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Revision as of 20:24, 1 April 2024 view sourceHistoryofIran (talk | contribs)Autopatrolled, Extended confirmed users, Pending changes reviewers97,925 editsm HistoryofIran moved page Ottoman–Azerbaijani Wars to Ottoman–Persian Wars over redirect: rv, sheer disruption← Previous edit Revision as of 20:27, 1 April 2024 view source HistoryofIran (talk | contribs)Autopatrolled, Extended confirmed users, Pending changes reviewers97,925 edits rv, sheer disruptionTag: Manual revertNext edit →
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{{Short description|Series of wars through the 16th to 19th centuries}} {{Short description|Series of wars through the 16th to 19th centuries}}
{{For|conflicts between Turkic states and Persian states|Turco-Persian Wars}} {{For|all conflicts between Turkic states and Persian states|Turco-Persian Wars}}


{{Campaignbox Ottoman-Persian Wars |state=expanded}} {{Campaignbox Ottoman-Persian Wars |state=expanded}}
The '''Ottoman–Persian Wars''' or '''Ottoman–Iranian Wars''' were a series of wars between ] and the ], ], ], and ] dynasties of Iran through the 16th–19th centuries. The Ottomans consolidated their control of what is today ] in the 15th century, and gradually came into conflict with the emerging neighboring Iranian state, led by ] of the ]. The two states were arch rivals, and were also divided by religious grounds, the Ottomans being staunchly ] and the Safavids being ]. A series of military conflicts ensued for centuries during which the two empires competed for control over eastern ], the ], and ]. The '''Ottoman–Persian Wars''' or '''Ottoman–Iranian Wars''' were a series of wars between ] and the ], ], ], and ] dynasties of Iran (]) through the 16th–19th centuries. The Ottomans consolidated their control of what is today ] in the 15th century, and gradually came into conflict with the emerging neighboring Iranian state, led by ] of the ]. The two states were arch rivals, and were also divided by religious grounds, the Ottomans being staunchly ] and the Safavids being ]. A series of military conflicts ensued for centuries during which the two empires competed for control over eastern ], the ], and ].


{| class="wikitable" border="1" {| class="wikitable" border="1"
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! Shah of Persian Empire ! Shah of Persian Empire
! Treaty at the end of the war ! Treaty at the end of the war
!Victorious Empire
!Result
|- |-
| ] (1514)<ref>Prof.Yaşar Yücel-Prof Ali Sevim:''Türkiye tarihi II'', AKDTYKTTK Yayınları, 1991, pp 339-340</ref> | ] (1514)<ref>Prof.Yaşar Yücel-Prof Ali Sevim:''Türkiye tarihi II'', AKDTYKTTK Yayınları, 1991, pp 339-340</ref>
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|] |]
|None |None
|Ottoman victory |The Ottoman Empire
|- |-
| ]<ref>Prof.Yaşar Yücel-Prof Ali Sevim:''Türkiye tarihi II'', AKDTYKTTK Yayınları, 1991, pp 277-281</ref> | ]<ref>Prof.Yaşar Yücel-Prof Ali Sevim:''Türkiye tarihi II'', AKDTYKTTK Yayınları, 1991, pp 277-281</ref>
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|] |]
|] (1555) |] (1555)
|Ottoman victory <ref>Gábor Ágoston-Bruce Masters:Encyclopaedia of the Ottoman Empire, {{ISBN|978-0-8160-6259-1}}, p.280</ref> |The Ottoman Empire <ref>Gábor Ágoston-Bruce Masters:Encyclopaedia of the Ottoman Empire, {{ISBN|978-0-8160-6259-1}}, p.280</ref>
|- |-
| ]<ref>Prof.Yaşar Yücel-Prof Ali Sevim:''Türkiye tarihi III'', AKDTYKTTK Yayınları, 1991, pp 21-25</ref> | ]<ref>Prof.Yaşar Yücel-Prof Ali Sevim:''Türkiye tarihi III'', AKDTYKTTK Yayınları, 1991, pp 21-25</ref>
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|], ] |], ]
|] (1590) |] (1590)
|Ottoman victory |The Ottoman Empire
|- |-
|], first stage<br /> |], first stage<br />
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|] |]
|] (1612) |] (1612)
|Persian victory |The Persian Empire
|- |-
| ], second stage<ref>Prof.Yaşar Yücel-Prof Ali Sevim:''Türkiye tarihi III'', AKDTYKTTK Yayınları, 1991, pp 43-45</ref> | ], second stage<ref>Prof.Yaşar Yücel-Prof Ali Sevim:''Türkiye tarihi III'', AKDTYKTTK Yayınları, 1991, pp 43-45</ref>
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|] |]
|] (1618) |] (1618)
|Persian victory |The Persian Empire
|- |-
| ]<ref>Prof.Yaşar Yücel-Prof Ali Sevim:''Türkiye tarihi III'', AKDTYKTTK Yayınları, 1991, pp 78-82</ref> | ]<ref>Prof.Yaşar Yücel-Prof Ali Sevim:''Türkiye tarihi III'', AKDTYKTTK Yayınları, 1991, pp 78-82</ref>
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|], ] |], ]
|] (1639) |] (1639)
|Ottoman victory |The Ottoman Empire
|- |-
| ], first stage<br />'']'' | ], first stage<br />'']''
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|] |]
|] (1732) |] (1732)
|Ottoman victory<ref>{{cite book|last1=Erewantsʻi|first1=Abraham|last2=Bournoutian|first2=George|title=History of the wars: (1721-1736)|date=1999|publisher=Mazda Publishers|isbn=978-1568590851|page=2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FpugAAAAMAAJ&q=tahmasp+1731+lost+war|quote=(...) against Nader's advice, Shah Tahmasp marched against the Turks to force their withdrawal from Transcaucasia. The Ottomans routed the Persian forces in 1731, and in January 1732, the Shah concluded an agreement that left eastern Armenia, eastern Georgia, Shirvan, and Hamadan in Turkish hands.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Tucker|first1=Spencer C.|title=A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East : From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East|date=23 December 2009|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1851096725|page=729|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h5_tSnygvbIC&q=treaty+of+ahmet+pasha+1732|quote=Pursued by the Turks, Tahmasp is decisively defeated in the second Battle of Hamadan. In order to prevent a general Turkish invasion, he agrees to cede the territory conquered by Nadir in 1730 and recognizes all Turkish acquisitions}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=A ́goston|first1=Ga ́bor|last2=Masters|first2=Bruce Alan|title=Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire|date=2010|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1438110257|pages=415–416|quote=But while Nadir pursued conquests in the east, Shah Tahmasp reopened hostilities with the Ottomans in an effort to regain his lost territories. He was defeated and agreed to a treaty that restored Tabriz but left Kermanshah and Hamadan in Ottoman hands. Nadir was incensed at the treaty (...)}}</ref> |The Ottoman Empire<ref>{{cite book|last1=Erewantsʻi|first1=Abraham|last2=Bournoutian|first2=George|title=History of the wars: (1721-1736)|date=1999|publisher=Mazda Publishers|isbn=978-1568590851|page=2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FpugAAAAMAAJ&q=tahmasp+1731+lost+war|quote=(...) against Nader's advice, Shah Tahmasp marched against the Turks to force their withdrawal from Transcaucasia. The Ottomans routed the Persian forces in 1731, and in January 1732, the Shah concluded an agreement that left eastern Armenia, eastern Georgia, Shirvan, and Hamadan in Turkish hands.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Tucker|first1=Spencer C.|title=A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East : From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East|date=23 December 2009|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1851096725|page=729|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h5_tSnygvbIC&q=treaty+of+ahmet+pasha+1732|quote=Pursued by the Turks, Tahmasp is decisively defeated in the second Battle of Hamadan. In order to prevent a general Turkish invasion, he agrees to cede the territory conquered by Nadir in 1730 and recognizes all Turkish acquisitions}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=A ́goston|first1=Ga ́bor|last2=Masters|first2=Bruce Alan|title=Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire|date=2010|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1438110257|pages=415–416|quote=But while Nadir pursued conquests in the east, Shah Tahmasp reopened hostilities with the Ottomans in an effort to regain his lost territories. He was defeated and agreed to a treaty that restored Tabriz but left Kermanshah and Hamadan in Ottoman hands. Nadir was incensed at the treaty (...)}}</ref>
|- |-
| ], second stage<ref>Prof.Yaşar Yücel-Prof Ali Sevim:''Türkiye tarihi IV'', AKDTYKTTK Yayınları, 1991, pp 1-8</ref> | ], second stage<ref>Prof.Yaşar Yücel-Prof Ali Sevim:''Türkiye tarihi IV'', AKDTYKTTK Yayınları, 1991, pp 1-8</ref>
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|] |]
|] (1736) |] (1736)
|Persian victory |The Persian Empire
|- |-
| ]<ref>Prof.Yaşar Yücel-Prof Ali Sevim:''Türkiye tarihi IV'', AKDTYKTTK Yayınları, 1991, pp 22-25</ref> | ]<ref>Prof.Yaşar Yücel-Prof Ali Sevim:''Türkiye tarihi IV'', AKDTYKTTK Yayınları, 1991, pp 22-25</ref>
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| ] | ]
|None |None
|Persian victory<ref name=HMF>{{cite book|last=Fattah|first=Hala Mundhir|title=The Politics of Regional Trade in Iraq, Arabia, and the Gulf: 1745-1900|year=1997|publisher=]|isbn=9781438402376|page=34}}</ref> |The Persian Empire. ] captured by Persia.<ref name=HMF>{{cite book|last=Fattah|first=Hala Mundhir|title=The Politics of Regional Trade in Iraq, Arabia, and the Gulf: 1745-1900|year=1997|publisher=]|isbn=9781438402376|page=34}}</ref>
|- |-
| ]<ref>Prof.Yaşar Yücel-Prof Ali Sevim:''Türkiye tarihi IV'', AKDTYKTTK Yayınları, 1991, pp 193-195</ref> | ]<ref>Prof.Yaşar Yücel-Prof Ali Sevim:''Türkiye tarihi IV'', AKDTYKTTK Yayınları, 1991, pp 193-195</ref>
Line 78: Line 78:
|] |]
|] (1823) |] (1823)
|Persian victory |The Persian Empire
|} |}


Revision as of 20:27, 1 April 2024

Series of wars through the 16th to 19th centuries For all conflicts between Turkic states and Persian states, see Turco-Persian Wars.
Ottoman–Persian Wars
Ottoman–Safavid Wars
Campaigns of Nader Shah
Subsequent conflicts

The Ottoman–Persian Wars or Ottoman–Iranian Wars were a series of wars between Ottoman Empire and the Safavid, Afsharid, Zand, and Qajar dynasties of Iran (Persia) through the 16th–19th centuries. The Ottomans consolidated their control of what is today Turkey in the 15th century, and gradually came into conflict with the emerging neighboring Iranian state, led by Ismail I of the Safavid dynasty. The two states were arch rivals, and were also divided by religious grounds, the Ottomans being staunchly Sunni and the Safavids being Shia. A series of military conflicts ensued for centuries during which the two empires competed for control over eastern Anatolia, the Caucasus, and Iraq.

Name of the war Sultan of Ottoman Empire Shah of Persian Empire Treaty at the end of the war Victorious Empire
Battle of Chaldiran (1514) Selim I Ismail I None The Ottoman Empire
War of 1532–1555 Suleiman I Tahmasp I Treaty of Amasya (1555) The Ottoman Empire
War of 1578–1590 Murad III Mohammad Khodabanda, Abbas I Treaty of Constantinople (1590) The Ottoman Empire
War of 1603–1612, first stage
 Ahmed I Abbas I Treaty of Nasuh Pasha (1612) The Persian Empire
War of 1603–1612, second stage

Shah Abbas' invasions of Georgia (1614–1617)

Ahmed I, Mustafa I, Osman II Abbas I Treaty of Serav (1618) The Persian Empire
War of 1623–1639 Murad IV Abbas I, Safi Treaty of Zuhab (1639) The Ottoman Empire
War of 1730–1735, first stage
Western Persia campaign of 1730

Tahmasp's campaign of 1731

Ahmed III, Mahmud I Tahmasp II Treaty of Ahmet Pasha (1732) The Ottoman Empire
War of 1730–1735, second stage Mahmud I Abbas III Treaty of Constantinople (1736) The Persian Empire
War of 1743–1746 Mahmud I Nader Shah Treaty of Kerden (1746) Indecisive
War of 1775–1776 Abdulhamid I Karim Khan Zand None The Persian Empire. Basra captured by Persia.
War of 1821–1823 Mahmud II Fat′h-Ali Shah Qajar Treaty of Erzurum (1823) The Persian Empire

Among the numerous treaties, the Treaty of Zuhab of 1639 is usually considered as the most significant, as it fixed present Turkey–Iran and Iraq–Iran borders. In later treaties, there were frequent references to the Treaty of Zuhab.

See also

References

  1. Prof.Yaşar Yücel-Prof Ali Sevim:Türkiye tarihi II, AKDTYKTTK Yayınları, 1991, pp 339-340
  2. Prof.Yaşar Yücel-Prof Ali Sevim:Türkiye tarihi II, AKDTYKTTK Yayınları, 1991, pp 277-281
  3. Gábor Ágoston-Bruce Masters:Encyclopaedia of the Ottoman Empire, ISBN 978-0-8160-6259-1, p.280
  4. Prof.Yaşar Yücel-Prof Ali Sevim:Türkiye tarihi III, AKDTYKTTK Yayınları, 1991, pp 21-25
  5. Prof.Yaşar Yücel-Prof Ali Sevim:Türkiye tarihi III, AKDTYKTTK Yayınları, 1991, pp 43-45
  6. Prof.Yaşar Yücel-Prof Ali Sevim:Türkiye tarihi III, AKDTYKTTK Yayınları, 1991, pp 78-82
  7. Erewantsʻi, Abraham; Bournoutian, George (1999). History of the wars: (1721-1736). Mazda Publishers. p. 2. ISBN 978-1568590851. (...) against Nader's advice, Shah Tahmasp marched against the Turks to force their withdrawal from Transcaucasia. The Ottomans routed the Persian forces in 1731, and in January 1732, the Shah concluded an agreement that left eastern Armenia, eastern Georgia, Shirvan, and Hamadan in Turkish hands.
  8. Tucker, Spencer C. (23 December 2009). A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East [6 volumes]: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East. ABC-CLIO. p. 729. ISBN 978-1851096725. Pursued by the Turks, Tahmasp is decisively defeated in the second Battle of Hamadan. In order to prevent a general Turkish invasion, he agrees to cede the territory conquered by Nadir in 1730 and recognizes all Turkish acquisitions
  9. A ́goston, Ga ́bor; Masters, Bruce Alan (2010). Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire. Infobase Publishing. pp. 415–416. ISBN 978-1438110257. But while Nadir pursued conquests in the east, Shah Tahmasp reopened hostilities with the Ottomans in an effort to regain his lost territories. He was defeated and agreed to a treaty that restored Tabriz but left Kermanshah and Hamadan in Ottoman hands. Nadir was incensed at the treaty (...)
  10. Prof.Yaşar Yücel-Prof Ali Sevim:Türkiye tarihi IV, AKDTYKTTK Yayınları, 1991, pp 1-8
  11. Prof.Yaşar Yücel-Prof Ali Sevim:Türkiye tarihi IV, AKDTYKTTK Yayınları, 1991, pp 22-25
  12. Selcuk Aksin Somel (2010), The A to Z of the Ottoman Empire, quote: "This indecisive military conflict resulted in the preservation of the existing borders.", The Scarecrow Press Inc., p. 170
  13. "KARIM KHAN ZAND – Encyclopaedia Iranica".
  14. Fattah, Hala Mundhir (1997). The Politics of Regional Trade in Iraq, Arabia, and the Gulf: 1745-1900. SUNY Press. p. 34. ISBN 9781438402376.
  15. Prof.Yaşar Yücel-Prof Ali Sevim:Türkiye tarihi IV, AKDTYKTTK Yayınları, 1991, pp 193-195

Sources

  • Yves Bomati and Houchang Nahavandi,Shah Abbas, Emperor of Persia, 1587–1629, 2017, ed. Ketab Corporation, Los Angeles, ISBN 978-1595845672, English translation by Azizeh Azodi.
  • Sicker, Martin (2001). The Islamic World in Decline: From the Treaty of Karlowitz to the Disintegration of the Ottoman Empire. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 027596891X.
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