Thadou language: Difference between revisions

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	{{Use Indian English\|date=December 2018}}		{{Use Indian English\|date=December 2018}}
	{{Infobox language		{{Infobox language
	\| name = Thadou–Kuki		\| name = Thadou–Kuki
	\| altname = Thado Chin, Thadou, Kuki		\| altname = Thado Chin, Thadou, Kuki
	\| nativename = Thadoupao		\| nativename = Thadoupao
	\| states = ]		\| states = ]
	\| region = ]		\| region = ]
	\| ethnicity = ], natively to the ].		\| ethnicity = ], natively to the ].
	\| speakers = {{sigfig\|~~346~~,~~100~~\|2}}		\| speakers = {{sigfig\|600,000\|2}}
	\| date = ~~2011–2017~~		\| date = 2011–2022
	\| ref = e25		\| ref = e25
	\| familycolor = Sino-Tibetan		\| familycolor = Sino-Tibetan
	\| fam2 = ]		\| fam2 = ]
	\| fam3 = ]		\| fam3 = ]
	\| fam4 = ]		\| fam4 = ]
	\| fam5 = ]		\| fam5 = ]
	\| iso3 = tcz		\| iso3 = tcz
	\| glotto = thad1238		\| glotto = thad1238
	\| glottorefname = Thado Chin		\| glottorefname = Thado Chin
	}}		}}
	<!-- Deleted image removed: ] -->		<!-- Deleted image removed: ] -->

	'''Thadou''', '''Kuki''', or '''Thado Chin''' is a ] language of the ] ] sub-branch. It is spoken by the ] in ] (specifically in ] and ]).<ref>{{Cite book\|last1=Mahapatra\|first1=Bijaya P.\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UhcLAQAAMAAJ&q=number+of+thadou+speaking+states+in+india\|title=The Written Languages of the World: A Survey of the Degree and Modes of Use : Book 2, Non-Constitutional Languages\|last2=Padmanabha\|first2=P.\|date=December 1989\|publisher=Pr De L'Universite Laval\|isbn=978-2-7637-7196-0\|page=1311\|language=en}}</ref>		'''Thadou''', '''Kuki''', or '''Thado Chin''' is a ] language of the ] ] sub-branch. It is spoken by the ] in ] (specifically in ] and ]).<ref>{{Cite book\|last1=Mahapatra\|first1=Bijaya P.\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UhcLAQAAMAAJ&q=number+of+thadou+speaking+states+in+india\|title=The Written Languages of the World: A Survey of the Degree and Modes of Use : Book 2, Non-Constitutional Languages\|last2=Padmanabha\|first2=P.\|date=December 1989\|publisher=Pr De L'Universite Laval\|isbn=978-2-7637-7196-0\|page=1311\|language=en}}</ref>
	The speakers of this language use ] as their ] (L2) according to the ].<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Meitei {{!}} Ethnologue \|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/mni/ \|access-date=2023-05-03 \|website=] \|language=en}}</ref>		The speakers of this language use ] as their ] (L2) according to the ].<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Meitei {{!}} Ethnologue \|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/mni/ \|access-date=2023-05-03 \|website=] \|language=en}}</ref>

Revision as of 02:07, 27 May 2024

Sino-Tibetan language spoken in India "Kuki language" redirects here. Not to be confused with Kuki language (Nigeria).

Thadou–Kuki
Thado Chin, Thadou, Kuki
Thadoupao
Native to	India
Region	Manipur
Ethnicity	Kuki people, natively to the Thadou tribe.
Native speakers	600,000 (2011–2022)
Language family	Sino-Tibetan Tibeto-Burman Kuki-Chin-Naga Kuki-Chin Northern Thadou–Kuki
Language codes
ISO 639-3	`tcz`
Glottolog	`thad1238`
ELP	Thado Chin

Thadou, Kuki, or Thado Chin is a Sino-Tibetan language of the Northern Kuki-Chin sub-branch. It is spoken by the Thadou people in Northeast India (specifically in Manipur and Assam). The speakers of this language use Meitei language as their second language (L2) according to the Ethnologue.

The language is known by many names, including Thado, Thado-Pao, Thado-Ubiphei, Thādo, Thaadou Kuki, or just Kuki or Chin.

There are several dialects of this language: Hangshing, Khongsai, Kipgen, Saimar, Langiung, Sairang, Thangngeo, Haokip, Sitlhou, Singson (Shingsol). The Saimar dialect was reported in the Indian press in 2012 to be spoken by only four people in one village in the state of Tripura. The variety spoken in Manipur has partial mutual intelligibility with the other Mizo-Kuki-Chin languages varieties of the area including Paite, Hmar, Vaiphei, Simte, Kom and Gangte languages.

Geographical distribution

Thadou is spoken in the following locations (Ethnologue).

Northeast India
- Manipur
- Assam
  - Karbi Anglong (Mikil Hills)
  - NC hills (Dima Hasoa)

Dialects

Ethnologue lists the following dialects of Thadou, the names of which mostly correspond to clan names. There is high mutual intelligibility among dialects.

Lupho
Lupheng
Misao
Hangsing
Chongloi
Khongsai
Kipgen
Langiung
Sairang
Thangngeo
Haokip
Sitlhou
Touthang
Haolai
Singson (Shingsol)
Hanghal
Lhouvum
Mate
Lhungdim
Baite

The Saimar dialect is only spoken by 4 people in one village, which is located in Tripura.

Phonology

Consonants

		Labial	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Plosive	voiceless	p	t		k	ʔ
	aspirated	pʰ	tʰ
	voiced	b	d		ɡ
Affricate			ts
Nasal		m	n		ŋ
Fricative	voiceless		s		x	h
	voiced	v	z
	lateral		ɬ
Approximant		w	l	j

/p t k/ are heard unreleased as in word-final position.
/ts/ is heard as more apical [ts̺] when occurring before front and central vowels.
/x/ can have a cognate of an aspirated velar plosive [kʰ] in the dialect spoken in Burma.
/ɬ/ can have an allophone of [l̥] in word-medial position.

Vowels

	Front	Central	Back
Close	i		u
Mid	e	ə	o
Open		a

References

^ Thadou–Kuki at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022) [REDACTED]
Mahapatra, Bijaya P.; Padmanabha, P. (December 1989). The Written Languages of the World: A Survey of the Degree and Modes of Use : Book 2, Non-Constitutional Languages. Pr De L'Universite Laval. p. 1311. ISBN 978-2-7637-7196-0.
"Meitei | Ethnologue". Ethnologue. Retrieved 3 May 2023.
"Just 4 people keep a language alive". The Hindu. 18 July 2012. Retrieved 7 April 2013.
Singh, Chungkham Yashawanta (1995). "The linguistic situation in Manipur" (PDF). Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area. 18 (1): 129–134. Retrieved 19 June 2014.
"Just 4 people keep a language alive". The Hindu. 18 July 2012.
Haokip, Marykim (2014). Grammar of Thadou-Kuki: A Descriptive Study. New Delhi: Jawaharlal Nehru University.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

Did you know Thado Chin is severely endangered? (n.d.). Retrieved 10 March 2017, from http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/5702
Haokip, P. (2011). Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area. THE LANGUAGES OF MANIPUR: A CASE STUDY OF THE KUKI-CHIN-MIZO LANGUAGES*, 34.1 (April), 85-118. Retrieved 9 March 2017, from https://dx.doi.org/10.15144/LTBA-34.1.85
History. (n.d.). Retrieved 9 March 2017, from http://thethadou.webs.com/history.htm
"Thadou." Encyclopedia of World Cultures. . Retrieved 3 May 2017 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/thadou
Thado Chin. (n.d.). Retrieved 10 March 2017, from http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/thad1238
Thado Chin Rosary Prayers. (n.d.). Retrieved 7 March 2017, from http://www.marysrosaries.com/Chin_Thado_prayers.html
Thadou Kuki language. (n.d.). Retrieved 10 March 2017, from https://globalrecordings.net/en/language/759
The Thadou (or Thado). (n.d.). Retrieved 9 March 2017, from http://www.myanmarburma.com/attraction/174/the-thadou-or-thado
Where on earth do they speak Chin, Thado? (n.d.). Retrieved 10 March 2017, from http://www.verbix.com/maps/language/ChinThado.html
St George International Ltd. (n.d.). Retrieved 4 May 2017, from http://www.stgeorges.co.uk/blog/learn-english/how-many-people-in-the-world-speak-english

Sino-Tibetan branches

Western Himalayas (Himachal,
Uttarakhand, Nepal, Sikkim)

West Himalayish
Tamangic
Newaric
- Newar
- Baram–Thangmi
Kiranti
Dhimalish
- Dhimal
- Toto
- Lhokpu
Lepcha

Greater Magaric	Magaric Magar Kham Chepangic Chepang Bhujel Raji–Raute Dura–Tandrange

Eastern Himalayas
(Tibet, Bhutan, Arunachal)

Bodish
- Tibetic
- East Bodish
- Tshangla
- Basum
- Nam?
Gongduk
ʼOle
Tani
Chamdo

Myanmar and Indo-
Burmese border

Karbi
Kuki-Chin
Mruic
- Mru
- Hkongso
Pyu
Taman

"Naga"	Ao Angami–Pochuri Meitei Tangkhulic Zeme
Sal	Boro–Garo Konyak Jingpho–Luish

East and Southeast Asia

Sinitic
Bai
Tujia
Nungish
Karenic
Gong
Kathu
Cai–Long
- Caijia
- Longjia
- Luren

Burmo-Qiangic	Qiangic Gyalrongic Ersuic Naic Lolo-Burmese Mondzish Burmish Loloish

Dubious (possible
isolates) (Arunachal)

Greater Siangic	Siangic Koro Milang Idu–Taraon

Proposed groupings

Proto-languages

Italics indicates single languages that are also considered to be separate branches.

Kuki-Chin–Naga languages

Kuki-Chin

Southern Naga (Northwestern)	Aimol Anal Chiru Chothe Kharam Koireng Kom Lamkang Monsang Moyon Purum Tarao Ranglong Sorbung
Northern	Thadou Tedim Paite Gangte Simte Sizang Vaiphei Zo Ngawn Ralte
Central	Mizo Hmar Biate Hrangkhol Sakachep Hakha Falam Bawm Thor Pangkhu Saihriem Darlong
Maraic	Mara Lautu Zyphe Senthang Zotung
Khomic	Khumi Mro-Khimi Rengmitca
Southern	Shö Thaiphum Daai Kʼchò Nga La Welaung Kaang Laitu Ekai Rungtu Songlai Sumtu

Naga

Ao (Central Naga)	Ao Chungli Ao Mongsen Ao Long Phuri Para Sangtam Yimchungrü Lotha Makury Wui
Angami–Pochuri	Angami Chokri Kheza Sopvoma Poula Pochuri Ntenyi Rengma Sümi
Tangkhulic	Tangkhul Somra Akyaung Ari Kachai Huishu Champhung Tusom Suansu Challow Kongai Koki Maring Uipo
Zemeic (Western Naga)	Zeme Liangmai Rongmei Mzieme Inpui Khoirao Maram

Meitei

Meitei

Karbic

Karbi
Amri

Languages of Myanmar

Official languages

Semiofficial language

English

Indigenous languages
(by state or region)

Chin

Kuki-Chin

Northern	Falam Siyin Tedim Thadou Zo
Central	Bawm Hakha Chin Mizo Ngawn Tawr
Maraic	Lautu Mara Senthang Zotung Zyphe
Southern	Daai Kaang Khumi Kʼchò Nga La Shö Songlai Sumtu Thaiphum Welaung

Other

Anu-Hkongso

Kachin

Sino-Tibetan	Achang Drung Hpon Jingpo Lashi Lhao Vo Lisu Nusu Rawang Zaiwa
Other	Khamti Nùng Palaung Tai Laing

Kayah

Kayin

Magway

Rungtu (Taungtha)

Mon

Rakhine

Sagaing

Sal	Khiamniungan Konyak Leinong Makyam Ponyo Sak Tangsa
Other	Akyaung Ari Anal Koki Makury Long Phuri Para Tangkhul

Shan

Austroasiatic	Blang Danau Palaung Riang Tai Loi Wa
Sino-Tibetan	Akeu Akha Danu Geko Karen Intha Lahta Lahu Pa’o Padaung Pyen Taungyo Southwestern Mandarin
Kra–Dai	Khün Tai Lue Shan Tai Nuea
Hmong–Mien	Hmong Njua

Tanintharyi

Non-Indigenous

Immigrant language	Burmese Hindi Punjabi Russian Vietnamese
Working language	English Japanese Korean

Sign languages

Burmese sign language

Languages of Northeast India

Arunachal
Pradesh

Sal	Deori Nocte Singpho Tangsa Tutsa Wancho
Tani	Adi Apatani Bori Gallong Nishi Tangam Yano
Other	Assamese Hajong Karbi Milang Nefamese Puimei

Assam

Indo-Aryan

Sino-Tibetan

Kuki-Chin	Amri Bawm Biate Chiru Gangte Hmar Hrangkhol Karbi Paite Ranglong Saihriem Sakachep Vaiphei
Sal	Barman Bodo Deori Dimasa Garo Kachari Koch Kokborok Moran Nocte Rabha Singpho Tangsa Tiwa Turung Tutsa Wancho
Tani	Adi Bangni-Tagin Bokar Hill Miri Mising Na Nishi
Zeme	Inpui Khoirao Maram Rongmei Zeme
Other	Hajong Meitei

Kra-Dai

Manipur

Kuki-Chin

Northern	Anal Biate Chiru Chothe Gangte Hrangkhol Kom Lamkang Moyon Paite Purum Ralte Simte Thadou Vaiphei Zou
Other	Hmar Mizo Monsang Sakachep Sorbung Tarao

Zeme

Other

Meghalaya

Kuki-Chin	Amri Biate Gangte Karbi Khelma Mizo Vaiphei
Khasic	Khasi Lyngngam Pnar War
Other	Atong Garo Hajong Koch

Mizoram

Nagaland

Sino-
Tibetan

Angami- Pochuri	Angami Chokri Kuzhami Moyon Ntenyi Pochuri Rengma Sema Sopvoma
Ao	Ao Lotha Mongsen Ao Sangtam Wui Yimchungrü
Sal	Chang Dimasa Khiamniungan Konyak Nocte Phom Wancho
Zeme	Inpui Lamkang Mzieme Rongmei Zeme
Other	Chiru Chothe Khelma Makury Tangkhul

Other

Sikkim

Tripura

Indo-Aryan	Bengali Bishnupriya Manipuri Sylheti
Sino-Tibetan	Bawm Darlong Koch Kokborok Meitei Mizo Paite Ralte Ranglong Tangkhul Thadou Vaiphei Zeme

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