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Ottoman–Persian Wars
Part of the Ottoman wars in Asia
Date 1514–1823 Location Mesopotamia (Iraq), Caucasus (North and South Caucasus) Result Indecisive Territorial changes Ottomans consolidated their power in Mesopotamia (Iraq) , Persians consolidated their power in the Caucasus
Belligerents
Safavid Empire Afsharid Iran Zand Iran Qajar Iran Supported by: Mamluk Sultanate Kingdom of Kartli  Kingdom of Kakheti  Principality of Samtskhe Principality of Guria Emirate of Masha'sha Al-Muntafiq Ardalan  Russia (1914–1917) Swedish volunteers Sweden	Ottoman Empire Suported by: Al-Muntafiq Union Crimean Khanate Kurdish tribes Kingdom of Portugal Emirate of Basra Crimean Khanate Kingdom of Imereti Principality of Guria Principality of Mingrelia  Principality of Samtskhe Shaybanids Bukhara Khanate Crimean Khanate Lezgis Pashalik of Iraq Omani Empire Shekak Tribesmen  Germany Emirate of Hasankeyf Bohtan Principality of Bitlis
Commanders and leaders
See list Ottoman-Safavid Wars Ismail I (WIA) Tahmasp I Mohammad Khodabanda Abbas I Safi of Persia Hüseyin Bey Çuka Sultan † Kangırıl Sultan Nur Ali Halife † Davud Bey  Mehmed Bey  Şeref Bey  Ustaclu Kara Han † Durmuş Bey Ustaclu Süleyman † Saru Bey † Yegan Bey † Velihan Bey † Mohammad Khan Ustajlu † Abd al-Baqi Yazdi † Sayyed Sharif al-Din Ali Shirazi † Seyid Sadraddin Shahverdi Sultan Shahzada Ismail Mirza Qadi Jahan Qazvini Hamza Mirza † Mirza Salman Jabiri † Imam-Quli Khan Undiladze Giorgi Saakadze (POW) Allahverdi Khan Davud Han Ferecullah Han  Saru Khan † Bektash Khan Gorji Campaigns of Nader Shah Nader Shah Abbas III Tahmasp II Nassrollah Mirza Ahmad Shah Durrani Subsequent Conflicts Karim Khan Zand Fat′h-Ali Shah Qajar Ahmad Shah Qajar Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar # Mozaffar ad-Din Shah Qajar # Kelb-i Ali Han Salih Han Hüsrev Han (WIA) Muhammad Ali Han † Ali Murad Han (POW) Mohammad Ali Mirza Abbas Mirza Fath-Ali Shah Qajar Per Nyström Harald Hjalmarson Heydar Latifiyan Ibrahim Khan Qavam-ul-Mulk Mohammad Taqi Pessian Reza Shah	See list Ottoman-Safavid Wars Selim I Suleiman I Murad III Ahmed I Mustafa I Osman II Murad IV Bıyıklı Mehmed Pasha Dukaginzade Ahmed Pasha Hasan Pasha † Karaçin Ahmed Bey Deli Husrev Pasha Bıyıklı Mehmed Pasha Idris Bitlisi Şadi Paşa Mehmed Çelebi † Atak Ahmed Bey Halil Eyyubi Pir Hüseyin Bey Çerkez Hüseyin Bey † Palu Cemşit Bey Sason Ali Bey Atak Ahmed Bey Halil Eyyubi Pir Hüseyin Bey Seyyid Ahmed Bey Bedir Bey Selim II Pargalı Ibrahim Pasha Şehzade Mustafa İskender Çelebi  Rüstem Pasha Kara Ahmed Pasha Şehzade Bayezid Alqas Mirza (POW) Cığalazade Yusuf Sinan Pasha Özdemiroğlu Osman Pasha Lala Kara Mustafa Pasha Sokollu Mehmed Pasha Koca Sinan Pasha Adil Giray Khan † Öküz Mehmed Pasha Nasuh Pasha Kuyucu Murad Pasha † Cigalazade Yusuf Sinan Pasha † Damat Halil Pasha Köse Sefer Pasha  Tayyar Mehmed Pasha † Tabanıyassı Mehmed Pasha Gazi Hüsrev Pasha Hafız Ahmed Pasha (WIA) Daltaban Mustafa Pasha Campaigns of Nader Shah Mahmud I Ahmed Pasha Hekimoğlu Ali Pasha Köprülü Abdullah Pasha † Memish Pasha † Topal Osman Pasha † Abdullah Pasha Jebhechi Mehmed Yegen Pasha † Nişancı Ahmed Pasha Ahmad Pasha Subsequent Conflicts Abdulhamid I Mahmud II Abdul Hamid II Mehmed V Halil Kut Enver Pasha Suleiman al-Jalili

The Ottoman–Persian Wars or Ottoman–Iranian Wars were a series of wars between Ottoman Empire and the Safavid, Afsharid, Zand, and Qajar dynasties of Iran (also known as Persia) through the 16th–19th centuries. The Ottomans consolidated their control of what is today Turkey in the 15th century, and gradually came into conflict with the emerging neighboring Iranian state, led by Ismail I of the Safavid dynasty. The two states were arch rivals, and were also divided by religious grounds, the Ottomans being staunchly Sunni and the Safavids being Shia. A series of military conflicts ensued for centuries during which the two empires competed for control over eastern Anatolia, the Caucasus, and Iraq.

Among the numerous treaties, the Treaty of Zuhab of 1639 is usually considered as the most significant, as it fixed present Turkey–Iran and Iraq–Iran borders. In later treaties, there were frequent references to the Treaty of Zuhab.

See also

• Ottoman–Safavid relations
• Habsburg–Persian alliance
• Franco-Ottoman alliance
• Ottoman–Hotaki War (1726–1727)
• Persian campaign (World War I)
• Russo-Persian Wars
• Russo-Turkish Wars

References

1. Ateş, Sabri (2013). Ottoman-Iranian Borderlands: Making a Boundary, 1843–1914. UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 106. ISBN 978-1107245082.
2. Boxer, Charles Ralph (1985). Portuguese Conquest and Commerce in Southern Asia, 1500-1750. Variorum Reprints. p. 61. ISBN 978-0-385-19351-1.
3. Andrada, Ruy Freyre de (2005). Commentaries of Ruy Freyre de Andrada. Psychology Press. p. 313. ISBN 978-0-415-34469-2.
4. İnalcık, Halil; Quataert, Donald (1994). An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire, 1300-1914. Cambridge University Press. p. 353. ISBN 978-0-521-34315-2.
5. The Bukharans A Dynastic, Diplomatic, and Commercial History, 1550-1702 Audrey Burton 1997 p.144-145
6. Bruinessen, Martin (2006). "Chapter 5: A Kurdish warlord on the Turkish-Persian frontier in the early Twentieth century: Isma'il Aqa Simko". In Atabaki, Touraj (ed.). Iran and the First World War: Battleground of the Great Powers. Library of modern Middle East studies, 43. London; New York: I.B. Tauris. pp. 18–21. ISBN 9781860649646. OCLC 56455579.
7. Gábor Ágoston-Bruce Masters:Encyclopaedia of the Ottoman Empire, ISBN 978-0-8160-6259-1, p.280
8. Selcuk Aksin Somel (2010), The A to Z of the Ottoman Empire, quote: "This indecisive military conflict resulted in the preservation of the existing borders.", The Scarecrow Press Inc., p. 170
9. Fattah, Hala Mundhir (1997). The Politics of Regional Trade in Iraq, Arabia, and the Gulf: 1745–1900. SUNY Press. p. 34. ISBN 9781438402376.

Sources

• Yves Bomati and Houchang Nahavandi,Shah Abbas, Emperor of Persia, 1587–1629, 2017, ed. Ketab Corporation, Los Angeles, ISBN 978-1595845672, English translation by Azizeh Azodi.
• Sicker, Martin (2001). The Islamic World in Decline: From the Treaty of Karlowitz to the Disintegration of the Ottoman Empire. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 027596891X.

• Ottoman–Persian Wars
• Iran–Ottoman Empire relations
• Geopolitical rivalry
• Ottoman period in Armenia
• Early modern history of Georgia (country)
• Military operations involving the Crimean Khanate
• Early modern history of Iraq
• Ottoman period in Anatolia
• History of the Caucasus
• History of the Ottoman Empire in Asia