged.
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The clinical study '']'' was published by ] in 1966, and the topic suddenly became more commonplace in America. The 1969 book '']'' by psychiatrist ] was a more popular attempt at answering the public's curiosity regarding such matters. Then in 1972 appeared '']'' by ], reflecting an even more candid perception of love-making. By this time, the recreational or 'fun' aspects of sexual behavior were being discussed more openly than ever before, and this more 'enlightened' outlook resulted not just from the publication of such new books as these, but from a more pervasive sexual revolution that had already been well underway for some time.<ref name="StonesexII"/>
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The hippies inherited various countercultural views and practices regarding sex and love from the ]; "their writings influenced the hippies to open up when it came to sex, and to experiment without guilt or ]."<ref name="StonesexIII">{{harvnb|Stone|1999|loc=}}, "Again the Beat generation must be credited with living and writing about sexual freedom. Allen Ginsberg, Jack Kerouac, William Burroughs and others lived unusually free, sexually expressive lives."</ref> One popular hippie slogan that appeared was "If it feels good, do it!"<ref name="StonesexII" /> which for many meant "you are free to love whomever you please, whenever you please, however you please". This encouraged spontaneous sexual activity and experimentation. ], ], ]; under the influence of drugs, all the taboos went out the window. This doesn't mean that straight sex or ] were unknown, quite the contrary. Nevertheless, the ] became an accepted part of the hippie lifestyle. This meant that you might have a primary relationship with one person, but if another attracted you, you could explore that relationship without rancor or jealousy."<ref name="StonesexII"/>
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Hippies embraced the old slogan of ] of the radical social reformers of other eras; it was accordingly observed that "Free love made the whole love, marriage, sex, baby package obsolete. Love was no longer limited to one person, you could love anyone you chose. In fact love was something you shared with everyone, not just your sex partners. Love exists to be shared freely. We also discovered the more you share, the more you get! So why reserve your love for a select few? This profound truth was one of the great hippie revelations."<ref name="StonesexII"/> Sexual experimentation alongside psychedelics also occurred, due to the perception of their being uninhibitors.<ref name="StonesexIV">{{harvnb|Stone|1999|loc=}}, "But the biggest release of inhibitions came about through the use of drugs, particularly marijuana and the psychedelics. Marijuana is one of the best aphrodisiacs known to man. It enhances the senses, unlike alcohol, which dulls them. As any hippie can tell you, sex is a great high, but sex on pot is fuckin' far out! More importantly, the use of psychedelic drugs, especially LSD was directly responsible for liberating hippies from their sexual hang-ups. The LSD trip is an intimate soul wrenching experience that shatters the ego's defenses, leaving the tripper in a very poignant and sensitive state. At this point, a sexual encounter is quite possible if conditions are right. After an LSD trip, one is much more likely to explore one's own sexual nature without inhibitions."</ref> Others explored ].<ref name="StonesexV">{{harvnb|Stone|1999|loc=}}, "Many hippies on the spiritual path found enlightenment through sex. The '']'', the ]ual manual from ancient India is a way to cosmic union through sex. Some gurus like Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh (Osho) formed cults that focused on liberation through the release of sexual inhibitions"</ref>
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===Travel===
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]
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Hippies tended to travel light, and could pick up and go wherever the action was at any time. Whether at a "love-in" on ] near San Francisco, a demonstration against the Vietnam War in Berkeley, or one of ]'s "Acid Tests", if the "vibe" was not right and a change of scene was desired, hippies were mobile at a moment's notice. Planning was eschewed, as hippies were happy to put a few clothes in a backpack, stick out their thumbs and hitchhike anywhere. Hippies seldom worried whether they had money, hotel reservations or any of the other standard accoutrements of travel. Hippie households welcomed overnight guests on an ''impromptu'' basis, and the reciprocal nature of the lifestyle permitted greater freedom of movement. People generally cooperated to meet each other's needs in ways that became less common after the early 1970s.<ref name=autogenerated3>{{harvnb|Yablonsky|1968|p=201}}</ref> This way of life is still seen among ] groups, ] and New Zealand's ]s.<ref>{{Citation|last1=Sharkey |first1=Mr. |last2=Fay |first2=Chris |title=Gypsy Faire |website=Mrsharkey.com |url=http://www.mrsharkey.com/busbarn/misctruk/gypsytrk.htm |access-date=2007-10-19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071113204525/http://www.mrsharkey.com/busbarn/misctruk/gypsytrk.htm |archive-date=November 13, 2007 }}</ref>
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A derivative of this free-flow style of travel were the hippie trucks and buses, hand-crafted mobile houses built on a truck or bus chassis to facilitate a nomadic lifestyle, as documented in the 1974 book ''Roll Your Own''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mrsharkey.com/busbarn/rollown/rollown.htm |title=Book Review - Roll Your Own |website=MrSharkey.com |access-date=2012-11-21 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102043642/http://www.mrsharkey.com/busbarn/rollown/rollown.htm |archive-date=November 2, 2012 }}</ref> Some of these mobile houses were quite elaborate, with beds, toilets, showers and cooking facilities.
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On the West Coast, a unique lifestyle developed around the ]s that Phyllis and Ron Patterson first organized in 1963. During the summer and fall months, entire families traveled together in their trucks and buses, parked at Renaissance Pleasure Faire sites in Southern and Northern California, worked their crafts during the week, and donned Elizabethan costume for weekend performances, and attended booths where handmade goods were sold to the public. The sheer number of young people living at the time made for unprecedented travel opportunities to special happenings. The peak experience of this type was the ] near ], New York, from August 15 to 18, 1969, which drew between 400,000 and 500,000 people.<ref> - 1969: Woodstock music festival ends. "An estimated 400,000 youngsters turned up..." Retrieved December 21, 2013.</ref><ref>"...nearly 500,000 revellers came together for three days and three nights and showed the world what a generation was made of..." ''Woodstock 1969 - The First Festival''. Landy, Elliott. Ravette Publishing Ltd, 2009. {{ISBN|978-1841613093}}.</ref>
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====Hippie trail====
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{{Main|Hippie trail}}
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One travel experience, undertaken by hundreds of thousands of hippies between 1969 and 1971, was the ] overland route to India. Carrying little or no luggage, and with small amounts of cash, almost all followed the same route, hitch-hiking across Europe to ] and on to ], then by train through central Turkey via ], continuing by bus into Iran, via ] and ] to ], across the Afghan border into ], through southern Afghanistan via ] to ], over the ] into Pakistan, via ] and ] to the Indian frontier. Once in India, hippies went to many different destinations, but gathered in large numbers on the beaches of ] and ] in ] (]),<ref name="Sherwood">{{cite news|url=http://travel.nytimes.com/2006/04/09/travel/09goa.html|title=A New Generation of Pilgrims Hits India's Hippie Trail |last=Sherwood|first=Seth|newspaper=]|access-date=2008-09-11 | date=April 9, 2006}}</ref> or crossed the border into Nepal to spend months in ]. In Kathmandu, most of the hippies hung out in the tranquil surroundings of a place called Freak Street,<ref name="Independent">{{cite news|url=http://www.ioltravel.co.za/article/view/3549557|title=Have a high time on hippy trail in Katmandu|date=January 30, 2001|newspaper=Independent Online|access-date=2008-09-11 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071011064213/http://www.ioltravel.co.za/article/view/3549557 |archive-date = October 11, 2007}}</ref> (]: Jhoo Chhen) which still exists near Kathmandu Durbar Square.
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===Spirituality and religion===
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{{See also|New Age|Jesus movement}}
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Many hippies rejected mainstream organized religion in favor of a more personal spiritual experience. Buddhism and Hinduism often resonated with hippies, as they were seen as less rule-bound, and less likely to be associated with existing baggage.<ref name="hare">{{cite web |url=https://www.dissentmagazine.org/online_articles/in-defense-of-hippies |date=October 23, 2011 |title=In Defense of Hippies |first=Danny |last=Goldberg |work=Dissent Magazine Online }}</ref> Some hippies embraced ], especially ]. Others were involved with the occult, with people like ] citing ] as influences. By the 1960s, western interest in Hindu spirituality and ] reached its peak, giving rise to a great number of ] schools specifically advocated to a western public.<ref>Bryant 2009, p. xviii.</ref>
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In his 1991 book, "Hippies and American Values", ] described the hippie ethos as essentially a "religious movement" whose goal was to transcend the limitations of mainstream religious institutions. "Like many dissenting religions, the hippies were enormously hostile to the religious institutions of the dominant culture, and they tried to find new and adequate ways to do the tasks the dominant religions failed to perform."<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e7F31yYxOMAC&q=hippie+as+a+religious+movements&pg=PA16 |title=Timothy Miller. ''Hippies and American Values''. Univ Tennessee Press; 1st edition|page=16 |access-date=2014-02-03|isbn=9780870496943 |year=1991 |last1=Miller|first1=Timothy}}</ref> In his seminal, contemporaneous work, "The Hippie Trip", author Lewis Yablonsky notes that those who were most respected in hippie settings were the spiritual leaders, the so-called "high priests" who emerged during that era.<ref>{{harvnb|Yablonsky|1968|p=298}}</ref>
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], family and band on a lecture tour at State University of New York at Buffalo in 1969]]
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One such hippie "high priest" was San Francisco State University Professor ]. Beginning in 1966, Gaskin's "Monday Night Class" eventually outgrew the lecture hall, and attracted 1,500 hippie followers in an open discussion of spiritual values, drawing from Christian, Buddhist, and Hindu teachings. In 1970 Gaskin founded a Tennessee community called ], and even late in life he still listed his religion as "Hippie."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thefarm.org/lifestyle/miller.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19990210081737/http://www.thefarm.org/lifestyle/miller.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=1999-02-10 |title=Communal Religions |website=Thefarm.org |date=October 6, 1966 |access-date=2012-11-21 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tokeofthetown.com/2010/12/new_book_tells_inside_story_of_biggest_hippie_comm.php |title=New Book Tells Inside Story Of Biggest Hippie Commune In U.S. - Toke of the Town - cannabis news, views, rumor and humor |publisher=Toke of the Town |date=December 23, 2010 |access-date=2012-11-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|isbn=9781570671814|title=Monday Night Class|author=Stephen Gaskin |year=2005}}</ref>
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] was an American ] and writer, known for his advocacy of ]. On September 19, 1966, Leary founded the ], a religion declaring LSD as its holy sacrament, in part as an unsuccessful attempt to maintain legal status for the use of LSD and other psychedelics for the religion's adherents based on a "freedom of religion" argument. '']'' was the inspiration for ]'s song "]" in ]' album '']''.<ref name="Sante">{{cite news| last = Sante| first = Luc| title = The Nutty Professor| series = 'Timothy Leary: A Biography,' by Robert Greenfield| work=]| date = June 26, 2006| url = https://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/25/books/review/25sante.html?pagewanted=all| access-date = 2008-07-12}}</ref> Leary published a pamphlet in 1967 called ''Start Your Own Religion'' to encourage just that<ref>Start Your Own Religion. Leary, Timothy. Millbrook, New York: Kriya Press. 1967. (The original 1967 version was privately published; it is not to be confused with a compilation of Leary's writings compiled, edited, and published posthumously under the same title.)</ref> and was invited to attend the January 14, 1967 ] a gathering of 20,000 to 30,000 hippies in San Francisco's ] In speaking to the group, he coined the famous phrase "]".<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/timothylearybiog00gree |url-access=registration |title=Timothy Leary: A Biography|first=Robert|last= Greenfield|page= |access-date=2013-10-11|isbn=9780151005000|year=2006}}</ref>
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The English magician ] became an influential icon to the new alternative spiritual movements of the decade as well as for rock musicians. ] included him as one of ] on the cover sleeve of their 1967 album '']'' while ], the guitarist of ] and co-founder of 1970s rock band ] was fascinated by Crowley, and owned some of his clothing, manuscripts and ritual objects, and during the 1970s bought ], which also appears in the band's movie '']''. On the back cover of ] compilation album '']'', Jim Morrison and the other members of the Doors are shown posing with a bust of Aleister Crowley. ] also openly acknowledged Crowley's inspiration.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2gY3dSqs68A| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211030/2gY3dSqs68A| archive-date=2021-10-30|title=Timothy Leary: I carried on Aleister Crowley's work|last=chellow2|date=1 May 2008|publisher=]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
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After the hippie era, the Dudeist ] and lifestyle developed. Inspired by "The Dude", the neo-hippie protagonist of the ]' 1998 film '']'', Dudeism's stated primary objective is to promote a modern form of Chinese ], outlined in '']'' by ] (6th century BC), blended with concepts by the Ancient Greek philosopher ] (341-270 BC), and presented in a style as personified by the character of Jeffrey "The Dude" Lebowski, a fictional hippie character portrayed by ] in the film.<ref>{{cite web|last=Ehrlich|first=Richard|title=The man who founded a religion based on 'The Big Lebowski'|url=http://www.cnngo.com/bangkok/life/doctrine-chiang-mais-church-latter-day-dude-explained-206793|work=]|publisher=Turner Broadcasting Systems Inc.|access-date=March 22, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405065606/http://www.cnngo.com/bangkok/life/doctrine-chiang-mais-church-latter-day-dude-explained-206793|archive-date=April 5, 2012|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Dudeism has sometimes been regarded as a ],<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uPtuaV7IAt0C&q=dudeism+mock+religion&pg=PT78|title=Cult Cinema by Ernest Mathlijs, Jamie Sexton |page=78|isbn=9781444396430 |last1=Mathijs |first1=Ernest |last2=Sexton |first2=Jamie |date=2012-03-30 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mediabistro.com/fishbowlla/big-lebowski-bungalow-jeff-bridges-abide-guide-oliver-benjamin-dwayne-eutsey_b34556|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110810001531/http://www.mediabistro.com/fishbowlla/big-lebowski-bungalow-jeff-bridges-abide-guide-oliver-benjamin-dwayne-eutsey_b34556|url-status=dead|archive-date=2011-08-10|title=You are being redirected...|website=www.mediabistro.com}}</ref> though its founder and many adherents regard it seriously.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dontpaniconline.com/magazine/radar/big-lebowski-spawns-religion|title=Big Lebowski Spawns Religion|website=Dontpaniconline.com|access-date=2015-12-12|archive-date=2014-10-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141008160143/http://www.dontpaniconline.com/magazine/radar/big-lebowski-spawns-religion|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020174057/http://otisryanproductions.blogspot.com/2012/02/interview-oliver-benjamin-founder-of.html |url=http://otisryanproductions.blogspot.com/2012/02/interview-oliver-benjamin-founder-of.html |title=INTERVIEW: Oliver Benjamin, Founder of Dudeism & Author of "The Abide Guide: Living Like Lebowski" |website=Otis Ryan Productions Blog |first=Ryan |last=Mifflin |date=February 16, 2012 |archive-date=2012-10-20 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.welovecult.com/2011/featured/dudely-lama-dudeism-interview/ |title=The Dudely Lama Discusses Dudeism |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110155253/http://www.welovecult.com/2011/featured/dudely-lama-dudeism-interview/ |archive-date=November 10, 2013 |work=We Love Cult |access-date=September 19, 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Cathleen Falsani Interview|url=https://www.pbs.org/wnet/religionandethics/episodes/october-9-2009/cathleen-falsani-interview/4520/|work=]|publisher=]|access-date=September 19, 2012|date=2009-10-09}}</ref>
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===Politics===
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{{See also|Make love, not war|Turn on, tune in, drop out}}
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]'s 1967 March on the Pentagon.]]
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| quote = "The hippies were heirs to a long line of bohemians that includes ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], utopian movements like the ] and the ], and most directly the ]. Hippies emerged from a society that had produced birth-control pills, a counterproductive war in Vietnam, the liberation and idealism of the ], feminism, homosexual rights, FM radio, mass-produced ], a strong economy, and a huge number of ]. These elements allowed the hippies to have a mainstream impact that dwarfed that of the ] and earlier ] cultures."
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|source= by Danny Goldberg<ref name="hare" />}}
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For the historian of the ] movement ], the hippie movement could be considered as the last spectacular resurgence of ].<ref name="wikiwix.com">{{cite web |url=http://endehors.net/news/communes-communautes-milieux-libres%26title%3Dpr%C3%A9sentation%20en%20ligne |title=Ronald Creagh. ''Laboratoires de l'utopie. Les communautés libertaires aux États-Unis''. Paris. Payot. 1983. pg. 11 |website=Wikiwix.com |access-date=2014-02-03 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304071503/http://endehors.net/news/communes-communautes-milieux-libres%26title%3Dpr%C3%A9sentation%20en%20ligne |archive-date=2016-03-04 }}</ref> For Creagh, a characteristic of this is the desire for the transformation of society not through political revolution, or through reformist action pushed forward by the state, but through the creation of a counter-society of a ] character in the midst of the current system, which will be made up of ideal communities of a more or less ] social form.<ref name="wikiwix.com"/>
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The ] was developed in the UK as a logo for the ], and was embraced by U.S. anti-war protesters during the 1960s. Hippies were often ], and participated in non-violent political demonstrations, such as ], the ], and ] demonstrations, including ]s and the ].<ref name="Tribune">{{cite news|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/topic/politics/elections/1968-democratic-convention-EVHST000046.topic|title=1968 Democratic Convention|newspaper=]|access-date=2008-09-08}}</ref> The degree of political involvement varied widely among hippies, from those who were active in peace demonstrations, to the more anti-authority street theater and demonstrations of the ], the most politically active hippie sub-group.<ref>{{Citation|last=Shannon |first=Phil |date=June 18, 1997 |title=Yippies, politics and the state |series=Cultural Dissent, Issue # |publisher=] |issue=278 |url=http://www.greenleft.org.au/1997/278/16698 |access-date=2008-12-10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090126015333/http://www.greenleft.org.au/1997/278/16698 |archive-date=January 26, 2009 }}</ref> ] discussed the differences between Yippies and hippies with ], who told him that Yippies were the political wing of the hippie movement, as hippies have not "necessarily become political yet". Regarding the political activity of hippies, Rubin said, "They mostly prefer to be stoned, but most of them want peace, and they want an end to this stuff."<ref name="Seale_1991_350">{{harvnb|Seale|1991|p=350}}.</ref>
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In addition to non-violent political demonstrations, hippie opposition to the Vietnam War included organizing political action groups to oppose the war, refusal to serve in the military and conducting "]s" on college campuses that covered Vietnamese history and the larger political context of the war.<ref name="Junker">{{Citation|last1=Junker|first1=Detlef |last2=Gassert |first2=Philipp|title=The United States and Germany in the Era of the Cold War, 1945-1990|publisher=]|year=2004|page=424|isbn=0-521-83420-1}}</ref>
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Scott McKenzie's 1967 rendition of John Phillips' song "]", which helped to inspire the hippie Summer of Love, became a homecoming song for all Vietnam veterans arriving in San Francisco from 1967 onward. McKenzie has dedicated every American performance of "San Francisco" to Vietnam veterans, and he sang in 2002 at the 20th anniversary of the dedication of the ].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vvmf.org/about-vvmf/FAQs/|title=Vietnam Veterans Memorial Fund Frequently Asked Questions|website=www.vvmf.org| access-date=27 January 2022}}</ref> Hippie political expression often took the form of "dropping out" of society to implement the changes they sought.
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], Palm Springs, California, 1969, sharing a joint]]
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Politically motivated movements aided by hippies include the ] of the 1960s, ], ], the ] movement, and ].<ref name="Morford" /><ref name="Turner_2006_3239">{{harvnb|Turner|2006|pp=32–39}}.</ref>
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The San Francisco group known as ] articulated an influential radical criticism of contemporary mass consumer society, and so they opened ] which simply gave away their stock, provided free food, distributed free drugs, gave away money, organized free music concerts, and performed works of political art.<ref name="Lytle_2006_213215"/> The Diggers took their name from the original ] (1649–50) led by ],<ref name="Digger Archives">{{cite web |url=http://www.diggers.org/overview.htm |title= Overview: who were (are) the Diggers? |access-date=2007-06-17 | work=The Digger Archives}}</ref> and they sought to create a mini-society ].<ref name="American Experience doc">{{cite video
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|title = American Experience: The Summer of Love
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Such activism was ideally carried through ] and ] means; thus it was observed that "The way of the hippie is antithetical to all repressive hierarchical power structures since they are adverse to the hippie goals of peace, love and freedom... Hippies don't impose their beliefs on others. Instead, hippies seek to change the world through reason and by living what they believe."<ref name="Stonepolitics">{{harvnb|Stone|1999|loc=}}</ref>
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The political ideals of hippies influenced other movements, such as ], ], ], ] and the ] movement. Arguments can be made that being "]" is only the latest natural offshoot of hipness, since both seek heightened "awareness" of one's surroundings (social, political, sexual etc). For example, John Leland elaborates on the origins of coded language from African American slaves as a type of aware hipness and documents connections to downtrodden Jews and other minorities in American society in ''Hip: The History''.<ref name="Leland">{{Cite book |title=Hip:The History |last1=Leland |first1=John|year=2004|publisher=Ecco |location=New York. |isbn=978-0-06-052817-1}}</ref>
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] of the English anarcho-punk band ] said in interviews, and in an essay called ''The Last Of The Hippies'', that Crass was formed in memory of his friend, ].<ref>{{Citation |title=The Last Of The Hippies - An Hysterical Romance |last=Rimbaud |first=Penny |author-link=Penny Rimbaud |year=1982 |publisher=Crass |url=http://www.spunk.org/texts/places/britain/sp001297.txt}}</ref> Crass had its roots in ], which was established in 1967 as a commune.<ref>''Shibboleth: My Revolting Life'', Rimbaud, Penny, AK Press, 1999. {{ISBN|978-1873176405}}.</ref> Some ] were often critical of Crass for their involvement in the hippie movement. Like Crass, ] was influenced by the hippie movement, and cited the yippies as a key influence on his political activism and thinking, though he also wrote songs critical of hippies.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.progressive.org/mag_intvbiafra | title=Jello Biafra Interview | publisher=The Progressive| access-date=February 1, 2002 | last=Vander Molen | first=Jodi}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://blog.al.com/mcolurso/2007/06/jello_biafra_can_ruffle_feathe.html | title=Jello Biafra can ruffle feathers | publisher=The Birmingham News | work=The Birmingham News | access-date=June 29, 2007 | last=Colurso | first=Mary| date=2007-06-29 }}</ref>
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===Drugs===
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{{see also|Spiritual use of cannabis|History of LSD}}
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Following in the footsteps of the Beats, many hippies used ] (marijuana), considering it pleasurable and benign. They used drugs such as marijuana, ], magic mushrooms, and mescaline (]) to gain spiritual awakening.
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On the ], ] professors ],<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.biography.com/scientist/timothy-leary |title=Timothy Leary |website=Biography |language=en-us | access-date=27 January 2022}}</ref> ] and ] (Ram Dass) advocated psychotropic drugs for ], self-exploration, ] and ] use. Regarding LSD, Leary said, "Expand your consciousness and find ecstasy and revelation within."<ref name="Time-Life Books_1998_139">{{harvnb|Stolley|1998|pp=139}}.</ref>
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On the ], ] was an important figure in promoting the recreational use of psychotropic drugs, especially LSD, also known as "acid." By holding what he called "]", and touring the country with his band of ], Kesey became a magnet for media attention that drew many young people to the fledgling movement. The ] (originally billed as "The Warlocks") played some of their first shows at the Acid Tests, often as high on LSD as their audiences. Kesey and the Pranksters had a "vision of turning on the world."<ref name="Time-Life Books_1998_139" /> Harder drugs, such as ], ] and heroin, were also sometimes used in hippie settings; however, these drugs were often disdained, even among those who used them, because they were recognized as harmful and addictive.<ref name=autogenerated1>{{harvnb|Yablonsky|1968|pp=243, 257}}</ref>
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==Legacy==
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{{see also|List of books and publications related to the hippie subculture|List of films related to the hippie subculture}}
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===Culture===
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| quote = Newcomers to the Internet are often startled to discover themselves not so much in some soulless colony of technocrats as in a kind of cultural Brigadoon - a flowering remnant of the '60s, when hippie communalism and libertarian politics formed the roots of the modern cyberrevolution...
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|source= ], "We Owe It All To The Hippies" (1995).<ref name="Brand_Time"/>
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| quote = "The '60s were a leap in human consciousness. Mahatma Gandhi, Malcolm X, Martin Luther King, Che Guevara, they led a revolution of conscience. The Beatles, The Doors, Jimi Hendrix created revolution and evolution themes. The music was like Dalí, with many colors and revolutionary ways. The youth of today must go there to find themselves."
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The legacy of the hippie movement continues to permeate Western society.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/music/festivals/article1994608.ece | work=The Times | location=London | title=We're all hippies now | first=Evie | last=Prichard | date=June 28, 2007 | access-date=2010-05-04}}</ref> In general, unmarried couples of all ages feel free to travel and live together without societal disapproval.<ref name="Morford" /><ref>{{cite news
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|title = Hey man, we're all kind of hippies now. Far out
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}}{{dead link|date=December 2017|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> Frankness regarding sexual matters has become more common, and the rights of ], ] and ] people, as well as people who choose not to categorize themselves at all, have expanded.<ref name=imdb>
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{{cite video |people=Kitchell, Mark (Director and Writer) |date=January 1990 |title=Berkeley in the Sixties |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0099121/ |medium=Documentary |publisher=Liberation |access-date=2009-05-10}}
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</ref> Religious and cultural diversity has gained greater acceptance.<ref>{{Citation
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| title = The Index of Leading Spiritual Indicators
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| year = 1996
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Co-operative business enterprises and creative community living arrangements are more accepted than before.<ref>{{cite web|author=Hip Inc. |url=http://www.hipplanet.com/books/atoz/atoz.htm |title=Hippies From A to Z by Skip Stone |website=Hipplanet.com |access-date=2012-11-21}}</ref> Some of the little hippie ] stores of the 1960s and 1970s are now large-scale, profitable businesses, due to greater interest in natural foods, herbal remedies, vitamins and other nutritional supplements.<ref>{{Citation
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It has been suggested that 1960s and 1970s counterculture embraced certain types of "groovy" science and technology. Examples include ] design, ], ] and client-centered approaches to ], ], and ].<ref name="Distillations">{{cite magazine|last1= Eardley-Pryor |first1=Roger |title=Love, Peace, and Technoscience |magazine=Distillations |date=2017|volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=38–41 |url=https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/magazine/love-peace-and-technoscience }}</ref><ref name="Kaiser">{{cite book|last1=Kaiser|first1=David|last2=McCray|first2=W. Patrick|title=Groovy Science: Knowledge, Innovation, and American Counterculture|date=2016|publisher=]|isbn=978-0-226-37291-4}}</ref>
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Authors ] and ] argue that the development and popularization of personal computers and the ] find one of their primary roots in the anti-authoritarian ethos promoted by hippie culture.<ref name="Brand_Time">{{Citation
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| date = Spring 1995
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Distinct appearance and clothing was one of the immediate legacies of hippies worldwide.<ref name="Pendergast">Pendergast, Sara. (2004) ''Fashion, Costume, and Culture''. Volume 5. Modern World Part II: 1946-2003. Thomson Gale. {{ISBN|0-7876-5417-5}}</ref><ref name="Connikie">Connikie, Yvonne. (1990). ''Fashions of a Decade: The 1960s''. Facts on File. {{ISBN|0-8160-2469-3}}</ref> During the 1960s and 1970s, mustaches, beards and long hair became more commonplace and colorful, while multi-ethnic clothing dominated the fashion world. Since that time, a wide range of personal appearance options and clothing styles, including nudity, have become more widely acceptable, all of which was uncommon before the hippie era.<ref name="Connikie"/><ref name=autogenerated2>Pendergast, Sara. (2004) ''Fashion, Costume, and Culture''. Volume 5. Modern World Part II: 1946–2003. Thomson Gale. {{ISBN|0-7876-5417-5}}</ref> Hippies also inspired the decline in popularity of the ] and other ''business'' clothing, which had been unavoidable for men during the 1950s and early 1960s. Additionally, hippie fashion itself has been commonplace in the years since the 1960s in clothing and accessories, particularly the ].<ref>; '']''; January 24, 2008; "Peace sign makes a statement in the fashion world". Retrieved June 10, 2012.</ref> ], including everything from serious study to whimsical amusement regarding personal traits, was integral to hippie culture.<ref>The musical '']'' and a multitude of well known contemporary song lyrics such as ''The Age of Aquarius''</ref> The generation of the 1970s became influenced by the hippie and the 1960s countercultural legacy. As such in ] musicians and audiences from the female, homosexual, Black, and Latino communities adopted several traits from the hippies and ]. They included overpowering sound, free-form dancing, multi-colored, pulsating lighting, colorful costumes, and ].<ref name="Partylikeits1975">. ].com. ''Retrieved on August 9, 2009''.</ref><ref name="Cambridge">(1998) "The Cambridge History of American Music", {{ISBN|978-0-521-45429-2}}, {{ISBN|978-0-521-45429-2}}, p.372: "Initially, disco musicians and audiences alike belonged to marginalized communities: women, gay, black, and Latinos"</ref><ref name="Traces">(2002) "Traces of the Spirit: The Religious Dimensions of Popular Music", {{ISBN|978-0-8147-9809-6}}, {{ISBN|978-0-8147-9809-6}}, p.117: "New York City was the primary center of disco, and the original audience was primarily gay African Americans and Latinos."</ref> 1960s ] groups like the ] and especially ] influenced George Clinton, ] and ].<ref> AllMusic Retirved 17 January 2022</ref> In addition, the perceived positivity, lack of irony, and earnestness of the ] informed proto-disco music like ]'s album '']''.<ref name=Partylikeits1975/><ref>"But the pre-Saturday Night Fever dance underground was actually sweetly earnest and irony-free in its hippie-dippie positivity, as evinced by anthems like M.F.S.B.'s 'Love Is the Message'." —''Village Voice'', July 10, 2001.</ref> Disco music supported 70s LGBT movement.
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The hippie legacy in literature includes the lasting popularity of books reflecting the hippie experience, such as '']''.<ref>{{Citation
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| date = August 18, 1968
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===Music===
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In music, the ] and ] popular among hippies evolved into genres such as ], ] and ]. ] (also known as psytrance) is a type of ] influenced by 1960s psychedelic rock. The tradition of hippie music festivals began in the United States in 1965 with Ken Kesey's ], where the ] played tripping on ] and initiated psychedelic jamming. For the next several decades, many hippies and neo-hippies became part of the ] community, attending music and art festivals held around the country. The Grateful Dead toured continuously, with few interruptions between 1965 and 1995. ] and their fans (called ''Phish Heads'') operated in the same manner, with the band touring continuously between 1983 and 2004. Many contemporary bands performing at hippie festivals and their derivatives are called ]s, since they play songs that contain long instrumentals similar to the original hippie bands of the 1960s.<ref> - What is a Jam Band? Retrieved from Internet Archive December 23, 2013.</ref>
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With the demise of Grateful Dead and Phish, nomadic touring hippies attend a growing series of summer festivals, the largest of which is called the ], which premiered in 2002. The ] is a three-day festival featuring handmade crafts, educational displays and costumed entertainment. The annual ], founded in 1981, is a seven-day event indicative of the spiritual quest of hippies through an exploration of non-mainstream religions and world-views, and has offered performances and classes by a variety of hippie and counter-culture icons.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VP5UmbX3ECwC&q=starwood+festival+1981&pg=PA163|title=Her Hidden Children: The Rise of Wicca and Paganism in America|last=Clifton|first=Chas|date=2006|page=163|publisher=Rowman Altamira|isbn=9780759102026|language=en}}</ref>
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The ] festival began in 1986 at a San Francisco beach party and is now held in the ] northeast of ], Nevada. Although few participants would accept the ''hippie'' label, Burning Man is a contemporary expression of alternative community in the same spirit as early hippie events. The gathering becomes a temporary city (36,500 occupants in 2005, 50,000+ in 2011), with elaborate encampments, displays, and many ]. Other events that enjoy a large attendance include the ], The ], Community Peace Festivals, and the ]s.
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===United Kingdom===
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{{Further|New Age travellers|Second Summer of Love}}
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In the UK, there are many ] who are known as hippies to outsiders, but prefer to call themselves the ]. They started the ] in 1974, but ] later banned the festival in 1985, resulting in the ]. With Stonehenge banned as a festival site, new age travellers gather at the annual ]. Today{{when|date=August 2022}}, hippies in the UK can be found in parts of ], such as ] (particularly the neighborhoods of ], ], ], ], ] and ]), ] in ], ] in ], and ] in ], as well as in ] in ], and in areas of ] and ]. In the summer, many hippies and those of similar subcultures gather at numerous outdoor festivals in the countryside.
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In New Zealand, between 1976 and 1981, tens of thousands of hippies gathered from around the world on large farms around ] and ] for music and alternatives festivals. Named '']'', the festivals focused on peace, love, and a balanced lifestyle. The events featured practical ] and displays advocating ], ], clean and ] and ].<ref>Nambassa: A New Direction, edited by Colin Broadley and Judith Jones, A. H. & A. W. Reed, 1979. {{ISBN|0-589-01216-9}}</ref>
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In the UK and Europe, the years 1987 until 1989 were marked by a large-scale revival of many characteristics of the hippie movement. This later movement, composed mostly of people aged 18 to 25, adopted much of the original hippie philosophy of love, peace and freedom. In the summer of 1988 became known as the ]. Although the music favored by this movement was modern ], especially ] and ], one could often hear songs from the original hippie era in the ''chill out rooms'' at ]s. Also, there was a trend towards psychedelic indie rock in the form of ], ], ] and ] bands like ], ], ], ], ], ], ] and ]. This was effectively a parallel soundtrack to the rave scene that was rooted as much in 1960s psychedelic rock as it was in ], though ] was more directly influenced by Acid House, funk and northern soul. Interestingly, many ravers were originally soul boys and ], and ] declined after the Second Summer of Love.
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In the UK, many of the well-known figures of this movement first lived communally in ], an area of north London located in ]. In 1995, ] attempted to link both hippie and rave culture together in relation to transactional analysis, suggesting that rave culture was a social archetype based on the mood of friendly strength, compared to the gentle hippie archetype, based on friendly weakness.<ref>''The Sekhmet Hypothesis'', Iain Spence, 1995, Bast's Blend. {{ISBN|0952536501}}</ref> The later electronic dance genres known as ] and ] and its related events and culture have important hippie legacies and neo hippie elements. The popular DJ of the genre ], like other hippies from the 1960s, decided to leave the US and Western Europe to travel on the ] and later developing psychedelic parties and music in the Indian island of ] in which the goa and psytrance genres were born and exported around the world in the 1990s and 2000s.<ref>{{cite book|quote=In 1969, Gilbert Levy left the Haigh Ashbury district of San Francisco and took the overland trail through Afghanistan and Pakistan, first to Bombay and then to Goa...Throughout the 1970s, Gil organized legendary parties at Anjuna- moonlight jams of non-stop music, dancing and chemical experimentation that lasted from Christmas Eve to New Year´s Day for a tribe of fellow overland travellers who called themselves the Goa Freaks...In the 90s, Gil started to use snippets from industrial music, etno techno, acid house and psychedelic rock to help create Goa Trance, dance music with a heavy spiritual accent...For Goa Gil, Goa Trance is a logical continuation of what hippies were doing back in the 60s and 70s. "The Psychedelic Revolution never really stopped" he said, "it just had to go halfway round the world to the end of a dirt road on a deserted beach, and there it was allowed to evolve and mutate, without government or media pressures.|title=Time Out: Mumbai and Goa|publisher=Time Out Guides|location=London|year=2011|page=184}}</ref>
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===Media===
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Popular films depicting the hippie ethos and lifestyle include '']'', '']'', '']'', '']'', '']'', '']'', and '']''.
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In 2002, photojournalist John Bassett McCleary published a 650-page, 6,000-entry unabridged ] devoted to the language of the hippies titled ''The Hippie Dictionary: A Cultural Encyclopedia of the 1960s and 1970s''. The book was revised and expanded to 700 pages in 2004.<ref>McCleary, John Bassett. ''The Hippie Dictionary: A Cultural Encyclopedia of the 1960s and 1970s'', Ten Speed Press, 2004. {{ISBN|1580085474}}</ref><ref>{{Citation
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| last = Gates
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| first = David
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| title = Me Talk Hippie
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| newspaper = ]
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| date = July 12, 2004
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| url = http://www.newsweek.com/id/54372
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| access-date = 2008-01-27
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}}</ref> McCleary believes that the hippie counterculture added a significant number of words to the English language by borrowing from the lexicon of the ], through the hippies' shortening of beatnik words and then popularizing their usage.<ref>{{Citation|last=Merritt |first=Byron |title=A Groovy Interview with Author John McCleary |publisher=Fiction Writers of the Monterey Peninsula |date=August 2004 |url=http://www.fwomp.com/int-johnmccleary.htm |access-date=2008-01-27 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012103550/http://www.fwomp.com/int-johnmccleary.htm |archive-date=October 12, 2007 }}</ref> <!-- Please give sourced examples of Hippie vocabulary here. Words like "grok", etc. -->
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<gallery widths="200px" heights="130px">
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File:Ken Westerfield 1977.jpg|As a hippie, ] helped to popularize the alternative sport of ] in the 1960s–70s, that has become today's ]
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File:1981 People Pix.jpg|Hippies at the ] 1981 Festival in New Zealand
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File:Goa Gil LHS.jpg|], original 1960s hippie who later became a pioneering electronic dance music DJ and party organizer, here appearing in the 2001 film '']''
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</gallery>
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==See also==
{{Portal|Society|1960s}}
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| last = Howard
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| volume = 84
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| date = Oct–Dec 1971
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| last = Partridge
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*{{Citation
| ref = none
| author = Rainbow Family
| author1-link = Rainbow Family
| title = Rainbow Family of the Living Light
| year = 2004
| publisher = Circle of Light Community Network
| url = http://welcomehere.org/
| access-date = 2008-01-21
| url-status = dead
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080719124620/http://www.welcomehere.org/
| archive-date = 2008-07-19
}}. See also:
*{{Citation|ref=none|last=Riser |first=George (Curator) |title=The Psychedelic '60s: Literary Tradition and Social Change |year=1998 |publisher=Special Collections Department. ] Library |url=http://www.lib.virginia.edu/small/exhibits/sixties/index.html |access-date=2008-01-21 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080111043853/http://www.lib.virginia.edu/small/exhibits/sixties/index.html |archive-date=January 11, 2008 }}.
*{{Citation|ref=none
| last = Staller
| first = Karen M.
| year = 2006
| title = Runaways: How the Sixties Counterculture Shaped Today's Practices and Policies
| publisher = Columbia University Press
| isbn = 0-231-12410-4
}}.
*{{Citation|ref=none
|last = Stone
|first = Skip
|year = 2000
|title = The Way of the Hippy
|publisher = Hip Inc.
|url = http://www.hippy.com/hippyway.htm
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090705073738/http://www.hippy.com/hippyway.htm
|archive-date = 2009-07-05
}}.
*{{Citation|ref=none
| last = Thompson
| first = Hunter S.
| author-link = Hunter S. Thompson
| title = Fear and Loathing in America: The Brutal Odyssey of an Outlaw Journalist 1968–1976
| year = 2000| publisher = Simon & Schuster
| chapter = Owl Farm – Winter of '68
| isbn = 0-684-87315-X
| title-link = Fear and Loathing in America: The Brutal Odyssey of an Outlaw Journalist 1968–1976
}}
*{{Citation|ref=none
| last = Walpole
| first = Andy
| title = Harold Hill: A People's History
| contribution = Hippies, Freaks and the Summer of Love
| year = 2004
| publisher = haroldhill.org
| url = http://www.haroldhill.org/chapter-four/page-five-hippies-freaks-and-the-summer-of-love.htm
| archive-url = https://archive.today/20070712233741/http://www.haroldhill.org/chapter-four/page-five-hippies-freaks-and-the-summer-of-love.htm
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 2007-07-12
| access-date = 2008-01-21
}}.
*{{Citation|ref=none
| last = Wolfe
| first = Tom
| author-link = Tom Wolfe
| year = 1968
| title = The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test
| place = New York
| publisher = Farrar, Straus & Giroux
| title-link = The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test
}}.

==External links==
{{commons category|Hippies}}
{{Wikiquote}}
{{wiktionary}}
* {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170228115505/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/love/ |date=2017-02-28 }}. A film part of ]´s '']'' series. Includes the {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305073603/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/love/program/love_01_wm_hi.html |date=2016-03-05 }} and other information on the San Francisco event known as the ] as well as other material related to the hippie subculture.
* . A Canadian program by the ] public network on the hippie rebellion including videos to watch.
* {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210214222928/https://tie-dye-store.com/blogs/blog/seventies-origin-tie-dye-part-i |date=2021-02-14 }}. Seventies Origin History.
* . An archive with photographs of hippie culture.
* . 1960s and early 1970s hippie and youth culture on film and TV.
* {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024032959/https://www.quoteshunter.com/quotes/hippie-quotes |date=2020-10-24 }}. Hippie Quotes from all times.
* . UK Based Hippy & New Age Traveller website; online since 2005 with historical links to the original UK hippy community.

{{hippies}}
{{simple living}}
{{Rock festival}}
{{Sexual revolution}}
{{Youth Empowerment}}
{{drug use}}
{{anti-war}}
{{Counterculture of the 1960s}}
{{German Youth Movement}}
{{Authority control}}

]
]
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]
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]

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Hippie: Difference between revisions Add topic