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	{{Short description\|~~Country~~ in ~~southwestern~~ ~~Europe~~}}		{{Short description\|YouTube web series by Alexey Gerasimov}}
	{{Redirect\|España\|other uses\|Spain (disambiguation)\|and\|España (disambiguation)}}
	{{pp-move}}
	{{pp-vandalism\|small=yes}}		{{pp-vandalism\|small=yes}}
	{{Use dmy dates\|date=~~March~~ ~~2023~~}}		{{Use dmy dates\|date=July 2024}}
	{{Use ~~British~~ English\|date=~~December~~ 2024}}		{{Use American English\|date=November 2024}}
	{{Infobox ~~country~~		{{Infobox television
			\| image = Skibidi toilet screenshot.webp
	\| conventional_long_name = Kingdom of Spain
			\| image_alt = A computer render of a male human head with wide open eyes coming out of a toilet bowl, smiling
	\| native_name = {{Native name\|es\|Reino de España}}
			\| caption = ] of the first episode depicting one of the titular Skibidi Toilets
	\| common_name = Spain
	\| ~~name~~ = ~~{{collapsible~~ ~~list~~		\| country = ]
			\| num_seasons = 25
	\|titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:84%;
			\| num_episodes = 77
	\|title = {{resize\|1.0 em\|7 other names}}{{efn\|name="es lang"\|In Spain, some ] enjoy co-official status in certain regions (in accordance with the latter's ]) or have some degree of recognition. In each of these, Spain's conventional long name for international affairs in Spanish laws and the most used ({{langx\|es\|Reino de España\|links=no}}, pronounced: {{IPA\|es\|ˈrejno ð(e) esˈpaɲa}}) is as follows:
			\| network = ]
	* {{langx\|an\|Reino d'Espanya}}, {{IPA\|an\|ˈrejno ðesˈpaɲa\|IPA}}
			\| first_aired = {{Start date\|2023\|02\|07\|df=y}}
	* {{langx\|ast\|Reinu d'España}}, {{IPA\|ast\|ˈrejnu ðesˈpaɲa\|IPA}}
			\| last_aired = present
	* {{langx\|ca\|Regne d'Espanya}}, {{IPA\|ca\|ˈreŋnə ðəsˈpaɲə\|IPA}}
			\| creator = Alexey Gerasimov {{nowrap\|(DaFuq!?Boom!)}}
	* {{langx\|eu\|Espainiako Erresuma}}, {{IPA\|eu\|es̺paɲiako eres̺uma\|IPA}}
			\| genre = ]
	* {{langx\|gl\|Reino de España}}, {{IPA\|gl\|ˈrejnʊ ð(ɪ) esˈpaɲɐ\|IPA}}
	* {{langx\|oc\|Reiaume d'Espanha}}, {{IPA\|oc\|reˈjawme ðesˈpaɲɔ\|IPA}}
	* {{langx\|ca-valencia\|Regne d'Espanya}}, {{IPA\|ca\|ˈreŋne ðesˈpaɲa\|IPA}}}}
	\|{{Infobox\|subbox=yes\|bodystyle=font-size:80%;font-weight:normal;
	\|rowclass1 = mergedrow\|label1=]:\|data1={{lang\|an\|Reino d'Espanya}}
	\|rowclass2 = mergedrow\|label2=]:\|data2={{lang\|ast\|Reinu d'España}}
	\|rowclass3 = mergedrow\|label4=]:\|data4={{lang\|eu\|Espainiako Erresuma}}
	\|rowclass4 = mergedrow\|label3=]:\|data3={{lang\|ca\|Regne d'Espanya}}
	\|rowclass5 = mergedrow\|label5=]:\|data5={{lang\|gl\|Reino de España}}
	\|rowclass6 = mergedrow\|label6=]:\|data6={{lang\|oc\|Reiaume d'Espanha}}
	\|rowclass7 = mergedrow\|label7=]:\|data7={{lang\|ca-valencia\|Regne d'Espanya}}
	}}		}}
			'''''Skibidi Toilet''''' is a ] ] created by <!--Gerasimov is not Georgian; he only lives in Georgia (the country). He is purportedly Russian, but no reliable sources have confirmed it yet.--> Alexey Gerasimov and released through ] videos and ] on his channel ''{{nowrap\|DaFuq!?Boom!}}'' ({{IPAc-en\|d\|ə\|ˌ\|f\|ʌ\|k\|ˈ\|b\|uː\|m}}). Produced using ], the series follows a war between human-headed ]s and ] characters with electronic devices for heads.
	}}
	\| image_flag = Flag of Spain.svg
	\| image_coat = Escudo de España.svg
	\| national_motto = {{Lang\|la\|]}} (])<br />(English: "Further Beyond")
	\| national_anthem = {{native name\|es\|]\|icon=yes}}<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.boe.es/boe/dias/1997/10/11/pdfs/A29594-29600.pdf\|title=Real Decreto 1560/1997, de 10 de octubre, por el que se regula el Himno Nacional\|author=Presidency of the Government\|work=] núm. 244\|date=11 October 1997\|language=es\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924034615/http://www.boe.es/boe/dias/1997/10/11/pdfs/A29594-29600.pdf\|archive-date=24 September 2015\|author-link=Government of Spain}}</ref><br />(English: "Royal March")<br /> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">{{center\|]}}</div>
	\| image_map = {{Switcher\|]\|Show globe\|]\|Show map of Europe\|default=1}}
	\| map_caption = {{map caption\|location_color=dark green\|region=Europe\|region_color=dark grey\|subregion=the ]\|subregion_color=green}}
	\| image_map2 =
	\| capital = ]
	\| coordinates = {{Coord\|40\|26\|N\|3\|42\|W\|type:city}}
	\| largest_city = ]
	\| languages_type = Official language
	\| languages = ]<!--(aka Castilian)-->{{efn\|name=b\|The official language of the State is established in the Section 3 of the ] to be Castilian.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.lamoncloa.gob.es/IDIOMAS/9/Espana/LeyFundamental/index.htm\|title=The Spanish Constitution\|publisher=Lamoncloa.gob.es\|access-date=26 April 2013\|url-status=dead\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130325101204/http://www.lamoncloa.gob.es/IDIOMAS/9/Espana/LeyFundamental/index.htm\|archive-date=25 March 2013 \|language=es}}</ref>}}{{efn\|name="Co-official languages"\|In some ], ], ], ], ], and ] (locally known as ]) are co-official languages. ], ], and ] have some degree of government recognition at the regional level.}}
	{{infobox\|child=yes
	\|label1 = Nationality {{nobold\|(2024)}}<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.ine.es/dyngs/Prensa/ECP4T23.htm\|title=Estadística Continua de Población (ECP) 1 de abril de 2024. Datos provisionales. \|language=es}}</ref>
	\|data1 = {{unbulleted list\|86.5% ]\|13.5% ]}}
	}}
	\| ethnic_groups = *84.8% Spanish
	*1.7% Moroccan
	*1.2% Romanian
	*12.3% other
	\| ethnic_groups_year = 2021
	\| ethnic_groups_ref = <ref>{{cite web \|title=Spain \|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/spain/ \|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency \|access-date=31 December 2024}}</ref>
	\| religion = {{unbulleted list

			Since the first short was posted in February 2023, ''Skibidi Toilet'' has become ] as an ] on various ] platforms, particularly among ]. Many commentators saw their embrace of the series as Generation Alpha's first development of a unique ]. The show has a wide range of licensed products, and Gerasimov is "in talks" with ] and ] for a film and television series adaptation.
	\|56.0% ]

			== Plot ==
	{{Tree list}}
			The series depicts a conflict between singing human-headed toilets—the titular "Skibidi Toilets"—and humanoids with ] cameras, speakers, and televisions in place of their heads. The Skibidi Toilets, led by "G-Toilet", overtake humanity. Warfare soon develops between the toilets and the alliance of Cameramen and Speakermen. Each kind of the alliance has a colossal version of themselves, termed "Titans". The Titan Speakerman is infected with a mind-control parasite developed by the toilets' second-in-command and chief strategist, "Scientist Toilet", causing the Titan Speakerman to turn on the alliance. The alliance is expanded to include a species of TV-headed humanoids, and, with their help, Titan Speakerman is eventually cured.
	** 37.5% ]
	** 18.5% practicing ]

			As the military of both sides continue to advance technologically, the Titans attempt to hunt down G-Toilet. Though their combined powers are occasionally a match for his abilities, his legions intervene each time, allowing him to escape. After a strike mission on the toilets' secret underground laboratory, the Scientist Toilet is finally defeated, but only one member of the team survives, a Cameraman called Plungerman. Having met a mysterious human seemingly involved in the creation of the toilets, the Plungerman is assassinated as a loose end. Meanwhile, fractures between the Skibidi Toilets and the "Astro Toilets", a mysterious splinter faction of powerful extraterrestrial toilets, erupt into violence, and the alliance and Skibidi Toilets enter into a makeshift alliance against their common enemy.
	{{Tree list/end}}

			== Production ==
	\|14.9% ]
			{{anchor\|Background and production}}''Skibidi Toilet'' is produced by Alexey Gerasimov ({{Langx\|ru\|Алексей Герасимов}}, born 1997 or 1998),<ref name="Lorenz-2023">{{Cite news \|last=Lorenz \|first=Taylor \|author-link=Taylor Lorenz \|date=10 December 2023 \|title=How a toilet-themed YouTube series became the biggest thing online \|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2023/12/10/skibidi-toilets-you-tube-children-internet/ \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216155122/https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2023/12/10/skibidi-toilets-you-tube-children-internet/ \|archive-date=16 December 2023 \|access-date=17 December 2023 \|newspaper=] \|language=en-US \|issn=0190-8286}}</ref> also known by his alias "Blugray" or the name of his YouTube channel, "DaFuq!?Boom!"<ref name="Lang-2023">{{Cite web \|last=Lang \|first=Jamie \|date=3 July 2023 \|title=How The Animation Channel DaFuq!?Boom! Became Youtube's Biggest Hit This Summer \|url=https://www.cartoonbrew.com/streaming/dafuqboom-youtube-alexey-gerasimov-skibidi-toilet-230239.html \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230806021855/https://www.cartoonbrew.com/streaming/dafuqboom-youtube-alexey-gerasimov-skibidi-toilet-230239.html \|archive-date=6 August 2023 \|access-date=25 November 2023 \|website=] \|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite news \|last=Lorenz \|first=Taylor \|author-link=Taylor Lorenz \|date=July 24, 2024 \|title=How 'Skibidi Toilet' became one of the most valuable franchises in Hollywood \|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2024/07/24/skibidi-toilet-movie-tv-franchise-youtube-michael-bay/ \|access-date=July 28, 2024 \|newspaper=] \|archive-date=26 July 2024 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240726222133/https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2024/07/24/skibidi-toilet-movie-tv-franchise-youtube-michael-bay/ \|url-status=live }}</ref> He lives in ] and has been learning animation since 2014.{{NoteTag\|Sources differ on whether Gerasimov merely resides in Georgia<ref name="Lang-2023" /><ref name="Smith-2023" /><ref name="Greig-2023" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":9" /> or is actually of Georgian nationality.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web \|last=France \|first=Lisa Respers \|date=2024-07-25 \|title='Skibidi Toilet:' If you don't know what it is, you will \|url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/07/25/entertainment/skibidi-toilet-explainer/index.html \|access-date=2024-07-30 \|website=] \|language=en \|archive-date=27 July 2024 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240727083422/https://www.cnn.com/2024/07/25/entertainment/skibidi-toilet-explainer/index.html \|url-status=live }}</ref> Some sources used the wording "from Georgia".<ref name=":10" /><ref name=":11" /><ref name=":12" /> According to ], he is originally from Russia and only moved to Georgia in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Harris \|first=Peter \|date=2024-10-23 \|title=Skibidi Toilet explained from origins to Michael Bay movie \|url=https://www.irishstar.com/culture/entertainment/skibidi-toilet-explained-origins-michael-33954132 \|access-date=2024-10-31 \|website=Irish Star \|language=en}}</ref>}} His channel has seen prior hits; his video ''I'M AT DIP'' accumulated over 45 million views by July 2023, for example.<ref name="Lang-2023" />

			The first episode of ''Skibidi Toilet'' was released on 7 February 2023 (UTC), with an 11-second runtime.<ref name=":7" /> The video, titled "skibidi toilet", depicts a toilet with a man's head coming out of it singing a song that prominently features the word "skibidi".<ref name="primary">{{cite web \|title=skibidi toilet \|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tzD9OxAHtzU \|website=YouTube \|publisher=DaFuq!?Boom! \|access-date=23 October 2024 \|date=7 February 2023 \|archive-date=8 October 2024 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241008105643/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tzD9OxAHtzU \|url-status=live }}</ref> Every episode is produced using ], a free ]-published ], often used to create and edit clips and movies online.<ref name="Greig-2023">{{Cite web \|last=Greig \|first=James \|date=12 July 2023 \|title=Skibidi Toilet: the terrifying new creatures haunting the internet \|url=https://www.dazeddigital.com/life-culture/article/60336/1/skibidi-toilet-slenderman-youtube-tiktok-demon-internet-evil \|access-date=10 August 2023 \|website=] \|language=en \|archive-date=30 July 2023 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730011601/https://www.dazeddigital.com/life-culture/article/60336/1/skibidi-toilet-slenderman-youtube-tiktok-demon-internet-evil \|url-status=live }}</ref> Some assets used in the series are taken from video games such as '']'' and '']''.<ref name="Smith-2023">{{Cite web \|last=Smith \|first=Ryan \|date=18 July 2023 \|title=What is Skibidi Toilet? Inside the eerie videos taking over the internet \|url=https://www.newsweek.com/what-skibidi-toilet-inside-eerie-videos-taking-over-internet-1813590 \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230812173324/https://www.newsweek.com/what-skibidi-toilet-inside-eerie-videos-taking-over-internet-1813590 \|archive-date=12 August 2023 \|access-date=13 August 2023 \|website=] \|language=en}}</ref> The Skibidi Toilet in the first episode, for example, features the head ] of a Civilian ({{code\|Male_07}}) from ''Half-Life 2'' (pictured above).<ref name=":8">{{Cite web \|last=Foster \|first=George \|date=2024-07-24 \|title=Skibidi Toilet Movie And TV Franchise In The Works \|url=https://www.thegamer.com/skibidi-toilet-movie-tv-franchise-in-the-works-talks-michael-bay-transformers-half-life/ \|access-date=2024-07-29 \|website=TheGamer \|language=en \|archive-date=18 August 2024 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240818125442/https://www.thegamer.com/skibidi-toilet-movie-tv-franchise-in-the-works-talks-michael-bay-transformers-half-life/ \|url-status=live }}</ref>
	\|12.6% ]
	\|12.3% ]

			An unlicensed<ref name=":4">{{Cite web \|last=Ingham \|first=Tim \|date=14 March 2024 \|title=Down The Skibidi Toilet: Why Universal Music Group's 'Project Timeout' is hitting TikTok with endless copyright takedown requests \|url=https://www.musicbusinessworldwide.com/down-the-skibidi-toilet-why-universal-music-groups-project-timeout-is-spamming-tiktok-with-endless-copyright-takedown-requests/ \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240320130434/https://www.musicbusinessworldwide.com/down-the-skibidi-toilet-why-universal-music-groups-project-timeout-is-spamming-tiktok-with-endless-copyright-takedown-requests/ \|archive-date=20 March 2024 \|access-date=20 March 2024 \|website=] \|language=en-US}}</ref> ] of the songs "]" by ]<ref name="Lorenz-2023" /> and "Dom Dom Yes Yes" by Bulgarian artist Biser King,<ref name=":12">{{Cite web \|last=Curtis \|first=Charles \|date=24 July 2023 \|title=What are Skibidi toilets? Explaining the bizarre YouTube video series that's taking over the internet \|url=https://ftw.usatoday.com/lists/skibidi-toilets-youtube-memes-videos-what-are-they \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727111713/https://ftw.usatoday.com/lists/skibidi-toilets-youtube-memes-videos-what-are-they \|archive-date=27 July 2023 \|access-date=10 August 2023 \|website=For The Win \|publisher=] \|language=en-US}}</ref> created by ] user @doombreaker03,<ref name=":1">{{Cite web \|last=Bumas \|first=Adam \|date=25 July 2023 \|title=Understanding Skibidi Toilets: Lore, History, and Beyond \|url=https://passionfru.it/skibidi-toilet-7045/ \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927135115/https://passionfru.it/skibidi-toilet-7045/ \|archive-date=27 September 2023 \|access-date=19 December 2023 \|website=] \|language=en-US}}</ref> appears in early episodes as the Skibidi Toilets' theme, and is later invoked as their battle cry.<ref name="Lorenz-2023" /> In 2024, the two songs' publisher ] issued copyright complaints against the full version of the mashup, causing some videos featuring the mashup to be taken down.<ref name=":4" /> "]" by ] is featured in some videos as the resistance forces' theme.<ref name="Dodgson-2023">{{Cite web \|last=Dodgson \|first=Lindsay \|date=14 October 2023 \|title='Skibidi Toilet' isn't mindless — it's a 'cultural touchstone' that captures the anarchic spirit of the internet \|url=https://www.insider.com/skibidi-toilet-is-good-actually-2023-10 \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530042032/https://www.businessinsider.com/skibidi-toilet-is-good-actually-2023-10 \|archive-date=30 May 2024 \|access-date=2 November 2023 \|website=] \|language=en-US}}</ref>
	\|2.7% ]

			"Dom Dom Yes Yes" gained popularity in 2022 through the viral videos of Turkish TikToker @yasincengiz38 dancing to the song with platters of food.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web \|last=Reynolds \|first=Brandon R. \|date=19 June 2024 \|title=Every Generation Throws a Toilet Up the Pop Charts \|url=https://whowhatwhy.org/culture/every-generation-throws-a-toilet-up-the-pop-charts/ \|access-date=25 June 2024 \|website=] \|language=en-US \|archive-date=25 June 2024 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240625161333/https://whowhatwhy.org/culture/every-generation-throws-a-toilet-up-the-pop-charts/ \|url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Greig-2023" /> TikTok user Paryss Bryanne parodied this meme, complementing it with her style of jerky acting with rapid cuts. Gerasimov cites her adaptation as one of the inspirations for ''Skibidi Toilet''.<ref name="Smith-2023" /> In an interview, he said he was also inspired by recurring nightmares involving toilets.<ref name=":5">{{Cite magazine \|last=Bumas \|first=Adam \|date=10 June 2024 \|title=Who's Afraid of 'Skibidi Toilet'? \|url=https://www.wired.com/story/whos-afraid-of-skibidi-toilet/ \|url-status=live \|url-access=limited \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240613115923/https://www.wired.com/story/whos-afraid-of-skibidi-toilet/ \|archive-date=13 June 2024 \|access-date=18 June 2024 \|magazine=] \|language=en-US \|issn=1059-1028}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|last=Placido \|first=Dani Di \|date=21 February 2024 \|title='Skibidi Toilet' Creator Talks Inspiration, Dreams And 'Insane Ending' \|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/danidiplacido/2024/02/21/skibidi-toilet-creator-talks-inspiration-dreams-and-insane-ending/ \|access-date=18 June 2024 \|website=] \|language=en \|archive-date=10 June 2024 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240610114731/https://www.forbes.com/sites/danidiplacido/2024/02/21/skibidi-toilet-creator-talks-inspiration-dreams-and-insane-ending/ \|url-status=live }}</ref> Ultimately, Gerasimov said that ''Skibidi Toilet''{{'}}s backbone is the other machinima videos created using sandbox game '']'', which were popular in the late 2000s and number in the thousands.<ref name=":5" />
	\|1.5% unanswered}}
	\| religion_ref = <ref>{{cite book \|title=Barómetro de Febrero 2023: Estudio Cis Nº 3395 \|date=2023 \|publisher=] \|url=https://datos.cis.es/pdf/Es3395marMT_A.pdf \|access-date=3 November 2024 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208162735/https://datos.cis.es/pdf/Es3395marMT_A.pdf \|archive-date=8 December 2023 \|url-status=live \|language=es}}, 3,961 respondents. The question was {{lang\|es\|¿Cómo se define Ud. en materia religiosa: católico/a practicante, católico/a no practicante, creyente de otra religión, agnóstico/a, indiferente o no creyente, o ateo/a?}}.</ref>
	\| religion_year = 2023
	\| demonym = {{hlist\|Spaniard\|Spanish}}
	\| government_type = Unitary ]
	\| leader_title1 = ]
	\| leader_name1 = ]
	\| leader_title2 = ]
	\| leader_name2 = ]
	\| leader_title3 = ]
	\| leader_name3 = ]
	\| leader_title4 = ]
	\| leader_name4 = ]
	\| legislature = {{Lang\|es\|]\|italic=no}}
	\| upper_house = ]
	\| lower_house = ]
	\| sovereignty_type = ]
	\| established_event1 = ]
	\| established_date1 = 20 January 1479
	\| established_event2 = ]
	\| established_date2 = 14 March 1516
	\| established_event3 = ]
	\| established_date3 = 9 June 1715
	\| established_event4 = ]
	\| established_date4 = 19 March 1812
	\| established_event5 = {{nowrap\|]}}
	\| established_date5 = 29 December 1978
	\| area_km2 = 505,990<ref>{{cite web\|title=Anuario estadístico de España 2008. 1ª parte: entorno físico y medio ambiente\|url=http://www.ine.es/prodyser/pubweb/anuario08/anu08_01entor.pdf\|website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística (Spain)\|access-date=14 April 2015\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924144913/http://www.ine.es/prodyser/pubweb/anuario08/anu08_01entor.pdf\|archive-date=24 September 2015 \|language=es}}</ref>
	\| area_rank = 51st
	\| area_sq_mi = 195,364 <!--Do not remove per ]-->
	\| percent_water = 0.89<ref>{{cite web\|title=Surface water and surface water change\|access-date=11 October 2020\|publisher=] (OECD)\|url=https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=SURFACE_WATER\|archive-date=24 March 2021\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210324133453/https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=SURFACE_WATER\|url-status=live}}</ref>
	\| population_estimate = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 48,946,035<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.ine.es/dyngs/INEbase/en/operacion.htm?c=Estadistica_C&cid=1254736177095&menu=ultiDatos&idp=1254735572981\|title=INEbase / Continuous Population Statistics (CPS). 7th November 2024. Provisional data\|website=ine.es\|access-date=7 November 2024}}</ref>
	\| population_estimate_year = 2024
	\| population_estimate_rank = 31st
	\| population_density_km2 = 96
	\| population_density_sq_mi = 249 <!--Do not remove per ]-->
	\| population_density_rank = 121th
	\| GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $2.665 trillion<ref name="IMFWEO.ES">{{cite web \|url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2024/October/weo-report?c=184,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2022&ey=2029&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 \|title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2024 Edition. (Spain) \|publisher=] \|website=www.imf.org \|date=22 October 2024 \|access-date=22 October 2024}}</ref>
	\| GDP_PPP_year = 2024
	\| GDP_PPP_rank = 15th
	\| GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $55,089<ref name="IMFWEO.ES" />
	\| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 34th
	\| GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $1.731 trillion<ref name="IMFWEO.ES" />
	\| GDP_nominal_year = 2024
	\| GDP_nominal_rank = 15th
	\| GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $35,788<ref name="IMFWEO.ES" />
	\| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 30th
	\| Gini = 31.5 <!--Number only-->
	\| Gini_year = 2023
	\| Gini_change = decrease
	\| Gini_ref = <ref name=eurogini>{{cite web\|url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/tessi190/default/table\|title=Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income – EU-SILC survey\|publisher=]\|website=ec.europa.eu\|access-date=10 July 2024}}</ref>
	\| Gini_rank =
	\| HDI = 0.911 <!--Number only-->
	\| HDI_year = 2022 <!--Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year-->
	\| HDI_change = increase <!--Increase/decrease/steady-->
	\| HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{cite web\|url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf\|title=Human Development Report 2023/24\|language=en\|publisher=]\|date=13 March 2024\|page=288\|access-date=13 March 2024}}</ref>
	\| HDI_rank = 27th
	\| currency = ]{{efn\|The ] before 2002}} (])
	\| currency_code = EUR
	\| time_zone = ] and ]
	\| utc_offset = ⁠±0 to +1 <!--Note: Zero-width non-breaking space results in the infobox displaying "UTC" without a specified offset.-->
	\| DST_note = Note: most of Spain observes CET/CEST, except the ] which observe WET/WEST.
	\| time_zone_DST = ] and ]
	\| utc_offset_DST = +1 to +2
	\| calling_code = ]
	\| cctld = ]{{efn\|name=e\|The ] domain is also used, as it is shared with other ] member states. Also, the ] domain is used in ], ] in ] and ] in the ] autonomous regions.}}
	\| today =
	}}

			In the show's early days, Gerasimov uploaded at least two videos weekly, and at times, even daily,<ref name=":5" /> though the time between episodes has since been extended to improve quality,<ref name=":2">{{Cite news \|last1=McKinnon \|first1=Alex \|last2=Harmon \|first2=Steph \|date=22 January 2024 \|title=Skibidi Toilet: what is this bizarre viral YouTube series – and does it deserve the moral panic? \|url=https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2024/jan/22/skibidi-toilet-youtube-series-viral \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240818125526/https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2024/jan/22/skibidi-toilet-youtube-series-viral \|archive-date=18 August 2024 \|access-date=26 January 2024 \|work=] \|language=en-GB \|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> and video lengths have increased. Since YouTube's recommendation algorithm tends to prefer frequent uploaders, the initial upload schedule may have helped the show go viral.<ref name=":7" /> As of January 2024, the series is reportedly being investigated by the Russian police for its alleged harm to children, following a report made by a Moscow resident.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite news \|last=Quinn \|first=Allison \|date=17 January 2024 \|title=Russian Cops Forced to Investigate Famous Singing Toilets \|url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/russian-cops-forced-to-investigate-youtubes-skibidi-toilet-series \|access-date=26 January 2024 \|work=] \|language=en \|archive-date=22 January 2024 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240122030730/https://www.thedailybeast.com/russian-cops-forced-to-investigate-youtubes-skibidi-toilet-series \|url-status=live }}</ref> In April 2024, the videos were presented to the legislative assembly of ] as a demonstration in an annual children's safety report.<ref name=":5" />
	'''Spain'''<!--Per WP:LEAD: Do not include pronunciations for names of foreign countries whose pronunciations are well known in English.-->,{{efn\|{{langx\|es\|España\|links=no}}, {{IPA\|es\|esˈpaɲa\|\|Pronunciation of España in Spanish.ogg\|help=no}}}} officially the '''Kingdom of Spain''',{{efn\|name="es lang"}}{{efn\|name="nation name"}} is a country in ] with territories in ].<ref name="auto">{{cite encyclopedia\|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Spain\|title=Spain \|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica\|date=26 July 2023\|access-date=17 March 2019\|archive-date=8 August 2014\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808205138/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/557573/Spain/70267/People/\|url-status=live}}</ref>{{efn\|See ].}} Featuring the ] of ], it is the largest country in ] and the fourth-most populous ] member state. Spanning across the majority of the ], its territory also includes the ], in the Eastern Atlantic Ocean, the ], in the Western Mediterranean Sea, and the ] of ] and ], in Africa. ] is bordered to the north by ], ], and the ]; to the east and south by the Mediterranean Sea and ]; and to the west by ] and the Atlantic Ocean. Spain's capital and ] is ], and other major ] include ], ], ], ], ], ] and ].

			The show contains numerous references to video games, such as G-Toilet having the face of ], a character from the '']'' video game series. The Speakermen's oft-performed dances are from the ] game '']''.<ref name="Lorenz-2023" />
	In early antiquity, the Iberian Peninsula was inhabited by ], ], and other ]. With the ], the province of ] was established. Following the ] and ] of Hispania, the ] ushered in the ] of tribes from Central Europe, including the ], who formed the ] centred on ]. In the early eighth century, most of the peninsula was ], and during early Islamic rule, ] became a dominant peninsular power centred on ]. Several Christian kingdoms emerged in Northern Iberia, chief among them ], ], ], ] and ]; made an intermittent southward military expansion and repopulation, known as the '']'', repelling Islamic rule in Iberia, which culminated with the Christian seizure of the ] in 1492. The dynastic union of the ] and the ] in 1479 under the ] is often considered the ''de facto'' unification of Spain as a ].

			'']'' called the series "an endless arms race as both the toilets and their foes stronger fighters".<ref name="Dodgson-2023" /> Technology website ] credited the show's minimal use of dialogue for removing ] and aiding in the show's global popularity.<ref name=":5" /> '']'' argued that whereas early episodes of the series were short in time frame and relied on ]s from the Skibidi Toilets in the endings, later episodes were longer and often lack the signature "skibidi" song.<ref>{{cite magazine\|last=Winter\|first=Jessica\|date=16 December 2024\|title=This Year in Brain Rot\|magazine=The New Yorker\|url=https://www.newyorker.com/culture/2024-in-review/the-year-in-brain-rot\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241216191435/https://www.newyorker.com/culture/2024-in-review/the-year-in-brain-rot\|archive-date=16 December 2024\|access-date=11 January 2025}}</ref>
	During the ], Spain pioneered the ] of the ], made the ] and formed one of the ].<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia \|title=European exploration \|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/European-exploration/The-Age-of-Discovery \|access-date=2024-05-16 \|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref> The ] reached a global scale and spread across all continents, underpinning the rise of a global trading system fueled primarily by ]s. In the 18th century, the Bourbon Reforms, particularly the ], centralized mainland Spain, strengthening royal authority and modernizing administrative structures.<ref>{{Cite journal\|title=Born with a 'Silver Spoon': The Origin of World Trade in 1571\|first1=Dennis O.\|last1=Flynn\|first2=Arturo\|last2=Giráldez Source\|journal=Journal of World History\|volume=6\|issue=2\|year=1995\|page=202\|jstor=20078638}}</ref> In the 19th century, after the victorious ] against Napoleonic occupation forces, the following political divisions between ] and ] led to the ] of most of the ]. These political divisions finally converged in the 20th century with the ], giving rise to the ] that lasted until 1975. With the restoration of democracy and its entry into the European Union, the country experienced an ] that profoundly transformed it socially and politically. Since the ], ], ], ], ], ], ], and ] have been influential worldwide, particularly in ] and the ]. As a reflection of its large ], Spain is the world's ], has one of the world's largest numbers of ]s, and it is the most popular destination for ] students.<ref>Spain is crowned the champion of foreign students. This is thanks to universities such as those in Barcelona, Valencia, Madrid, Granada and Salamanca. Although nowhere near as popular as Spain, we find Germany in second place. It is a country that also has a large number of prestigious universities spread out across many cities. The fact that Germany is an economic powerhouse makes it an attractive destination for those searching for employment after studying. France, the United Kingdom and Italy appear in third, fourth and fifth position. The rest of countries rank behind at a considerable distance. {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230630180757/https://www.wimdu.co.uk/blog/discover-popular-erasmus-destinations \|date=30 June 2023 }}</ref> Its cultural influence extends to over 600 million ]s, making ] the world's ] and the world's most widely spoken ].<ref>{{cite web \|title=572 millones de personas hablan español, cinco millones más que hace un año, y aumentarán a 754 millones a mediados de siglo \|url=https://www.cervantes.es/sobre_instituto_cervantes/prensa/2017/noticias/Presentaci%C3%B3n-Anuario-2017.htm \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513000611/https://www.cervantes.es/sobre_instituto_cervantes/prensa/2017/noticias/Presentaci%C3%B3n-Anuario-2017.htm \|archive-date=13 May 2021 \|website=www.cervantes.es \|language=es}}</ref>

			== Reception and influence ==
	Spain is a secular ] and a ],{{sfn\|Spanish Constitution\|1978\|loc=Article 1}} with King ] as ]. A ], it is a major advanced capitalist economy,<ref>{{cite news\|last1=Whitehouse\|first1=Mark\|title=Number of the Week: $10.2 Trillion in Global Borrowing\|url=https://blogs.wsj.com/economics/2010/11/06/number-of-the-week-102-trillion-in-global-borrowing/\|work=The Wall Street Journal\|date=6 November 2010\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170920064345/https://blogs.wsj.com/economics/2010/11/06/number-of-the-week-102-trillion-in-global-borrowing/\|archive-date=20 September 2017}}</ref> with the world's fifteenth-largest by both ] and ]. Spain is a member of the ], the European Union, the ], ] (NATO), a permanent guest of the ], and is part of many other international organisations such as the ] (CoE), the ] (OEI), the ], the ] (OECD), the ] (OSCE), and the ] (WTO).
			=== Popularity ===
			''Skibidi Toilet''{{'s}} audience is predominantly ], those born since the early 2010s. While the series does not appear on ], an app designed for children under 13, it is popular among elementary school students.<ref name="Lorenz-2023" /> ]'s 11-year-old daughter gave her a necklace reading "Skibidi Toilet".<ref>{{Cite magazine \|last=Diop \|first=Arimeta \|date=2024-10-23 \|title=Kim Kardashian Got a "Skibidi Toilet" Diamond Necklace From North West (A What!?) \|url=https://www.vanityfair.com/style/story/kim-kardashian-got-a-skibidi-toilet-diamond-necklace-from-north-west \|access-date=2024-10-31 \|magazine=Vanity Fair \|language=en-US \|archive-date=4 December 2024 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204094652/https://www.vanityfair.com/style/story/kim-kardashian-got-a-skibidi-toilet-diamond-necklace-from-north-west \|url-status=live }}</ref> Some members of older generations have called the show "]",<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Press-Reynolds \|first=Kieran \|date=25 June 2024 \|title=How brainrot humour infected the internet with surreal gibberish \|url=https://www.dazeddigital.com/life-culture/article/62947/1/how-brainrot-humour-infected-the-internet-with-surreal-gibberish-tiktok-skibidi \|access-date=26 June 2024 \|website=] \|language=en \|archive-date=26 June 2024 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240626103639/https://www.dazeddigital.com/life-culture/article/62947/1/how-brainrot-humour-infected-the-internet-with-surreal-gibberish-tiktok-skibidi \|url-status=live }}</ref> while other internet users argue ] had its share of bizarre memes.<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Press-Reynolds \|first=Kieran \|title=While some are making fun of Gen Alpha's 'brainrot' memes, Gen Zers are reminding each other of the ridiculous memes they grew up with \|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/skibidi-toilet-gen-alpha-gen-z-brainrot-humor-memes-nostalgia-2023-12 \|access-date=26 June 2024 \|website=] \|language=en-US \|archive-date=26 June 2024 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240626105556/https://www.businessinsider.com/skibidi-toilet-gen-alpha-gen-z-brainrot-humor-memes-nostalgia-2023-12 \|url-status=live }}</ref>

			''Skibidi Toilet'' has sparked its audience to create ], such as games, ], and art,<ref name="Lorenz-2023" /> as well as the Generation Alpha slang "]", which has no established definition.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news \|last=Kircher \|first=Madison Malone \|date=8 November 2023 \|title=Gen Alpha Is Here. Can You Understand Their Slang? \|language=en-US \|work=] \|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/08/style/gen-alpha-slang.html \|access-date=17 December 2023 \|issn=0362-4331 \|archive-date=21 December 2023 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231221112338/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/08/style/gen-alpha-slang.html \|url-status=live }}</ref> The series has found its way into ] and ] videos.<ref name="Lorenz-2023" /> One ] meme nonsensically swaps some words in ] with Generation Alpha slang, including ''skibidi'', for humorous effect.<ref>{{Cite web \|last1=Varma \|first1=Thejas \|last2=Ledezma \|first2=Cecilia \|date=1 February 2024 \|title=From 'Minecraft' parodies to Gen. Alpha's 'rizzful' songs \|url=http://www.michigandaily.com/arts/digital-culture/rizzler-aw-man-our-history-with-internet-song-parodies/ \|access-date=11 February 2024 \|website=] \|language=en-US \|archive-date=17 February 2024 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240217231915/https://www.michigandaily.com/arts/digital-culture/rizzler-aw-man-our-history-with-internet-song-parodies/ \|url-status=live }}</ref> Viral videos have surfaced where children sit inside containers and mimic the toilets.<ref name="Lorenz-2023" />
	== Etymology <!-- Linked --> ==
			] during the {{ill\|Corso de Corsos\|es}} celebration of ]]]
	The name of Spain (''España'') comes from '']'', the name used by the Romans for the ] and its provinces during the ]. The etymological origin of the term Hispania is uncertain, although the Phoenicians referred to the region as ''i-shphan-im'', possibly meaning "Land of Rabbits" or "Land of Metals".<ref name="Arechaga2009">{{cite journal \|last1=Arechaga \|first1=Juan \|title=Science in Hispania: Spain and Portugal on the main route again \|journal=The International Journal of Developmental Biology \|date=2009 \|volume=53 \|issue=8–10 \|pages=1119–1122 \|doi=10.1387/ijdb.093019ja\|pmid=19924620 }}</ref> {{Interlanguage link\|Jesús Luis Cunchillos\|es}} and José Ángel Zamora, experts in Semitic philology at the Spanish National Research Council (''Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas'', CSIC), conducted a comparative philological study between several Semitic languages and hypothesise that the Phoenician name translates as "land where metals are forged", having determined that the name originated in reference to the gold mines of the Iberian Peninsula.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.abc.es/espana/20140829/abci-donde-procede-palabra-espana-201408281811.html\|title="I-span-ya", el misterioso origen de la palabra España\|last=ABC\|date=28 August 2014\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161113170715/http://www.abc.es/espana/20140829/abci-donde-procede-palabra-espana-201408281811.html\|archive-date=13 November 2016}}</ref> There have been a number of accounts and hypotheses about its origin:

			Fans have expanded on the show's lore by making analysis videos and giving their theories in YouTube's ].<ref name=":5" /> There are ''Skibidi Toilet'' games on ], a game platform, the two largest of which attract millions of players each month.<ref name=":6" /> ], ], ], ], ], and ]}} from the '']'' magazine<ref name=":7" />]]In 2021, ''DaFuq!?Boom!'' had around one million subscribers.<ref name=":7" /> By November 2023, YouTube videos associated with ''Skibidi Toilet'' had accumulated over 65{{Nbsp}}billion views. On TikTok, the #skibiditoilet ] garnered 23 billion views by July 2024.''<ref name=":7" />'' In December 2023, the channel ''DaFuq!?Boom!'' had amassed 37{{Nbsp}}million subscribers, experiencing rapid growth that, on occasion, had surpassed growth of ], the ]. '']'' called it "the biggest online phenomenon of the year".<ref name="Lorenz-2023" />
	Jesús Luis Cunchillos argues that the root of the term ''span'' is the ] word {{Lang\|phn\|spy}}, meaning "to ]". Therefore, ''i-spn-ya'' would mean "the land where metals are forged".<ref>#Linch, John (director), Fernández Castro, María Cruz (del segundo tomo), Historia de España, El País, volumen II, La península Ibérica en época prerromana, p. 40. Dossier. La etimología de España; ¿tierra de conejos?, {{ISBN\|978-84-9815-764-2}}</ref> It may be a derivation of the Phoenician {{Lang\|phn\|I-Shpania}}, meaning "island of rabbits", "land of rabbits" or "edge", a reference to Spain's location at the end of the Mediterranean; Roman coins struck in the region from the reign of ] show a female figure with a rabbit at her feet,<ref name=burke>{{cite book\|last = Burke\|first = Ulick Ralph\|title = A History of Spain from the Earliest Times to the Death of Ferdinand the Catholic, Volume 1\|publisher=Longmans, Green & Co\|year = 1895\|location = London\|page = 12\|hdl = 2027/hvd.fl29jg?urlappend=%3Bseq=36}}</ref> and ] called it the "land of the rabbits".<ref name=Spain>{{CathEncy\|wstitle=Spain}}</ref> The word in question actually means "]", possibly due to the Phoenicians confusing the two animals.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.understandinganimalresearch.org.uk/news/staff-blog/rabbits-fish-and-mice-but-no-rock-hyrax/\|title=Rabbits, fish and mice, but no rock hyrax\|website=Understanding Animal Research\|access-date=31 October 2018\|archive-date=31 October 2018\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181031134610/http://www.understandinganimalresearch.org.uk/news/staff-blog/rabbits-fish-and-mice-but-no-rock-hyrax/\|url-status=live}}</ref>

			According to '']'' rankings, by the end of April 2023, ''DaFuq!?Boom!'' entered the 50 most viewed YouTube channels in the U.S., at 33rd place. By June, the channel had gained five billion views, making it the most viewed YouTube channel in the U.S. that month.<ref name=":15" /> On 24 July 2024, the channel had 17 billion total views, with 16.3 billion views from February 2023 to June 2024. The channel's views have since declined, with only 374.1 million views in May 2024.<ref name=":7" />
	There is also the claim that "Hispania" derives from the ] word {{Lang\|eu\|Ezpanna}}, meaning "edge" or "border", another reference to the fact that the Iberian Peninsula constitutes the southwest corner of the European continent.<ref name=anthon>{{Cite book \|last=Anthon \|first=Charles \|year=1850 \|title=A System of Ancient and Mediæval Geography for the Use of Schools and Colleges \|url=https://archive.org/details/asystemancienta03anthgoog/ \|url-access=registration \|location=New York \|publisher=Harper & Brothers \|page=}}</ref>

			''Tubefilter''<nowiki/>'s editor Sam Gutelle noted that the channel was formerly largely under the radar except for a few "animation diehards in the meme community".<ref name=":15">{{Cite web \|last=Gutelle \|first=Sam \|date=26 June 2023 \|title=Top 50 Most Viewed U.S. YouTube Channels • Week Off 06/25/2023 \|url=https://www.tubefilter.com/2023/06/26/top-50-most-viewed-us-youtube-channels-week-of-06-25-2023/ \|access-date=23 July 2023 \|website=] \|archive-date=11 July 2023 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230711111543/https://www.tubefilter.com/2023/06/26/top-50-most-viewed-us-youtube-channels-week-of-06-25-2023/ \|url-status=live }}</ref> '']''{{-'}}s offshoot publication ''Passionfruit'' suspected the popularity of the series was due to how the "designs combined a simple, cute style with more uncanny elements", citing other popular characters like ] and ].<ref name=":1" />
	== History ==
	{{Main\|History of Spain}}

			''Skibidi Toilet'' was referenced on '']'', with a short ] animation depicting President ] as a Skibidi Toilet, dubbed "Skibidi Biden". '']'' called the joke "the worst thing Stephen Colbert's ever done".<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Zwiezen \|first=Zack \|date=23 May 2024 \|title=This Might Be The Worst Thing Stephen Colbert's Ever Done \|url=https://kotaku.com/skibidi-toilet-joe-biden-colbert-late-show-clip-meme-1851496589 \|access-date=23 May 2024 \|website=] \|language=en \|archive-date=23 May 2024 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240523192637/https://kotaku.com/skibidi-toilet-joe-biden-colbert-late-show-clip-meme-1851496589 \|url-status=live }}</ref> One of the 250 ]s of the ] was named "Skibidi Scooper", chosen by the Albany Community School.<ref>{{Cite web \|last= \|first= \|date=2025-01-10 \|title=Snowplow Spotlight: Skibidi Scooper and Snow Spirit \|url=https://www.wcax.com/2025/01/10/snowplow-spotlight-skibidi-scooper-snow-spirit/ \|access-date=2025-01-12 \|website=] \|language=en}}</ref>
	=== Prehistory and pre-Roman peoples ===
			=== Critical reception ===
	{{Main\|Prehistoric Iberia}}
			The lifestyle magazine '']'' called ''Skibidi Toilet'' "frenetic, unpredictable, funny and at times genuinely unsettling."<ref name="Greig-2023" /> ]'s ''In The Know'' compared its animation style to that of a mobile game, with "choppy movements and exaggerated facial expressions".<ref name=":0">{{Cite web \|last=Mather \|first=Katie \|date=21 July 2023 \|title=What is 'Skibidi Toilet'? Creepy YouTube series is being called 'Gen Alpha's Slenderman' \|url=https://www.intheknow.com/post/skibidi-toilet-youtube/ \|access-date=27 September 2023 \|website=In The Know \|publisher=] \|language=en-US \|archive-date=25 August 2023 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230825085415/https://www.intheknow.com/post/skibidi-toilet-youtube/ \|url-status=live }}</ref> '']'', an animation-focused website, wrote that while ''Skibidi Toilet'' "may look rough around the edges compared to major studio fare there is no question that Gerasimov is a filmmaker who understands pacing, camerawork, sound design, and how to tell a story."<ref name="Lang-2023" />
	]
	Archaeological research at ] indicates the Iberian Peninsula was populated by ]s 1.3 million years ago.<ref>{{cite news\|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/6256356.stm\|title='First west Europe tooth' found\|publisher=BBC\|date=30 June 2007\|access-date=9 August 2008\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091021003923/http://encarta.msn.com/text_761575057___0/Spain.html\|archive-date=21 October 2009}}</ref>

			Many publications highlighted a viral ] in which ] user @AnimeSerbia called the series ]'s ].<ref name="Greig-2023" /><ref name="Smith-2023" /> '']'' said the series exemplifies the start of a new generation gaining prominence, using the relationship between ] and ] as an example,<ref>{{Cite news \|last=Pearcy \|first=Aimee \|date=1 August 2023 \|title=Gen Zers are worried they're getting old and out of touch after realizing they don't understand Gen Alpha's memes \|language=en-US \|work=] \|url=https://www.insider.com/skibidi-toilet-gen-z-alpha-memes-internet-culture-outdated-old-2023-7 \|access-date=27 September 2023 \|archive-date=1 January 2024 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240101113725/https://www.insider.com/skibidi-toilet-gen-z-alpha-memes-internet-culture-outdated-old-2023-7 \|url-status=live }}</ref> a claim that ] repeated: " will be facing the same mocking and ridicule they dished out to Millennials".<ref name=":9">{{Cite web \|last=Ellie \|first=Abraham \|date=31 August 2023 \|title=The bizarre 'Skibidi Toilet' meme explained \|url=https://www.indy100.com/viral/skibidi-toilet-meme-explainer-youtube \|access-date=29 September 2023 \|website=Indy100 \|publisher=] \|language=en \|archive-date=24 October 2023 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231024174845/https://www.indy100.com/viral/skibidi-toilet-meme-explainer-youtube \|url-status=live }}</ref> '']'' wrote that the series "is a timely reminder that Gen Alpha are on the horizon".<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Foster \|first=Ally \|date=4 August 2023 \|title=New viral Gen Alpha meme is making Gen Z feel 'old' \|url=https://www.news.com.au/technology/online/social/new-viral-gen-alpha-meme-is-making-gen-z-feel-old/news-story/f0dc21e26ca4a7b5f3f882609746fa5b \|website=] \|access-date=27 September 2023 \|archive-date=8 August 2023 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230808052900/https://www.news.com.au/technology/online/social/new-viral-gen-alpha-meme-is-making-gen-z-feel-old/news-story/f0dc21e26ca4a7b5f3f882609746fa5b \|url-status=live }}</ref>
	Modern humans first arrived in Iberia from the north on foot about 35,000 years ago.<ref>{{Cite book \|last1=Phillips \|first1=William D. \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kWj4tnHCj04C \|title=A Concise History of Spain \|last2=Phillips \|first2=Carla Rahn \|date=2010 \|publisher=Cambridge University Press \|isbn=978-0-521-60721-6 \|pages=12 \|language=en}}</ref> The best-known artefacts of these prehistoric human settlements are the paintings in the ] of Cantabria in northern Iberia, which were created from 35,600 to 13,500 ] by ].<ref name="Science2012">{{cite journal\|last1=Pike\|first1=A. W. G.\|last2=Hoffmann\|first2=D. L.\|last3=Garcia-Diez\|first3=M.\|last4=Pettitt\|first4=P. B.\|last5=Alcolea\|first5=J.\|last6=De Balbin\|first6=R.\|last7=Gonzalez-Sainz\|first7=C.\|last8=de las Heras\|first8=C.\|last9=Lasheras\|first9=J. A.\|last10=Montes\|first10=R.\|last11=Zilhao\|first11=J.\|title=U-Series Dating of Paleolithic Art in 11 Caves in Spain\|journal=Science\|volume=336\|issue=6087\|year=2012\|pages=1409–1413\|issn=0036-8075\|doi=10.1126/science.1219957\|pmid=22700921\|bibcode=2012Sci...336.1409P\|s2cid=7807664}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal\|last1=Bernaldo de Quirós Guidolti\|first1=Federico\|last2=Cabrera Valdés\|first2=Victoria\|journal=Complutum\|volume=5\|year=1994\|title=Cronología del arte paleolítico\|url=http://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=164330&orden=1&info=link\|access-date=17 November 2012\|issn=1131-6993\|pages=265–276\|format=PDF\|archive-date=12 September 2023\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230912033428/https://revistas.ucm.es/index.php/CMPL/article/view/CMPL9494120265A\|url-status=live}}</ref> Archaeological and genetic evidence suggests that the Iberian Peninsula acted as one of several major refugia from which northern Europe was repopulated following the end of the ].

			'']'' noted the series' uniqueness in creating a narrative entirely out of short-form videos and YouTube's ability to stay relevant while competing with ].<ref name="Lorenz-2023" /> In a guest piece for ]'s newsletter ''Garbage Day'', Adam Bumas said the series leans into "weird internet aesthetics", creating a nostalgic element.<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Bumas \|first=Adam \|date=20 July 2023 \|title=An onslaught of toilets \|url=https://www.garbageday.email/p/an-onslaught-of-toilets \|access-date=17 December 2023 \|website=Garbage Day \|language=en \|archive-date=17 December 2023 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231217083750/https://www.garbageday.email/p/an-onslaught-of-toilets \|url-status=live }}</ref> '']'' echoed this stance, remarking on the series' use of old video game assets.<ref name="Dodgson-2023" /> An article by theatre firm '']'' argued the series reflects Generation Alpha's fear of ] and ].<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Bella \|first=James La \|date=2024-06-12 \|title=The Semiotics of Skibidi Toilet \|url=https://extendedplay.thecivilians.org/villains-punishment-childrens-media/ \|access-date=2024-08-16 \|website=Extended Play \|publisher=] \|language=en-US \|archive-date=18 August 2024 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240818125450/https://extendedplay.thecivilians.org/villains-punishment-childrens-media/ \|url-status=live }}</ref> Likewise, ] et al. argued the Cameramen represent the constant recording and ']' Generation Alpha feels. They contend the series showcases the dystopia brought by the "monstrous digital", raising discussions about ] and environmental destruction.<ref>{{Cite journal \|last1=Glitsos \|first1=Laura \|author-link1=Laura Glitsos \|last2=Ellingsen \|first2=Steinar \|last3=Deuze \|first3=Mark \|date=2024-11-26 \|title=Nightmare Fuel: Skibidi Toilet and the Monstrous Digital \|url=https://journal.media-culture.org.au/index.php/mcjournal/article/view/3108 \|journal=M/C Journal \|language=en \|volume=27 \|issue=6 \|doi=10.5204/mcj.3108 \|issn=1441-2616 \|doi-access=free \|archive-date=4 December 2024 \|access-date=2 December 2024 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204013958/https://journal.media-culture.org.au/index.php/mcjournal/article/view/3108 \|url-status=live }}</ref>
	The two largest groups inhabiting the Iberian Peninsula before the Roman conquest were the ] and the ]. The Iberians inhabited the Mediterranean side of the peninsula. The Celts inhabited much of the interior and Atlantic sides of the peninsula. ] occupied the western area of the Pyrenees mountain range and adjacent areas; Phoenician-influenced ] flourished in the southwest; and ] and ] occupied areas in the central west. Several cities were founded along the coast by ]ns, and trading outposts and colonies were established by ] in the East. Eventually, Phoenician-] expanded inland towards the meseta; however, due to the bellicose inland tribes, the Carthaginians settled on the coasts of the Iberian Peninsula.

			Several parental websites<ref name="Lorenz-2023" /> and Indonesian newspapers<ref name="Rohmi Aida-2023">{{Cite news \|last1=Rohmi Aida \|first1=Nur \|last2=Hardiyanto \|first2=Sari \|date=4 August 2023 \|title=Ramai soal Sindrom Skibidi Toilet, Apa Bahayanya untuk Anak? \|trans-title=About Skibidi Toilet, What Are The Dangers For Children? \|url=https://www.kompas.com/tren/read/2023/08/04/073000765/ramai-soal-sindrom-skibidi-toilet-apa-bahayanya-untuk-anak- \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107001229/https://www.kompas.com/tren/read/2023/08/04/073000765/ramai-soal-sindrom-skibidi-toilet-apa-bahayanya-untuk-anak- \|archive-date=7 November 2023 \|access-date=17 October 2023 \|work=] \|language=id}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news \|last=Wahyu Kurniawan \|first=Romafi \|date=3 August 2023 \|title=Hati-Hati, Kecanduan Skibidi Toilet Bisa Berbahaya Bagi Anak-anak \|language=id \|trans-title=Beware, Skibidi Toilet Addiction Can Be Dangerous For Children \|work=] \|url=https://www.jawapos.com/review/011823343/hati-hati-kecanduan-skibidi-toilet-bisa-berbahaya-bagi-anak-anak \|access-date=17 October 2023 \|archive-date=3 August 2023 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230803133944/https://www.jawapos.com/review/011823343/hati-hati-kecanduan-skibidi-toilet-bisa-berbahaya-bagi-anak-anak \|url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news \|last=F. Pujangga \|first=Raka \|date=7 August 2023 \|title=Waspada Bahaya Sindrom Skibidi Toilet Pada Anak, Segera Arahkan Ke Konten Positif \|language=id \|trans-title=Beware of the Dangers of Skibidi Toilet Syndrome in Children, Immediately Direct to Positive Content \|work=] \|url=https://jateng.tribunnews.com/2023/08/07/waspada-bahaya-sindrom-skibidi-toilet-pada-anak-segera-arahkan-ke-konten-positif \|access-date=17 October 2023 \|archive-date=19 October 2023 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019094747/https://jateng.tribunnews.com/2023/08/07/waspada-bahaya-sindrom-skibidi-toilet-pada-anak-segera-arahkan-ke-konten-positif \|url-status=live }}</ref> claimed that ''Skibidi Toilet''{{'}}s violence and bizarre visuals may have a harmful effect on young children, dubbing it "Skibidi toilet syndrome" ({{langx\|id\|sindrom Skibidi toilet}}). '']'' dismissed such claims as a "]".<ref name=":2" /> '']'' called on regulators to mandate age restrictions on online videos similar to the film industry, citing ''Skibidi Toilet''{{'s}} perceived violence.<ref>{{Cite news \|last=Collin \|first=Robbie \|date=21 March 2024 \|title=The twisted children's movies bypassing the censors – and giving parents nightmares \|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/films/0/skibidi-toilet-plush-family-youtube-videos-kids/ \|access-date=22 March 2024 \|work=] \|language=en-GB \|issn=0307-1235 \|archive-date=22 March 2024 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240322002654/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/films/0/skibidi-toilet-plush-family-youtube-videos-kids/ \|url-status=live }}</ref> Meanwhile, ] pointed out that, while the violence is consistent, it is limited to "cartoonish explosions and punches".<ref name=":5" /> '']'' rated the series suitable for age 14 and above.<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Camacho \|first=Melissa \|title=Skibidi Toilet TV Review \|url=https://www.commonsensemedia.org/tv-reviews/skibidi-toilet \|access-date=2024-11-01 \|website=] \|language=en}}</ref>
	=== Roman Hispania and the Visigothic Kingdom ===
	{{Main\|Hispania\|Visigothic Kingdom}}
	] in ]]]

			=== Adaptations and licensing ===
	During the ], roughly between 210 and 205 BCE, the expanding ] captured Carthaginian trading colonies along the Mediterranean coast. Although it took the Romans nearly two centuries to complete the ], they retained control of it for over six centuries. Roman rule was bound together by law, language, and the ].<ref name="hispania">{{cite web\|last=Payne\|first=Stanley G.\|title=A History of Spain and Portugal; Ch. 1 Ancient Hispania\|publisher=The Library of Iberian Resources Online\|year=1973\|url=http://libro.uca.edu/payne1/spainport1.htm\|access-date=9 August 2008\|archive-date=8 October 2018\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181008122627/https://libro.uca.edu/payne1/spainport1.htm\|url-status=live}}</ref>
			] is planned to direct the film adaptation of ''Skibidi Toilet''.]]
			On 24 July 2024, it was announced that filmmakers ] and ] were "in talks" with Gerasimov for a movie and television series adaptation of ''Skibidi Toilet''.<ref name=":11">{{cite news \|last1=Wallenstein \|first1=Andrew \|last2=Steiner \|first2=Robert \|date=24 July 2024 \|title='Skibidi Toilet' Film and TV Franchise in the Works From Michael Bay, Adam Goodman — Listen to the Exclusive Interview \|url=https://variety.com/2024/film/news/skibidi-toilet-michael-bay-movie-adam-goodman-1236077245/ \|access-date=24 July 2024 \|work=] \|archive-date=24 July 2024 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240724152230/https://variety.com/2024/film/news/skibidi-toilet-michael-bay-movie-adam-goodman-1236077245/ \|url-status=live }}</ref> Goodman revealed that the adaptation may be a ] film, and that it may be stylistically similar to the '']'' and '']'' franchises.<ref name=":8" /> The announcement was skeptically received: ] said it would be difficult to "translate Internet subculture into traditional formats",<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Carr \|first=Mary Kate \|date=July 24, 2024 \|title=Michael Bay's new ambitious project is to take "Skibidi Toilet" mainstream \|url=https://www.avclub.com/michael-bay-developing-skibidi-toilet-film-television \|access-date=2024-07-27 \|website=] \|language=en-US \|archive-date=27 July 2024 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240727192759/https://www.avclub.com/michael-bay-developing-skibidi-toilet-film-television \|url-status=live }}</ref> and '']'' wrote that a movie would have to be "unfathomably expensive to present an experience that's somehow 'deluxe' to its inspiration".<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Jackson \|first=Gordon \|date=2024-07-24 \|title=Michael Bay Could Make Skibidi Toilet His Next Great Cinematic Franchise \|url=https://gizmodo.com/skibidi-toilet-movie-michael-bay-2000478437 \|access-date=2024-07-30 \|website=] \|language=en-US \|archive-date=31 July 2024 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240731005617/https://gizmodo.com/skibidi-toilet-movie-michael-bay-2000478437 \|url-status=live }}</ref> The magazine ] has commented that Bay would be a perfect filmmaker for the adaptation, citing his work in the ].<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Frank \|first=Allegra \|date=Jul 27, 2024 \|title=A Michael Bay 'Skibidi Toilet' Movie Makes Perfect Sense \|url=https://www.complex.com/pop-culture/a/complexstaff3/michael-bay-skibidi-toilet-movie-makes-perfect-sense \|access-date=2024-07-27 \|website=] \|language=en-us \|archive-date=27 July 2024 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240727004626/https://www.complex.com/pop-culture/a/complexstaff3/michael-bay-skibidi-toilet-movie-makes-perfect-sense \|url-status=live }}</ref>
			]
			The media company Invisible Narratives is run by Bay (chief creative advisor) and Goodman (CEO and founder). It has agreed to act as a ] agency for Gerasimov. The company has made a licensing deal with Bonkers Toys, which is known for creating merchandise from YouTube content, to produce ''Skibidi Toilet'' toys.<ref name=":6" /> In 2024, Bonkers Toys released ''Skibidi Toilet'' mystery boxes and action figures in stores, including at ].<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Notopoulos \|first=Katie \|title=Dear Santa: Please bring me a Skibidi Toilet for Christmas \|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/skidibi-toilet-toy-walmart-youtube-2024-11 \|access-date=2024-11-10 \|website=Business Insider \|language=en-US \|archive-date=10 November 2024 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241110141055/https://www.businessinsider.com/skidibi-toilet-toy-walmart-youtube-2024-11 \|url-status=live }}</ref> The ] has been contracted to manufacture branded remote-controlled devices such as ].<ref name=":6" /> American retailer ] has obtained a license to sell ''Skibidi Toilet'' costumes.<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Zwiezen \|first=Zack \|date=2024-08-30 \|title=Skibidi Toilet Halloween Costumes Are Now A Thing \|url=https://kotaku.com/skibidi-toilet-outfit-costume-spirit-halloween-kids-1851637121 \|access-date=2024-08-31 \|website=] \|language=en}}</ref> The company said it encourages fan-run YouTube channels to create ''Skibidi Toilet'' content as long as attribution is present.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web \|last=Steiner \|first=Robert \|date=2024-07-24 \|title='Skibidi Toilet': Flushing Out Audience Data on an Internet Phenomenon \|url=https://variety.com/vip/skibidi-toilet-audience-data-1236081995/ \|access-date=2024-07-27 \|website=] \|language=en-US \|archive-date=27 July 2024 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240727021116/https://variety.com/vip/skibidi-toilet-audience-data-1236081995/ \|url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":6" />

			In late 2023,<ref name=":14">{{Cite web \|last=Stedman \|first=Alex \|date=2024-07-30 \|title=Garry's Mod/Skibidi Toilet DMCA Claim Has Been 'Resolved,' Creator Garry Newman Says \|url=https://www.ign.com/articles/garrys-modskibidi-toilet-dmca-claim-has-been-resolved-creator-garry-newman-says \|access-date=2024-08-01 \|website=] \|language=en \|archive-date=31 July 2024 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240731193931/https://www.ign.com/articles/garrys-modskibidi-toilet-dmca-claim-has-been-resolved-creator-garry-newman-says \|url-status=live }}</ref> a ] (DMCA) claim was filed against sandbox game '']'', allegedly by Invisible Narratives, which claimed to be on Gerasimov's behalf.<ref>{{Cite news \|last=Smith \|first=Graham \|date=2024-07-30 \|title=Michael Bay's Skibidi Toilet movie production company has apparently sent DMCA takedowns to Garry's Mod \|url=https://www.rockpapershotgun.com/michael-bays-skibidi-toilet-movie-production-company-has-apparently-sent-dmca-takedowns-to-garrys-mod \|access-date=2024-07-31 \|work=] \|language=en \|archive-date=31 July 2024 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240731005910/https://www.rockpapershotgun.com/michael-bays-skibidi-toilet-movie-production-company-has-apparently-sent-dmca-takedowns-to-garrys-mod \|url-status=live }}</ref> ], the creator of ''Garry's Mod'', shared the alleged notice on ] on 29 July 2024. It claimed ''Garry's Mod'' was using copyrighted ''Skibidi Toilet'' characters including "Titan Cameraman, Titan Speakerman, Titan TV man, and Skibidi Toilet" as well as that "There is absolutely no licensed Steam, Valve, Garry's Mod content related to ''Skibidi Toilet''."<ref name=":13">{{Cite news \|last=Wolens \|first=Joshua \|date=2024-07-30 \|title=Mystery afoot as Garry's Mod gets hit by Skibi-DMCA apparently on behalf of Michael Bay's Skibidi Toilet film studio: 'Can you believe the cheek?' \|url=https://www.pcgamer.com/movies-tv/mystery-afoot-as-garrys-mod-gets-hit-by-skibi-dmca-apparently-on-behalf-of-michael-bays-skibidi-toilet-film-studio-can-you-believe-the-cheek/ \|access-date=2024-07-31 \|work=] \|language=en \|archive-date=31 July 2024 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240731023616/https://www.pcgamer.com/movies-tv/mystery-afoot-as-garrys-mod-gets-hit-by-skibi-dmca-apparently-on-behalf-of-michael-bays-skibidi-toilet-film-studio-can-you-believe-the-cheek/ \|url-status=live }}</ref> Gerasimov later posted that he did not send the claim, and that he was trying to contact Newman. Newman later confirmed to '']'' that he and Gerasimov had been in touch and the matter had been resolved.<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Gault \|first=Matthew \|date=2024-07-30 \|title=Garry's Mod Creator Says Skibidi Toilet Served Him With a Copyright Takedown Notice \|url=https://gizmodo.com/garrys-mod-creator-says-skibidi-toilet-served-him-with-a-copyright-takedown-notice-2000481324 \|access-date=2024-07-31 \|website=] \|language=en-US \|archive-date=31 July 2024 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240731005130/https://gizmodo.com/garrys-mod-creator-says-skibidi-toilet-served-him-with-a-copyright-takedown-notice-2000481324 \|url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":14" /> The ] shows the character "Titan Cameraman" as claimed by Invisible Narratives on 21 August 2023.<ref>{{Cite web \|date=July 30, 2024 \|title=United States Copyright Office \|url=https://cocatalog.loc.gov/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?Search_Arg=Titan+Cameraman&Search_Code=TALL&PID=pIh6XeqzA1RFeSy-A1RFF0uwDc4&SEQ=20240730125259&CNT=25&HIST=1 \|access-date=31 July 2024 \|archive-date=31 July 2024 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240731052532/https://cocatalog.loc.gov/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?Search_Arg=Titan+Cameraman&Search_Code=TALL&PID=pIh6XeqzA1RFeSy-A1RFF0uwDc4&SEQ=20240730125259&CNT=25&HIST=1 \|url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":14" />
	The cultures of the pre-Roman populations were gradually ] (Latinised) at different rates depending on what part of the peninsula they lived in, with local leaders being admitted into the Roman aristocratic class.{{efn\|The '']'' (sing., ''latifundium''), large estates controlled by the aristocracy, were superimposed on the existing Iberian landholding system.}}<ref name="country">{{cite web\|last1=Rinehart\|first1=Robert\|last2=Seeley\|first2=Jo Ann Browning\|title=A Country Study: Spain. Chapter 1 – Hispania\|publisher=Library of Congress Country Series\|year=1998\|url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+es0014)\|access-date=9 August 2008\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080922143456/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID+es0014%29\|archive-date=22 September 2008 }}</ref>

			In December 2024, the video game '']'' introduced characters and items from ''Skibidi Toilet'' as purchasable cosmetics, following a teaser tweet. The full bundle was priced at 2,200 V-Bucks, Fortnite’s in-game currency, equivalent to approximately $20 USD.<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Cichacki \|first=Shaun \|date=2024-12-17 \|title='Fortnite' Is About to Fanum Tax Our Wallets With a New Skibidi Toilet Collaboration \|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/fortnite-is-about-to-fanum-tax-our-wallets-with-a-new-skibidi-toilet-collaboration/ \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241217185815/https://www.vice.com/en/article/fortnite-is-about-to-fanum-tax-our-wallets-with-a-new-skibidi-toilet-collaboration/ \|archive-date=17 December 2024 \|access-date=2024-12-17 \|website=VICE \|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|last=Kim \|first=Matt \|date=2024-12-17 \|title=Skibidi Toilet Is Seemingly Coming to Fortnite \|url=https://www.ign.com/articles/skibidi-toilet-is-seemingly-coming-to-fortnite \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241217200919/https://www.ign.com/articles/skibidi-toilet-is-seemingly-coming-to-fortnite \|archive-date=17 December 2024 \|access-date=2024-12-17 \|website=IGN \|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|last=Diaz \|first=Ana \|date=2024-12-17 \|title=Skibidi Toilet and Plungerman are coming to Fortnite \|url=https://www.polygon.com/fortnite/498226/skibidi-toilet-plungerman-fortnite \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241217213510/https://www.polygon.com/fortnite/498226/skibidi-toilet-plungerman-fortnite \|archive-date=17 December 2024 \|access-date=2024-12-17 \|website=Polygon \|language=en-US}}</ref>
	Hispania (the Roman name for the Iberian Peninsula) served as a granary for the Roman market, and its harbours exported gold, ], ], and wine. Agricultural production increased with the introduction of irrigation projects, some of which remain in use. Emperors ], ], ], and the philosopher ] were born in Hispania.{{efn\|The poets ], ] and ] were also born in Hispania.}} Christianity was introduced into Hispania in the 1st century CE, and it became popular in the cities in the 2nd century.<ref name="country" /> Most of Spain's present languages and religions, as well as the basis of its laws, originate from this period.<ref name="hispania" /> Starting in 170 CE, incursions of North-African ] in the province of ] took place.<ref>{{Cite book\|chapter-url=https://repositorio.iaph.es/bitstream/11532/327602/1/Contribuci%C3%B3n%20al%20estudio%20de%20las%20invasiones%20mauritanas.pdf\|chapter=Contribución al estudio de las invasiones mauritanas de la Bética en el siglo II\|first=Carlos\|last=Alonso Villalobos\|year=1984\|publisher=Sociedad Española de Estudios Clásicos\|title=Actas del II Congreso Andaluz deEstudios Clásicos\|volume=II\|access-date=5 July 2022\|archive-date=5 July 2022\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705191228/https://repositorio.iaph.es/bitstream/11532/327602/1/Contribuci%C3%B3n%20al%20estudio%20de%20las%20invasiones%20mauritanas.pdf\|url-status=live}}</ref>
	] of ] from the ]]]

	The ] ] and ], together with the ] ], entered the peninsula after 409, weakening the Western Roman Empire's jurisdiction over Hispania. The Suebi established a kingdom in north-western Iberia, whereas the Vandals established themselves in the south of the peninsula by 420 before crossing over to North Africa in 429. As the western empire disintegrated, the social and economic base became greatly simplified; the successor regimes maintained many of the institutions and laws of the late empire, including Christianity and assimilation into the evolving Roman culture.

	The ]s established an occidental province, ], in the south, with the intention of reviving Roman rule throughout Iberia. Eventually, however, Hispania was reunited under ].

	=== Muslim era and ''Reconquista'' ===
	{{See also\|Umayyad conquest of Hispania\|Al-Andalus\|Reconquista}}
	From 711 to 718, as part of the expansion of the ] which had ] from the ], nearly all of the Iberian Peninsula was conquered by Muslims from across the Strait of Gibraltar, resulting in the collapse of the Visigothic Kingdom. Only a small area in the mountainous north of the peninsula stood out of the territory seized during the initial invasion. The ] consolidated upon this territory. Other Christian kingdoms, such as ] and ] in the mountainous north, eventually surged upon the consolidation of counties of the Carolingian '']''.<ref>{{cite web\|last1=Rinehart\|first1=Robert\|last2=Seeley\|first2=Jo Ann Browning\|title=A Country Study: Spain – Castile and Aragon\|publisher=Library of Congress Country Series\|year=1998\|url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+es0016)\|access-date=9 August 2008\|archive-date=22 September 2008\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080922142215/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+es0016)\|url-status=live}}</ref> For several centuries, the fluctuating frontier between the Muslim and Christian-controlled areas of the peninsula was along the ] and ] valleys.
	] and its central fountain in the ] complex]]
	Conversion to ] proceeded at an increasing pace. The '']'' (Muslims of ethnic Iberian origin) are believed to have formed the majority of the population of Al-Andalus by the end of the 10th century.<ref> {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170403051916/http://libro.uca.edu/ics/ics5.htm \|date=3 April 2017 }}, Thomas F. Glick</ref><ref name="chap2">{{cite web\|last=Payne\|first=Stanley G.\|title=A History of Spain and Portugal; Ch. 2 Al-Andalus\|publisher=The Library of Iberian Resources Online\|year=1973\|url=http://libro.uca.edu/payne1/spainport1.htm\|access-date=9 August 2008\|archive-date=8 October 2018\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181008122627/https://libro.uca.edu/payne1/spainport1.htm\|url-status=live}}</ref>

	A series of ] incursions raided the coasts of the Iberian Peninsula in the 9th and 10th centuries.<ref>{{Cite journal\|title=Viking raids on the spanish peninsula\|first=Rolf\|last=Scheen\|journal=Militaria. Revista de Cultura Militar\|issue=8\|year=1996\|url=https://revistas.ucm.es/index.php/MILT/article/download/MILT9696110067A/3416/0\|pages=67–73\|access-date=13 April 2022\|archive-date=13 April 2022\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220413040655/https://revistas.ucm.es/index.php/MILT/article/download/MILT9696110067A/3416/0\|url-status=live}}</ref> The first recorded Viking raid on Iberia took place in 844; it ended in failure with many Vikings killed by the Galicians' ]s; and seventy of the Vikings' longships captured on the beach and burned by the troops of King ].

	In the 11th century, the Caliphate of Córdoba collapsed, fracturing into a series of petty kingdoms ('']s''),<ref>{{Cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3RtpCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA237\|title=Handbook of Medieval Culture\|first=Albrecht\|last=Classen\|date=31 August 2015\|publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG\|via=Google Books\|isbn=9783110267303\|access-date=10 December 2018\|archive-date=12 September 2023\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230912033453/https://books.google.com/books?id=3RtpCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA237\|url-status=live}}</ref> often subject to the payment of a form of ] ('']'') to the Northern Christian kingdoms, which otherwise undertook a southward territorial expansion. The capture of the strategic city of ] in 1085 marked a significant shift in the balance of power in favour of the Christian kingdoms.<ref>{{Cite book \|last1=Lansing \|first1=Carol \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Re-1YpI9ObsC \|title=A Companion to the Medieval World \|last2=English \|first2=Edward D. \|date=2012 \|publisher=John Wiley & Sons \|isbn=978-1-118-49946-7 \|pages=323 \|language=en}}</ref> The arrival from North Africa of the Islamic ruling sects of the ] and the ] achieved temporary unity upon the Muslim-ruled territory, with a stricter, less tolerant application of Islam, and partially reversed some Christian territorial gains.

	]]]

	The ] was the strongest Christian kingdom for centuries. In 1188, the first form (restricted to the bishops, the magnates, and 'the elected citizens of each city') of modern parliamentary session in Europe was held in ] (]).<ref>{{Cite journal \|last1=VAN ZANDEN \|first1=JAN LUITEN \|last2=BURINGH \|first2=ELTJO \|last3=BOSKER \|first3=MAARTEN \|date=29 July 2011 \|title=The rise and decline of European parliaments, 1188-17891 \|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0289.2011.00612.x \|journal=The Economic History Review \|volume=65 \|issue=3 \|pages=835–861 \|doi=10.1111/j.1468-0289.2011.00612.x \|s2cid=154956049 \|issn=0013-0117 \|access-date=24 November 2022 \|archive-date=12 September 2023 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230912033403/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-0289.2011.00612.x \|url-status=live \|hdl=10.1111/j.1468-0289.2011.00612.x \|hdl-access=free }}</ref> The ], formed from Leonese territory, was its successor as strongest kingdom. The kings and the nobility fought for power and influence in this period. The example of the Roman emperors influenced the political objective of the Crown, while the nobles benefited from ].

	Muslim strongholds in the ] such as Córdoba (1236) and ] (1248) fell to Castile in the 13th century. The ] and the ] entered in a dynastic union and gained territory and power in the Mediterranean. In 1229, ] was conquered, so was ] in 1238. In the 13th and 14th centuries, the North-African ]s established some enclaves around the Strait of Gibraltar. Upon the conclusion of the ], the ] (the remaining Muslim-ruled polity in the Iberian Peninsula after 1246) capitulated in 1492 to the military strength of the ], and it was integrated from then on in the Crown of Castile.<ref>{{Cite book\|publisher=]\|chapter-url=https://brill.com/view/book/9789004443594/BP000014.xml\|title=The Nasrid Kingdom of Granada between East and West\|first=Roser\|last=Salicrú i Lluch\|chapter=Granada and Its International Contacts \|pages=124–125\|doi=10.1163/9789004443594_006\|year=2020\|isbn=9789004443594\|s2cid=243153050\|access-date=13 April 2022\|archive-date=13 April 2022\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220413053115/https://brill.com/view/book/9789004443594/BP000014.xml\|url-status=live}}</ref>

	=== Spanish Empire ===
	{{Main\|Spanish Empire}}
	]
	In 1469, the crowns of the Christian kingdoms of Castile and Aragon were united by the marriage of their monarchs, Isabella I and Ferdinand II, respectively. In 1492, Jews were forced to choose between conversion to Catholicism or expulsion;<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn16200-spanish-inquisition-left-genetic-legacy-in-iberia.html\|title=Spanish Inquisition left genetic legacy in Iberia\|work=New Scientist\|date=4 December 2008\|access-date=18 January 2014\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328024905/http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn16200-spanish-inquisition-left-genetic-legacy-in-iberia.html\|archive-date=28 March 2014 }}</ref> as many as 200,000 Jews were ]. The year 1492 also marked the arrival of ] in the ], during a voyage funded by Isabella. Columbus's first voyage crossed the Atlantic and reached the Caribbean Islands, beginning the European exploration and conquest of the Americas.

	The ] guaranteed religious tolerance towards Muslims,<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.cyberistan.org/islamic/treaty1492.html\|title=The Treaty of Granada, 1492\|publisher=Islamic Civilisation\|access-date=13 August 2008\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080924075453/http://www.cyberistan.org/islamic/treaty1492.html\|archive-date=24 September 2008}}</ref> for a few years before Islam was outlawed in 1502 in Castile and 1527 in Aragon, leading the remaining Muslim population to become nominally Christian '']s''. About four decades after the ] (1568–1571), over 300,000 ], settling primarily in North Africa.<ref name="cong">{{cite web\|last1=Rinehart\|first1=Robert\|last2=Seeley\|first2=Jo Ann Browning\|title=A Country Study: Spain – The Golden Age\|publisher=Library of Congress Country Series\|year=1998\|url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/estoc.html\|access-date=9 August 2008\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080809003309/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/estoc.html\|archive-date=9 August 2008 }}</ref>

	]
	The unification of the crowns of Aragon and Castile by the marriage of their sovereigns laid the basis for modern Spain and the Spanish Empire, although each kingdom of Spain remained a separate country socially, politically, legally, and in currency and language.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/eurvoya/Imperial.html\|title=Imperial Spain\|access-date=13 August 2008\|publisher=University of Calgary\|url-status=dead\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080629000351/http://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/eurvoya/Imperial.html\|archive-date=29 June 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y84wAgaXxo4C&pg=PA472\|title=Handbook of European History\|publisher=Penguin Random House Grupo Editorial España\|isbn=90-04-09760-0\|year=1994\|access-date=4 January 2022\|archive-date=12 September 2023\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230912033400/https://books.google.com/books?id=Y84wAgaXxo4C&pg=PA472\|url-status=live}}</ref>

	] was one of the leading world powers throughout the 16th century and most of the 17th century, a position reinforced by trade and wealth from colonial possessions and became the world's leading ]. It reached its apogee during the reigns of the first two Spanish Habsburgs—] (1516–1556) and ] (1556–1598). This period saw the ], the ], the ], the ], clashes with the ], intervention in the ] and the ].<ref>{{cite web\|last=Payne\|first=Stanley G.\|title=A History of Spain and Portugal; Ch. 13 The Spanish Empire\|publisher=The Library of Iberian Resources Online\|year=1973\|url=http://libro.uca.edu/payne1/spainport1.htm\|access-date=9 August 2008\|archive-date=8 October 2018\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181008122627/https://libro.uca.edu/payne1/spainport1.htm\|url-status=live}}</ref>

	]
	Through exploration and conquest or royal marriage alliances and inheritance, the ] expanded across vast areas in the Americas, the Indo-Pacific, Africa as well as the European continent (including holdings in the Italian Peninsula, the ] and the ]). The so-called ] featured explorations by sea and by land, the opening-up of new ]s across oceans, conquests and the beginnings of European ]. ]s, spices, luxuries, and previously unknown plants brought to the metropole played a leading part in transforming the European understanding of the globe.<ref>{{cite book\|last=Thomas\|first=Hugh\|author-link=Hugh Thomas (writer)\|title = Rivers of gold: the rise of the Spanish Empire\|publisher=George Weidenfeld & Nicolson\|year=2003\|location=London\|pages=passim\|isbn=978-0-297-64563-4}}</ref> The cultural efflorescence witnessed during this period is now referred to as the ]. The expansion of the empire caused immense upheaval in the Americas as the collapse of societies and empires and new diseases from Europe devastated American indigenous populations. The rise of ], the ] and new geographical discoveries and conquests raised issues that were addressed by the intellectual movement now known as the ], which developed the first modern theories of what are now known as ] and human rights.
	], 1860]]
	Spain's 16th-century maritime supremacy was demonstrated by the victory over the ] at the ] in 1571 and over Portugal at the ] in 1582, and then after the setback of the ] in 1588, in a series of victories against ] in the ]. However, during the middle decades of the 17th century Spain's maritime power went into a long decline with mounting defeats against the ] (]) and then England in the ]; by the 1660s it was struggling to defend its overseas possessions from pirates and privateers.

	The ] increased Spain's involvement in religiously charged wars, forcing ever-expanding military efforts across Europe and in the Mediterranean.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://libro.uca.edu/payne1/payne15.htm\|title=The Seventeenth-Century Decline\|access-date=13 August 2008\|publisher=The Library of Iberian resources online\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921003150/http://libro.uca.edu/payne1/payne15.htm\|archive-date=21 September 2013}}</ref> By the middle decades of a war- and ]-ridden 17th-century Europe, the Spanish Habsburgs had enmeshed the country in continent-wide religious-political conflicts. These conflicts drained it of resources and undermined the economy generally. Spain managed to hold on to most of the scattered Habsburg empire, and help the imperial forces of the ] reverse a large part of the advances made by Protestant forces, but it was finally forced to recognise the ] and the United Provinces (Dutch Republic), and eventually suffered some serious military reverses to France in the latter stages of the immensely destructive, Europe-wide ].<ref>{{cite web\|last=Payne\|first=Stanley G.\|title=A History of Spain and Portugal; Ch. 14 Spanish Society and Economics in the Imperial Age\|publisher=The Library of Iberian Resources Online\|year=1973\|url=http://libro.uca.edu/payne1/spainport1.htm\|access-date=9 August 2008\|archive-date=8 October 2018\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181008122627/https://libro.uca.edu/payne1/spainport1.htm\|url-status=live}}</ref> In the latter half of the 17th century, Spain went into a gradual decline, during which it surrendered several small territories to France and England; however, it maintained and enlarged its vast overseas empire, which remained intact until the beginning of the 19th century.

	====18th century====
	]. During the ] a new royal family reigned, the ].]]
	The decline culminated in a controversy over succession to the throne which consumed the first years of the 18th century. The ] was a wide-ranging international conflict combined with a civil war, and was to cost the kingdom its European possessions and its position as a leading European power.<ref>{{cite web\|last1=Rinehart\|first1=Robert\|last2=Seeley\|first2=Jo Ann Browning\|title=A Country Study: Spain – Spain in Decline\|publisher=Library of Congress Country Series\|year=1998\|url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/estoc.html\|access-date=9 August 2008\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080809003309/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/estoc.html\|archive-date=9 August 2008 }}</ref>

	During this war, a new dynasty originating in France, the ], was installed. The Crowns of Castile and Aragon had been long united only by the Monarchy and the common institution of the Inquisition's ].<ref>{{Cite journal\|page=75\|journal=Revista de Dret Històric Català\|volume=18\|year=2019\|publisher=Societat Catalana d'Estudis Jurídics\|issn=1578-5300\|doi=10.2436/20.3004.01.119\|title=Una aproximación a la Corona de Aragón de Fernando el Católico\|first=Josep\|last=Serrano Daura\|issue=18 }}</ref> A number of reform policies (the so-called ]) were pursued by the Monarchy with the overarching goal of centralised authority and administrative uniformity.<ref>{{Cite book\|publisher=]\|title=A Concise History of Spain\|first1=William D.\|last1=Phillips\|first2=Carla Rahn\|year=2010\|isbn=9780521845137\|last2=Phillips\|page=175}}</ref> They included the abolishment of many of the old regional privileges and laws,<ref>{{cite web\|last1=Rinehart\|first1=Robert\|last2=Seeley\|first2=Jo Ann Browning\|title=A Country Study: Spain – Bourbon Spain\|publisher=Library of Congress Country Series\|year=1998\|url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/estoc.html\|access-date=9 August 2008\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080809003309/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/estoc.html\|archive-date=9 August 2008 }}</ref> as well as the customs barrier between the Crowns of Aragon and Castile in 1717, followed by the introduction of new property taxes in the Aragonese kingdoms.<ref>{{Cite book\|title=Early Modern Spain: A Social History\|first=James\|last=Casey\|publisher=]\|year=1999\|isbn=9780415138130\|page=83}}</ref>

	The 18th century saw a gradual recovery and an increase in prosperity through much of the empire. The predominant economic policy was an interventionist one, and the State also pursued policies aiming towards infrastructure development as well as the abolition of internal customs and the reduction of export tariffs.<ref>{{Cite book\|chapter-url=https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/5589876.pdf\|chapter=El Despotismo Ilustrado en España: entre la continuidad y el cambio\|author-link=Carlos Martínez Shaw\|first=Carlos\|last=Martínez Shaw\|title=El Siglo de las Luces: III Centenario del Nacimiento de José de Hermosilla (1715-1776)\|year=2016\|isbn=978-84-608-8037-0\|page=14\|publisher=Sociedad Extremeña de Historia\|access-date=13 April 2022\|archive-date=19 April 2022\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220419023430/https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/5589876.pdf\|url-status=live}}</ref> Projects of agricultural colonisation with new settlements took place in the south of mainland Spain.{{Sfn\|Martínez Shaw\|2016\|pp=14; 23}} ] ideas began to gain ground among some of the kingdom's elite and monarchy.

	=== Liberalism and nation state ===
	{{Main\|Contemporary history of Spain\|Mid-19th-century Spain\|Spanish American wars of independence\|Spanish–American War\|Anarchism in Spain\|Second Spanish Republic}}
	]
	In 1793, Spain went to war against the revolutionary new ] as a member of ]. The subsequent ] polarised the country in a reaction against the ] elites and following defeat in the field, peace was made with France in 1795 at the ] in which Spain lost control over two-thirds of the island of ]. In 1807, a secret treaty between ] and the unpopular prime minister led to a new declaration of war against Britain and Portugal. French troops entered the country to invade Portugal but instead occupied Spain's major fortresses. The Spanish king abdicated and a puppet kingdom satellite to the French Empire was installed with ] as king.

	The ] was one of many uprisings across the country against the French occupation.<ref>David A. Bell. "". TheHistoryNet.com</ref> These revolts marked the beginning of a devastating ] against the Napoleonic regime.<ref>(Gates 2001, p. 20.)</ref> Further military action by Spanish armies, ] warfare and an Anglo-Portuguese allied army, combined with ], led to the retreat of French imperial armies from the Iberian Peninsula in 1814, and the return of ].<ref>(Gates 2001, p. 467.)</ref>

	During the war, in 1810, a revolutionary body, the ], was assembled to coordinate the effort against the Bonapartist regime and to prepare a constitution.<ref>{{cite book\|author= Alvar Ezquerra, Jaime\|title=Diccionario de historia de España\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l4JQIkW1yrsC&pg=PA209\|year=2001\|publisher=]\|isbn=978-84-7090-366-3\|page=209}} Cortes of Cádiz (1812) was the first parliament of Spain with sovereign power</ref> It met as one body, and its members represented the entire Spanish empire.<ref>{{cite book\|title=Independence of Spanish America\|last=Rodríguez\|publisher=Cambridge University Press\|url=https://www.google.es/search?tbm=bks&hl=es&q=%22It+met+as+one+body%2C+and+its+members+represented+the+entire+Spanish+world%22&btnG=\|quote=It met as one body, and its members represented the entire Spanish world\|access-date=20 June 2013\|archive-date=10 March 2020\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200310230600/https://www.google.es/search?tbm=bks&hl=es&q=%22It+met+as+one+body%2C+and+its+members+represented+the+entire+Spanish+world%22&btnG=\|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1812, a ] for universal representation under a constitutional monarchy was declared, but after the fall of the Bonapartist regime, the Spanish king dismissed the Cortes Generales, set on ruling as an ].
	], a key political figure in the 19th century]]
	The French occupation of mainland Spain created an opportunity for overseas ] elites who resented the privilege towards ] and demanded ]. Starting in 1809 the American colonies began a series of revolutions and declared independence, leading to the ] that put an end to the metropole's grip over the ]. ] proved futile with opposition not only in the colonies but also in the Iberian peninsula and army revolts followed. By the end of 1826, the only American colonies Spain held were ] and ]. The Napoleonic War left Spain economically ruined, deeply divided and politically unstable. In the 1830s and 1840s, ] (a reactionary legitimist movement supportive of an alternative Bourbon branch), fought against the government forces supportive of Queen ]'s dynastic rights in the ]. Government forces prevailed, but the conflict between ] and '']'' ended in a weak early constitutional period. The 1868 ] was followed by the 1868–1874 progressive '']'' (including the short-lived ]), which yielded to a stable monarchic period, the ] (1875–1931).<ref>{{Cite book\|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eX7cXu4N2AUC&pg=PA33\|page=33\|title=Elecciones y cultura política en España e Italia (1890–1923)\|editor-first=Rosa Ana\|editor-last=Gutiérrez\|editor-first2=Rafael\|editor-last2=Zurita\|editor-first3=Renato\|editor-last3=Camurri\|publisher=]\|location=Valencia\|year=2003\|isbn=84-370-5672-1\|chapter=Caciquismo y mundo rural durante la Restauración\|first=Salvador\|last=Cruz Artacho\|access-date=13 September 2020\|archive-date=12 September 2023\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230912033420/https://books.google.com/books?id=eX7cXu4N2AUC&pg=PA33\|url-status=live}}</ref>
	] in ], Madrid. ] fled to exile and ] became regent.]]

	In the late 19th century nationalist movements arose in the Philippines and Cuba. In 1895 and 1896 the ] and the ] broke out and eventually<!--For whatever reasons; it is not for here to go into long explanations!--> the United States became involved. The ] was fought in the spring of 1898 and resulted in Spain losing the last of its once vast colonial empire outside of North Africa. ''El Desastre'' (the Disaster), as the war became known in Spain, gave added impetus to the ]. Although the period around the turn of the century was one of increasing prosperity, the 20th century brought little social peace. Spain played a minor part in the ]. It remained neutral ]. The heavy losses suffered by the colonial troops in conflicts in northern Morocco against Riffians forces brought discredit to the government and undermined the monarchy.

	Industrialisation, the development of railways and incipient capitalism developed in several areas of the country, particularly in ], as well as ] and socialist and anarchist ideas. The ] and the ] are good examples of this. In 1879, the ] was founded. A trade union linked to this party, ], was founded in 1888. In the anarcho-syndicalist trend of the labour movement in Spain, ] was founded in 1910 and ] in 1927.

	Catalanism and Vasquism, alongside other nationalisms and regionalisms in Spain, arose in that period: the ] formed in 1895 and ] in 1901.

	Political corruption and repression weakened the democratic system of the constitutional monarchy of a two-parties system.<ref>{{cite book\|title=Oligarquía y caciquismo, Colectivismo agrario y otros escritos: (Antología)\|last=Costa\|first=Joaquín\|author-link=Joaquín Costa}}</ref> The July 1909 ] events and repression exemplified the social instability of the time.

	The ] in 1919 led to the first law limiting the working day to eight hours.<ref>{{cite book\|title=The Revolutionary Left in Spain, 1914–1923\|last=Meaker\|first=Gerald H.\|date=1974\|publisher=]\|page= ff\|isbn=0-8047-0845-2}}</ref>
	] in 1933, after ] was approved. Deputy ] was a key figure for the right to be granted.]]

	After a period of Crown-supported dictatorship from 1923 to 1931, the first elections since 1923, largely understood as a plebiscite on Monarchy, took place: the ]. These gave a resounding victory to the Republican-Socialist candidacies in large cities and provincial capitals, with a majority of monarchist councilors in rural areas. The king left the country and the proclamation of the Republic on 14 April ensued, with the formation of a provisional government.

	A ] for the country was passed in October 1931 following the ], and a series of cabinets presided by ] supported by republican parties and the ] followed. In the election held in 1933 the right triumphed and in 1936, the left. During the ] there was a great political and social upheaval, marked by a sharp radicalisation of the left and the right. Instances of political violence during this period included the burning of churches, the ], the ] and numerous attacks against rival political leaders. On the other hand, it is also during the Second Republic when important reforms to modernise the country were initiated: a democratic constitution, agrarian reform, restructuring of the army, political decentralisation and ].

	=== Civil War and Francoist dictatorship ===
	{{Main\|Spanish Civil War\|Spanish Revolution of 1936\|Francoist Spain}}
	The Spanish Civil War broke out in 1936: on 17 and 18 July, part of the military ] that triumphed in only part of the country. The situation led to a civil war, in which the territory was divided into two zones: one ], that counted on outside support from the ] and ] (and from ]), and the other controlled by the putschists (the ]), most critically supported by ] and ]. The Republic was not supported by the Western powers due to the British-led policy of ]. General ] was sworn in as the supreme leader of the rebels on 1 October 1936. An uneasy relationship between the Republican government and the grassroots anarchists who had initiated a partial ] also ensued.
	], 1936]]
	The civil war was viciously fought and there were ]. The ] claimed the lives of over 500,000 people and caused the flight of up to a half-million citizens from the country.<ref>{{Dead link\|date=December 2021 \|bot=InternetArchiveBot \|fix-attempted=yes }}, BBC News, 23 February 2003</ref><ref>{{cite news\|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/spain/3998443/Relatives-of-Spaniards-who-fled-Franco-granted-citizenship.html\|title=Relatives of Spaniards who fled Franco granted citizenship\|work=The Daily Telegraph\|date=28 December 2008\|access-date=18 January 2014\|location=London\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723074619/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/spain/3998443/Relatives-of-Spaniards-who-fled-Franco-granted-citizenship.html\|archive-date=23 July 2013 }}</ref> On 1 April 1939, five months before the beginning of ], the rebel side led by Franco emerged victorious, imposing a dictatorship over the whole country. Thousands were imprisoned after the civil war in ].

	The regime remained nominally "]" for much of the Second World War, although it was ] to ] and provided the Nazi ] with ]. The only legal party under Franco's dictatorship was the ] (FET y de las JONS), formed in 1937 upon the merging of the Fascist ] and the Carlist traditionalists and to which the rest of right-wing groups supporting the rebels also added. The name of "]", sometimes understood as a wider structure than the FET y de las JONS proper, largely imposed over the later's name in official documents along the 1950s.
	] and ] at the ], 1940]]
	After the war Spain was politically and economically isolated, and was kept out of the United Nations. This changed in 1955, during the ] period, when it became strategically important for the US to establish a military presence on the Iberian Peninsula as a counter to any possible move by the Soviet Union into the Mediterranean basin. US Cold War strategic priorities included the dissemination of American educational ideas to foster modernization and expansion.<ref>{{cite journal \|last1=Óscar \|first1=Martín García \|title=Soft Power, Modernization, and Security: US Educational Foreign Policy Toward Authoritarian Spain in the Cold War \|journal=History of Education Quarterly \|date=May 2023 \|volume=63 \|issue=2 \|pages=198–220 \|doi=10.1017/heq.2023.5\|s2cid=258190145 \|hdl=10251/201668 \|hdl-access=free \| issn = 0018-2680 }}</ref> In the 1960s, Spain registered an ] which was propelled by ], a mass internal migration from rural areas to ], ] and the ] and the creation of a mass tourism industry. Franco's rule was also characterised by ], ], ], and ].

	=== Restoration of democracy ===
	{{Main\|Spanish transition to democracy\|Spanish society after the democratic transition}}
	]
	In 1962, a group of politicians involved in the opposition to Franco's regime inside the country and in exile met in the congress of the ] in Munich, where they made a resolution in favour of democracy.<ref>{{cite news\|url=http://politica.elpais.com/politica/2012/06/09/actualidad/1339259231_174858.html\|title=El contubernio que preparó la democracia\|work=EL PAÍS\|date=9 June 2012\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130405102702/http://politica.elpais.com/politica/2012/06/09/actualidad/1339259231_174858.html\|archive-date=5 April 2013\|last1=Villena\|first1=Miguel Ángel}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.movimientoeuropeo.org/area-prensa/actividades/Contubernio-Munich-50-aniversario.php\|title=Contubernio de Múnich: 50 años\|url-status=dead\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021124653/http://www.movimientoeuropeo.org/area-prensa/actividades/Contubernio-Munich-50-aniversario.php\|archive-date=21 October 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.lavanguardia.com/hemeroteca/20120605/54303390132/contubernio-munich-politica-oposicion-antifranquista-movimiento-europeo.html\|title=El contubernio de Munich\|work=La Vanguardia\|date=4 June 2012\|access-date=17 September 2014\|archive-date=26 October 2014\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141026212625/http://www.lavanguardia.com/hemeroteca/20120605/54303390132/contubernio-munich-politica-oposicion-antifranquista-movimiento-europeo.html\|url-status=live}}</ref>

	With Franco's death in November 1975, ] succeeded to the position of ] and ] in accordance with the Francoist law. With the approval of the new ] and the ], the State ] much authority to the regions and created an internal organisation based on ]. The ] let people of Franco's regime continue inside institutions without consequences, even perpetrators of some crimes during transition to democracy like the ] or ].<!-- The 'founding chairman' of the current leading political party in Spain, the ], was ] who had been a minister in Franco's government and yet continued with his political career until shortly before his death in 2012.-->

	In the Basque Country, moderate ] coexisted with a ] led by the armed organisation ] until the latter's dissolution in May 2018.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/former_ep_presidents/president-fontaine/speeches/en/sp0066.htm\|title=Speech by Mrs Nicole FONTAINE, President of the European Parliament on the occasion of the presentation of the Sakharov Prize 2000 to Basta ya!\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161002164901/http://www.europarl.europa.eu/former_ep_presidents/president-fontaine/speeches/en/sp0066.htm\|archive-date=2 October 2016}}</ref> The group was formed in 1959 during Franco's rule but had continued to wage its violent campaign even after the restoration of democracy and the return of a large measure of regional autonomy.

	On 23 February 1981, rebel elements among the security forces seized the Cortes in an attempt to impose ]. King Juan Carlos took personal command of the military and successfully ordered the coup plotters, via national television, to surrender.<ref>{{cite news\|title=King Orders army to crush coup\|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/1981/feb/23/spain.fromthearchive\|access-date=19 March 2020\|work=The Guardian\|date=23 February 1981\|archive-date=5 October 2017\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171005013653/https://www.theguardian.com/world/1981/feb/23/spain.fromthearchive\|url-status=live}}</ref>
	] signing the treaty of accession to the ] on 12 June 1985]]
	During the 1980s the democratic restoration made possible a growing open society. New cultural movements based on freedom appeared, like ]. In May 1982 Spain joined ], followed by ] after a strong social opposition. That year the ] (PSOE) came to power, the first left-wing government in 43 years. In 1986 Spain joined the ], which later became the ]. The PSOE was replaced in government by the ] (PP) in 1996 after scandals around participation of the government of ] in the ].

	] in ]]]
	On 1 January 2002, Spain fully adopted the ], and Spain experienced strong economic growth, well above the EU average during the early 2000s. However, well-publicised concerns issued by many economic commentators at the height of the boom warned that extraordinary property prices and a high foreign trade deficit were likely to lead to a painful economic collapse.<ref>{{cite news\|author=Pfanner, Eric\|date=11 July 2002\|title=Economy reaps benefits of entry to the 'club': Spain's euro bonanza\|work=International Herald Tribune \|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/07/11/business/worldbusiness/11iht-a10_18.html?scp=1&sq=Economy%20reaps%20benefits%20of%20entry%20to%20the%20%27club%27%20:%20Spain%27s%20euro%20bonanza&st=cse\|access-date=9 August 2008\|url-status=live\|archive-date=1 May 2011\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501090321/http://www.nytimes.com/2002/07/11/business/worldbusiness/11iht-a10_18.html?scp=1&sq=Economy%20reaps%20benefits%20of%20entry%20to%20the%20%27club%27%20:%20Spain%27s%20euro%20bonanza&st=cse}} See also: {{cite news\|url=http://www.economist.com/displayStory.cfm?story_id=9118701\|title=Spain's economy / Plain sailing no longer\|newspaper=The Economist\|date=3 May 2007\|access-date=9 August 2008\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080613212911/http://www.economist.com/displayStory.cfm?story_id=9118701\|archive-date=13 June 2008\|url-status=live}}</ref>

	In 2002, the ] occurred with big ecological consequences along Spain's Atlantic coastline. In 2003 ] supported US president ] in the ], and a strong movement against war rose in Spanish society. In March 2004 a local ] terrorist group inspired by ] carried out the largest terrorist attack in Western European history when they killed 191 people and wounded more than 1,800 others by ] in Madrid.<ref>{{cite news\|title=Al-Qaeda 'claims Madrid bombings'\|date=14 March 2004\|publisher=BBC\|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/3509426.stm\|access-date=13 August 2008\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060624220502/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/3509426.stm\|archive-date=24 June 2006\|url-status=live}} See also: {{cite news\|publisher=BBC\|title=Madrid bombers get long sentences\|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/7070827.stm\|access-date=13 August 2008\|date=31 October 2007\|archive-date=14 January 2021\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114145049/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/7070827.stm\|url-status=live}}</ref> Though initial suspicions focused on the Basque terrorist group ], evidence of Islamist involvement soon emerged. Because of the proximity of the ], the issue of responsibility quickly became a political controversy, with the main competing parties PP and PSOE exchanging accusations over the handling of the incident.<ref>{{cite news \|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/3509744.stm\|publisher=BBC\|title=Spain votes under a shadow \|access-date=13 August 2008\|date=14 March 2004\|first=Dominic\|last=Bailey\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040825175335/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/3509744.stm\|archive-date=25 August 2004}}</ref> The PSOE won the election, led by ].<ref>{{cite news\|title=An election bombshell\|url=https://www.economist.com/europe/2004/03/18/an-election-bombshell\|access-date=19 March 2020\|newspaper=The Economist\|date=18 March 2004\|archive-date=19 March 2020\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200319233628/https://www.economist.com/europe/2004/03/18/an-election-bombshell\|url-status=live}}</ref>

	In the early 2000s, the proportion of ] increased rapidly during its economic boom but then declined due to the financial crisis.<ref>{{cite news\|last1=Ortiz\|first1=Fiona\|title=Spain's population falls as immigrants flee crisis\|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-spain-population/spains-population-falls-as-immigrants-flee-crisis-idUSBRE93L0J620130422\|access-date=2 September 2017\|work=Reuters\|date=22 April 2013\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902102026/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-spain-population/spains-population-falls-as-immigrants-flee-crisis-idUSBRE93L0J620130422\|archive-date=2 September 2017}}</ref> In 2005, the Spanish government legalised ], becoming the third country worldwide to do so.<ref>{{cite news\|title=Spain legalises gay marriage\|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/jun/30/gayrights.spain\|access-date=19 March 2020\|work=The Guardian\|date=30 June 2005\|archive-date=21 February 2020\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200221223432/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/jun/30/gayrights.spain\|url-status=live}}</ref> Decentralisation was supported with much resistance of Constitutional Court and conservative opposition, so did gender politics like quotas or the law against gender violence. Government talks with ETA happened, and the group announced its permanent cease of violence in 2010.<ref>{{cite news\|last1=Tremlett\|first1=Giles\|title=Basque separatists Eta announce ceasefire\|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/sep/05/eta-announces-ceasefire\|access-date=19 March 2020\|work=The Guardian\|date=5 September 2010\|archive-date=19 March 2020\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200319233632/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/sep/05/eta-announces-ceasefire\|url-status=live}}</ref>
	]
	The bursting of the ] in 2008 led to the ]. High levels of unemployment, cuts in government spending and corruption in ] and ] served as a backdrop to the ].<ref>{{cite news\|title=Spain's Indignados protest here to stay\|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-18070246\|access-date=19 March 2020\|work=BBC News\|date=15 May 2012\|archive-date=19 March 2020\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200319235526/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-18070246\|url-status=live}}</ref> ] also rose. In 2011, ]'s conservative ] won the election with 44.6% of votes.<ref>{{cite news\|title=Rajoy ahoy\|url=https://www.economist.com/newsbook/2011/11/21/rajoy-ahoy\|access-date=19 March 2020\|newspaper=The Economist\|date=21 November 2011\|archive-date=19 March 2020\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200319233630/https://www.economist.com/newsbook/2011/11/21/rajoy-ahoy\|url-status=live}}</ref> As prime minister, he implemented austerity measures for EU bailout, the EU Stability and Growth Pact.<ref>{{cite news\|last1=Tremlett\|first1=Giles\|title=Mariano Rajoy announces €65bn in austerity measures for Spain\|url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2012/jul/11/mariano-rajoy-spain-65bn-cuts\|access-date=19 March 2020\|work=The Guardian\|date=11 July 2012\|archive-date=19 March 2020\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200319233631/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2012/jul/11/mariano-rajoy-spain-65bn-cuts\|url-status=live}}</ref> On 19 June 2014, the monarch, Juan Carlos, abdicated in favour of his son, who became ].<ref>{{cite news\|title=Spain king: Juan Carlos signs his abdication\|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-27910104\|access-date=19 March 2020\|work=BBC News\|date=18 June 2014\|archive-date=19 March 2020\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200319235805/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-27910104\|url-status=live}}</ref>

	In October 2017 a ] was held and the ] voted to unilaterally declare ] to form a Catalan Republic<ref>{{cite news\|last1=Alandete\|first1=David\|title=Análisis. Is Catalonia independent?\|url=https://elpais.com/elpais/2017/10/27/inenglish/1509117264_660083.html\|work=]\|date=27 October 2017\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171028042504/https://elpais.com/elpais/2017/10/27/inenglish/1509117264_660083.html\|archive-date=28 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news \|last1=Ríos \|first1=Pere \|last2=Piñol \|first2=Àngels \|title=El Parlament de Cataluña aprueba la resolución para declarar la independencia\|url=https://elpais.com/ccaa/2017/10/27/catalunya/1509105810_557081.html\|work=]\|date=27 October 2017\|language=es\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171029185252/https://elpais.com/ccaa/2017/10/27/catalunya/1509105810_557081.html\|archive-date=29 October 2017}}</ref> on the day the ] was discussing approving direct rule over Catalonia as called for by the Spanish Prime Minister.<ref name="BBC-27Oct17-1">{{cite news\|date=26 October 2017\|title=Catalan crisis: Regional MPs debate Spain takeover bid\|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-41760832\|publisher=BBC\|access-date=27 October 2017\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171026144624/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-41760832\|archive-date=26 October 2017}}</ref><ref name="BBC-27Oct17-2">{{cite news\|date=27 October 2017\|title=Catalan crisis: Spain PM Rajoy demands direct rule\|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-41771294\|publisher=BBC\|access-date=27 October 2017\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171029003630/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-41771294\|archive-date=29 October 2017}}</ref> On the same day the Senate granted the power to impose direct rule and Rajoy dissolved the Catalan parliament and called a new election.<ref>{{cite news\|date=27 October 2017\|title=Catalonia independence: Rajoy dissolves Catalan parliament\|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-41783289\|work=BBC News\|location=Barcelona, Madrid\|access-date=27 October 2017\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171028072348/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-41783289\|archive-date=28 October 2017 }}</ref> No country recognised Catalonia as a separate state.<ref name="EuN_20171027">{{cite news\|last1=Sandford\|first1=Alasdair\|title=Catalonia: what direct rule from Madrid could mean\|url=http://www.euronews.com/2017/10/27/catalonia-what-direct-rule-from-madrid-could-mean\|access-date=27 October 2017\|work=euronews\|date=27 October 2017\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171027201407/http://www.euronews.com/2017/10/27/catalonia-what-direct-rule-from-madrid-could-mean\|archive-date=27 October 2017}}</ref>
	], former minister of Health during COVID-19 pandemic in the first coalition Government in Spain, elected first non independentist Catalan regional president in over a decade, with Barcelona mayor ].]]

	In June 2018, the ] passed a ] and replaced him with the PSOE leader ].<ref>{{Cite news \|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/06/01/world/europe/spain-mariano-rajoy-no-confidence.html \|title=Spain's Prime Minister, Mariano Rajoy, Is Ousted in No-Confidence Vote \|newspaper=The New York Times \|date=June 2018 \|access-date=18 June 2018 \|last1=Minder \|first1=Raphael \|archive-date=19 June 2018 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180619012814/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/06/01/world/europe/spain-mariano-rajoy-no-confidence.html \|url-status=live }}</ref> In 2019, the first ever coalicion government in Spain was formed, between PSOE and Unidas Podemos. Between 2018 and 2024, Spain faced an ] surrounding the mandate of the ] (CGPJ), until finally the mandate got renovated.<ref>{{Cite news \|title=Spanish institutional crisis triggered by legal block of judicial reform \|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/world/europe/2022/12/20/spanish-institutional-crisis-triggered-by-legal-block-of-judicial-reform/ \|access-date=2023-08-04 \|newspaper=The Irish Times \|language=en \|archive-date=4 August 2023 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230804144518/https://www.irishtimes.com/world/europe/2022/12/20/spanish-institutional-crisis-triggered-by-legal-block-of-judicial-reform/ \|url-status=live }}</ref> In January 2020, the ] virus was confirmed to have ], causing life expectancy to drop by more than a year.<ref>{{Cite journal\|last1=Woolf\|first1=Steven H.\|last2=Masters\|first2=Ryan K.\|last3=Aron\|first3=Laudan Y.\|date=24 June 2021\|title=Effect of the covid-19 pandemic in 2020 on life expectancy across populations in the USA and other high income countries: simulations of provisional mortality data\|journal=BMJ\|language=en\|volume=373\|pages=n1343\|doi=10.1136/bmj.n1343\|issn=1756-1833\|pmid=34162598\|pmc=8220857\|doi-access=free}}</ref> The European Commission economic recovery package ] were created to support the EU member states to recover from the COVID-19 pandemic, and will be in use in the period 2021–2026. In March 2021, Spain became the sixth nation in the world to make ].<ref>{{cite web\|last=Borraz\|first=Marta\|date=18 March 2021\|title=Luz verde definitiva: la ley de eutanasia ya es una realidad en España tras superar su último trámite en el Congreso\|url=https://www.eldiario.es/sociedad/luz-verde-definitiva-ley-eutanasia-supera-ultimo-tramite-congreso-entrara-vigor-tres-meses_1_7320129.html\|access-date=19 March 2021\|website=ElDiario.es\|language=es\|archive-date=18 March 2021\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210318233215/https://www.eldiario.es/sociedad/luz-verde-definitiva-ley-eutanasia-supera-ultimo-tramite-congreso-entrara-vigor-tres-meses_1_7320129.html\|url-status=live}}</ref> Following the ], prime minister Pedro Sánchez once again formed a coalition government, this time with ] (successors of ]).<ref>{{Cite news \|last=Bayer \|first=Lili \|date=2023-11-16 \|title=Socialist leader Pedro Sánchez wins new term as Spanish PM following election gamble – as it happened \|language=en-GB \|work=the Guardian \|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2023/nov/16/spain-acting-prime-minister-pedro-sanchez-expected-win-backing-for-new-term-europe-latest-updates \|access-date=2023-12-07 \|issn=0261-3077 \|archive-date=7 December 2023 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207213108/https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2023/nov/16/spain-acting-prime-minister-pedro-sanchez-expected-win-backing-for-new-term-europe-latest-updates \|url-status=live }}</ref>
	In 2024, the first non-independentist Catalan regional president in over a decade, ], was elected, normalising the constitutional and institutional relations between the national and the regional administrations. According to latest polls,<ref>{{cite web \| url=https://www.newtral.es/sentimiento-catalan-espanol/20240501/ \| title=La mitad de los catalanes se siente tan español como catalán, un 8,4% más desde las elecciones de 2012 \| date=May 2024 }}</ref> only 17.3% of Catalans feel themselves as "only Catalan". 46% of Catalans would answer "as Spanish as Catalan", while 21.8% "more Catalan than Spanish".<ref>{{cite web \| url=https://www.newtral.es/sentimiento-catalan-espanol/20240501/ \| title=La mitad de los catalanes se siente tan español como catalán, un 8,4% más desde las elecciones de 2012 \| date=May 2024 }}</ref> Accordind to a 2024 poll of University of Barcelona, over 50% of Catalans would vote against independence, while less than 40% would vote in favour.<ref>{{cite web \| url=https://www.elperiodico.com/es/politica/20230113/encuesta-independencia-catalunya-icps-uab-81112066 \| title=El apoyo a la independencia de Catalunya baja del 40%, según una encuesta del ICPS \| date=13 January 2023 }}</ref>

	== Geography ==
	{{Main\|Geography of Spain}}
	]

	At {{convert\|505992\|km2\|sqmi\|0\|abbr=on}}, Spain is the world's ] and ]. It is some {{convert\|47000\|km2\|sqmi\|abbr=on}} smaller than France. At {{convert\|3715\|m\|abbr=on}}, Mount ] (]) is the highest mountain peak in Spain and is the third largest volcano in the world from its base. Spain is a ], having territory in both ] and ].

	Spain lies between latitudes ] and ], and longitudes ] and ].

	On the west, Spain is bordered by ]; on the south, it is bordered by ] and ], through its ]s in North Africa (] and ], and the peninsula of ]). On the northeast, along the ] mountain range, it is bordered by ] and ]. Along the Pyrenees in ], a small exclave town called ] is surrounded by France.

	Extending to {{convert\|1214\|km\|mi\|abbr=on}}, the ] is the ] within the ].<ref>Medina García, Eusebio (2006). {{webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525185331/http://www.dip-badajoz.es/cultura/ceex/reex_digital/reex_LXII/2006/T.%20LXII%20n.%202%202006%20mayo-ag/RV000827.pdf\|date=25 May 2017 }}. ''Revista de Estudios Extremeños''. Tomo LXII (II Mayo-Agosto). {{ISSN\|0210-2854}}, pp. 713–723.</ref>

	=== Islands ===
	{{Main\|List of islands of Spain}}
	] island]]

	Spain also includes the ] in the ], the ] in the Atlantic Ocean and a number of uninhabited islands on the Mediterranean side of the ], known as {{lang\|es\|]}} ("places of sovereignty", or territories under Spanish sovereignty), such as the ] and ]. The peninsula of ] is also regarded as a ''plaza de soberanía''. The isle of ], located in the Mediterranean between Spain and North Africa, is also administered by Spain, specifically by the municipality of ], Andalusia. The little ] in the River ] is a Spanish-French ].

	There are 11 major islands in Spain, all of them having their own governing bodies (] in the Canaries, ] in Baleares). These islands are specifically mentioned by the Spanish Constitution, when fixing its Senatorial representation (Ibiza and Formentera are grouped, as they together form the ], part of the Balearic archipelago). These islands include ], ], ], ], ], ] and ] in the Canarian archipelago and ], ], ] and ] in the Balearic archipelago.

	=== Mountains and rivers ===
	], still an ] in ], Canary Islands, is the tallest peak in Spain.]]

	Mainland Spain is a rather ] landmass, dominated by high ]s and mountain chains. After the Pyrenees, the main mountain ranges are the ] (Cantabrian Range), ] (Iberian System), ] (Central System), ], ] and the ] (Baetic System) whose highest peak, the {{convert\|3478\|m\|ft\|adj=mid\|abbr=off\|-high}} ], located in ], is the highest elevation in the Iberian Peninsula. The highest point in Spain is the ], a {{convert\|3718\|m\|ft\|adj=on}} active ] in the Canary Islands. The ] (often translated as 'Inner Plateau') is a vast plateau in the heart of peninsular Spain split in two by the Sistema Central.

	There are several major ] such as the ] (''Tajo''), ], ], ] (''Duero''), ], ], ], ] and ] (''Miño''). ]s are found along the coast, the largest of which is that of the Guadalquivir in ].

	=== Climate ===
	{{Main\|Climate of Spain}}
	] map of Spain]]
	]) from Pozo de La Oracion, ]]]
	Three main climatic zones can be separated, according to geographical situation and ] conditions:<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.schweizerbart.de/resources/downloads/paper_free/55034.pdf\|title=World Map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification updated – (see p.3)\|access-date=30 April 2011\|archive-date=12 April 2019\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412021016/http://www.schweizerbart.de/resources/downloads/paper_free/55034.pdf\|url-status=live}}</ref>
	* The ] is characterised by warm/hot and dry summers and is the predominant climate in the country. It has two varieties: ''Csa'' and ''Csb'' according to the ].
	** The ''Csa'' zone is associated with areas with hot summers. It is predominant in the Southern Mediterranean (except southeastern) and Southern Atlantic coast and inland throughout ], Extremadura and much of the centre of the country. Some areas of Csa, mainly those inland, such as some areas of ], ], Madrid and some parts of Andalusia, have cool winters with some continental influences, while the regions with a Mediterranean climate close to the sea have mild winters.
	** The ''Csb'' zone has warm rather than hot summers, and extends to additional cool-winter areas not typically associated with a Mediterranean climate, such as much of central and northern-central of Spain (e.g. western ], northeastern Castilla-La Mancha and northern Madrid) and into much rainier areas (notably ]).
	* The ] (''BSk'', ''BSh'') is predominant in the southeastern quarter of the country, but is also widespread in other areas of Spain. It covers most of the ], southern and central-eastern ], eastern Andalusia, various areas of Castilla-La-Mancha, Madrid and some areas of Extremadura. Further to the north, it is predominant in the upper and mid reaches of the ] valley, which crosses southern ], central ] and western ]. It is also found in a small area in northern Andalusia and in a small area in central Castilla-León. Precipitation is limited with dry season extending beyond the summer and average temperature depends on altitude and latitude.
	* The ] (''Cfb'') is located in the northern quarter of the country, especially in the Atlantic region (], ], ], and partly Galicia and Castile–León). It is also found in northern Navarre, in most highlands areas along the ] and in the ] valleys, where a humid subtropical variant (''Cfa'') also occurs. Winter and summer temperatures are influenced by the ocean, and have no seasonal drought.

	Apart from these main types, other sub-types can be found, like the ] in areas with very high altitude, the ] in areas of northeastern Spain and the ]s (''Dfc'', ''Dfb'' / ''Dsc'', ''Dsb'') in the ] as well as parts of the ], the ], ] and the ], and a typical ] (''BWk'', ''BWh'') in the zone of ], ] and eastern ]. Low-lying areas of the Canary Islands average above {{convert\|18.0\|C\|1}} during their coolest month, thus having influences of ], although they cannot properly be classified as tropical climates, as according to AEMET, their aridity is high, thus belonging to an arid or semi-arid climate.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Evolucion de los climas de Koppen en España: 1951-2020 \|url=https://www.aemet.es/documentos/es/conocermas/recursos_en_linea/publicaciones_y_estudios/publicaciones/NT_37_AEMET/NT_37_AEMET.pdf \|access-date=2024-02-08 \|website=] \|archive-date=13 February 2024 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240213184548/https://www.aemet.es/documentos/es/conocermas/recursos_en_linea/publicaciones_y_estudios/publicaciones/NT_37_AEMET/NT_37_AEMET.pdf \|url-status=live }}</ref>

	Spain is one of the countries that is most affected by the ] in Europe. In Spain, which already has a hot and dry climate, extreme events such as ] are becoming increasingly frequent.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web\|title=World Bank Climate Change Knowledge Portal\|url=https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/\|access-date=2021-08-17\|website=World Bank Climate Change Knowledge Portal\|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web\|last1=Medina \|first1=Miguel Ángel \|first2=Elisa \|last2= Tasca\|date=2021-08-12\|title=Weather experts on Spain's heatwave: 'A summer like this will be considered cold in 30 years' time'\|url=https://english.elpais.com/society/2021-08-12/weather-experts-on-spains-heatwave-a-summer-like-this-will-be-considered-cold-in-30-years-time.html\|access-date=2021-08-17\|website=EL PAÍS\|language=en}}</ref> The country is also experiencing more episodes of drought and increased severity of these episodes.<ref>{{Cite web \|first1=Fred\|last1= Pleitgen\|first2=Claudia\|last2=Otto \|first3=Laura\|last3=Paddison \|date=2023-05-02 \|title=Disappearing lakes, dead crops and trucked-in water: Drought-stricken Spain is running dry \|url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/05/02/europe/spain-drought-catalonia-heat-wave-climate-intl/index.html \|access-date=2023-05-30 \|website=CNN \|language=en}}</ref> ] will be severely affected in various ] scenarios.<ref>{{cite journal \|author=T. Estrela \|author2=M.A. Pérez-Martin \|author3=E. Vargas \|title=Impacts of climate change on water resources in Spain \|journal=Hydrological Sciences Journal \|year=2012 \|volume=57 \|issue=6 \|pages=1154–1167 \|doi=10.1080/02626667.2012.702213 \|doi-access=\|bibcode=2012HydSJ..57.1154E }}</ref> To mitigate the ], Spain is promoting an ] to ], such as ] and ].<ref>{{cite web \|title=Renewable energies in Spain \|website=Institute for the Diversification and Saving of Energy \|url=https://www.idae.es/articulos/renewable-energies-spain}}</ref>

	=== Fauna and flora ===
	] in ]. The region has 25% of the land covered by ] protected natural spaces.]]
	{{main\|Wildlife of Spain}}

	The ] presents a wide diversity that is due in large part to the geographical position of the Iberian peninsula between the Atlantic and the Mediterranean and between Africa and ], and the great diversity of habitats and ], the result of a considerable variety of climates and well differentiated regions.

	The vegetation of Spain is varied due to several factors including the diversity of the terrain, the climate and ]. Spain includes different ] regions, each with its own floral characteristics resulting largely from the interaction of climate, topography, soil type and fire, and ] factors. The country had a 2019 ] mean score of 4.23/10, ranking it 130th globally out of 172 countries.<ref name="FLII-Supplementary">{{cite journal\|last1=Grantham\|first1=H. S.\|last2=Duncan\|first2=A.\|last3=Evans\|first3=T. D.\|last4=Jones\|first4=K. R.\|last5=Beyer\|first5=H. L.\|last6=Schuster\|first6=R.\|last7=Walston\|first7=J.\|last8=Ray\|first8=J. C.\|last9=Robinson\|first9=J. G.\|last10=Callow\|first10=M.\|last11=Clements\|first11=T.\|last12=Costa\|first12=H. M.\|last13=DeGemmis\|first13=A.\|last14=Elsen\|first14=P. R.\|last15=Ervin\|first15=J.\|last16=Franco\|first16=P.\|last17=Goldman\|first17=E.\|last18=Goetz\|first18=S.\|last19=Hansen\|first19=A.\|last20=Hofsvang\|first20=E.\|last21=Jantz\|first21=P.\|last22=Jupiter\|first22=S.\|last23=Kang\|first23=A.\|last24=Langhammer\|first24=P.\|last25=Laurance\|first25=W. F.\|last26=Lieberman\|first26=S.\|last27=Linkie\|first27=M.\|last28=Malhi\|first28=Y.\|last29=Maxwell\|first29=S.\|last30=Mendez\|first30=M.\|last31=Mittermeier\|first31=R.\|last32=Murray\|first32=N. J.\|last33=Possingham\|first33=H.\|last34=Radachowsky\|first34=J.\|last35=Saatchi\|first35=S.\|last36=Samper\|first36=C.\|last37=Silverman\|first37=J.\|last38=Shapiro\|first38=A.\|last39=Strassburg\|first39=B.\|last40=Stevens\|first40=T.\|last41=Stokes\|first41=E.\|last42=Taylor\|first42=R.\|last43=Tear\|first43=T.\|last44=Tizard\|first44=R.\|last45=Venter\|first45=O.\|last46=Visconti\|first46=P.\|last47=Wang\|first47=S.\|last48=Watson\|first48=J. E. M.\|display-authors=1\|title=Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity – Supplementary Material\|journal=Nature Communications\|volume=11\|issue=1\|year=2020\|page=5978\|issn=2041-1723\|doi=10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3\|pmid=33293507\|pmc=7723057\|bibcode=2020NatCo..11.5978G \|doi-access=free}}</ref>

	Within the European territory, Spain has the largest number of plant species (7,600 vascular plants) of all European countries.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Biodiversity in Spain \|url=https://www.climatechangepost.com/spain/biodiversity/ \|access-date=24 September 2022 \|website=Climatechangepost.com \|language=en \|archive-date=24 September 2022 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220924231535/https://www.climatechangepost.com/spain/biodiversity/ \|url-status=live }}</ref>

	In Spain there are 17.804 billion trees and an average of 284 million more grow each year.<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Biodiversidad \|first=Fundación \|date=18 February 2014 \|title=The Foundation \|url=https://www.fundacion-biodiversidad.es/en/about-us \|access-date=24 September 2022 \|website=Fundación Biodiversidad \|language=en \|archive-date=24 September 2022 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220924231544/https://www.fundacion-biodiversidad.es/en/about-us \|url-status=dead }}</ref>

	== Politics ==
	{{Main\|Politics of Spain}}
	{{See also\|Spanish Constitution of 1978}}
	{{multiple image
	\|align = right
	\|total_width = 300
	\|image1 = Felipe VI in 2023.jpg
	\|caption1 = ],<br>]
	\|image2 = Pedro Sánchez in 2023.jpg
	\|caption2 = ],<br>]
	}}
	The constitutional history of Spain dates back to the constitution of 1812. In June 1976, Spain's new King ] dismissed ] and appointed the reformer ] as Prime Minister.<ref name="From Dictatorship to Democracy">John Hooper, ''The New Spaniards'', 2001, ''From Dictatorship to Democracy''</ref><ref name="Spain's fast-living king turns 70"> {{webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100106025042/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7171971.stm\|date=6 January 2010 }} BBC News Friday, 4 January 2008 Extracted 18 June 2009</ref> The resulting ] convened the '']'' (the Spanish Parliament, in its capacity as a constitutional assembly) for the purpose of drafting and approving the constitution of 1978.{{sfn\|Spanish Constitution\|1978}} After a national referendum on 6 December 1978, 88% of voters approved of the new constitution. As a result, Spain successfully transitioned from a ] to a ] ] composed of 17 ] and two ]. These regions enjoy varying degrees of autonomy thanks to the Spanish Constitution, which nevertheless explicitly states the indivisible unity of the Spanish nation.

	=== Governance ===
	====The Crown====
	{{quote box\| width=250px\| border=1px\| align=left\| bgcolor=#F5F5DC\| quote=The independence of the Crown, its political neutrality and its wish to embrace and reconcile the different ideological standpoints enable it to contribute to the stability of our political system, facilitating a balance with the other constitutional and territorial bodies, promoting the orderly functioning of the State and providing a channel for cohesion among Spaniards.<ref>{{Cite web\| url=https://www.casareal.es/EN/Paginas/home.aspx\|title=HM The King's address to the Cortes Generales on the occasion of his accession\|date=19 June 2014\|publisher=Casa de Su Majestad El Rey}}</ref>\| salign=right\| source=], 2014}}
	The ] provides for a ] between five ], which it refers to as "basic State institutions".{{Efn\|Those nationwide institutions are the Crown, the Cortes Generales, the Government, the Judiciary, and the Constitutional Tribunal.}}<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://constituteproject.org/constitution/Spain_2011#s548\|title=Section 86, Spanish Constitution\|publisher=Constitute Project\|access-date=11 April 2024}}</ref><ref name="Institutions of Spain">{{Cite web\|url=https://www.lamoncloa.gob.es/lang/en/espana/spanishinstitutions/Paginas/index.aspx\|title=Institutions of Spain\|publisher=La Moncloa, the Office of the President of the Government\|access-date=15 April 2024}}</ref> Foremost amongst these institutions is the Crown (''La Corona''), the symbol of the Spanish state and its permanence.<ref name="Constitute Project">{{Cite web\|url=https://constituteproject.org/constitution/Spain_2011#s318\|title=Section 56 (1), Spanish Constitution\|publisher=Constitute Project\|access-date=15 April 2024}}</ref> Spain's "parliamentary monarchy" is a ] one whereby the reigning ] is the ] of the Crown and thus ].{{Efn\|Most ] have been kings. However, a ] – while uncommon – is possible due to Spain's adherence to ]. ], will be Spain's first queen regnant since ], who reigned from 1833 to 1868, should she someday succeed her father ] as expected.}}<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://constituteproject.org/constitution/Spain_2011#s11\|title=Section 1 (3), Spanish Constitution\|publisher=Constitute Project\|access-date=15 April 2024}}</ref><ref name="Constitute Project"/><ref name="Shelley2015">{{cite book\|author=Shelley, Fred M.\|title=Governments around the World: From Democracies to Theocracies\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wui6CAAAQBAJ&pg=PA197\|date=2015\|publisher=ABC-CLIO\|isbn=978-1-4408-3813-2\|page=197\|access-date=2 October 2018\|archive-date=12 September 2023\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230912033901/https://books.google.com/books?id=Wui6CAAAQBAJ&pg=PA197\|url-status=live}}</ref> Unlike in some other constitutional monarchies however, namely the likes of ], ], ], ], ], or indeed the ], the monarch is not the fount of ] or even the ''nominal'' ].<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://constituteproject.org/constitution/Belgium_2014#s141\|title=Article 37, Constitution of the Kingdom of Belgium\|publisher=Constitute Project\|access-date=15 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://constituteproject.org/constitution/Denmark_1953#s1\|title=Article 3, Constitution Act of the Kingdom of Denmark\|publisher=Constitute Project\|access-date=15 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://constituteproject.org/constitution/Luxembourg_2009#s110\|title=Article 33, Constitution of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg\|publisher=Constitute Project\|access-date=15 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://constituteproject.org/constitution/Netherlands_2008#s210\|title=Article 42, Constitution of the Kingdom of the Netherlands\|publisher=Constitute Project\|access-date=15 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://constituteproject.org/constitution/Norway_2016#s7\|title=Article 3, Constitution of the Kingdom of Norway\|publisher=Constitute Project\|access-date=15 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal \|url=https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/the-constitutional-role-and-working-of-the-monarchy-in-the-united \|title=The Constitutional Role and Working of the Monarchy in the United Kingdom \|author=Robert Blackburn \|journal=Jahrbuch des Öffentlichen Rechts der Gegenwart \|series=Neue Folge \|year=2022 \|volume=70 \|pages=181–201 \|editor=O. Lepsius \|editor2=A. Nußberger \|editor3=C. Schönberger \|editor4=C. Waldhoff \|editor5=C. Walter \|name-list-style=amp \|publisher=Mohr Siebeck \|doi=10.1628/joer-2022-0009 \|s2cid=257830288 \|publication-date=2 June 2022 \|access-date=19 June 2023 \|archive-date=19 June 2023 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230619174428/https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/the-constitutional-role-and-working-of-the-monarchy-in-the-united \|url-status=live }}</ref> Rather, the Crown, as an institution, "...arbitrates and moderates the regular functioning of the institutions..." of the Spanish state.<ref name="Constitute Project"/> As such, the monarch ] between the disparate branches, mediates ], and prevents ].<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Sodré \|first=Nelson Werneck \|title=Panorama do Segundo Império \|edition=2 \|location=Rio de Janeiro \|publisher=Graphia \|year=2004\|pages=91 \|language=pt}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book \|last=Torres \|first=João Camilo de Oliveira \|url=https://bd.camara.leg.br/bd/bitstream/handle/bdcamara/36281/democracia_coroada_camilo.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y \|title=A democracia coroada \|edition= \|location=Brasília \|publisher=Câmara dos Deputados \|year=2017\|pages=105–106 \|isbn=978-85-402-0667-0 \|language=pt}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book\|last=Sousa \|first=Galvão \|title=História do Direito Político Brasileiro \|edition=2 \|location=São Paulo \|publisher=Saraiva \|year=1962\|pages=125–126 \|language=pt}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book\|last=Faoro \|first=Raymundo \|title=Os Donos do Poder \|location= \|publisher=Globo \|year=2001 \|url=http://www.usp.br/cje/anexos/pierre/FAORORaymundoOsDonosdoPoder.pdf\|pages=343–344 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160804114059/http://www.usp.br/cje/anexos/pierre/FAORORaymundoOsDonosdoPoder.pdf \|archive-date=4 August 2016 \|language=pt}}</ref>

	In these respects, the Crown constitutes a fifth ] that does not make ] or administer ], functions which rightfully rest with Spain's duly elected legislatures and governments at both the national and regional level. Instead, the Crown personifies the democratic Spanish state, sanctions legitimate authority, ensures the legality of means, and guarantees the execution of the public will.<ref>{{cite speech\|last=McCaughey\|first=J. Davis\|title=The Crown at State Level\|event=Hugo Wolfsohn Memorial Lecture\|date=1993 \|location=Melbourne, Victoria, Australia\|publisher=La Trobe University\|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/veiled-sceptre/rejection-of-advice-to-act-illegally-or-unconstitutionally/86BBD8142954446646630418C1291A12\|access-date=15 April 2024\|language=Australian English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book\|editor=Arthur Bousfield & Gary Toffoli\|title=Royal Observations: Canadians and Royalty\|publisher=Dundurn Press\|location=Toronto, Ontario, Canada\|year=1991}}</ref> Put another way, the monarch fosters national unity at home, represents Spaniards abroad (especially with regard to ]), facilitates the orderly operation and continuity of the ], defends ], and upholds the ].<ref name="Institutions of Spain"/> In other words, the Crown is the guardian of the Spanish constitution and of the rights and freedoms of all Spaniards.<ref name="Walther L. Bernecker 65–84">{{Cite journal\|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/260997\|title=Monarchy and Democracy: The Political Role of King Juan Carlos in the Spanish Transicion\|author=Walther L. Bernecker\|journal=Journal of Contemporary History\|volume=33\|issue=1\|date=January 1998\|pages=65–84\|doi=10.1177/003200949803300104 \|jstor=260997 }}</ref>{{Efn\|Former king ]'s intervention and foiling of the ] is but one example of the Crown exercising its influence as the moderating branch to defend democracy and uphold the rule of law.<ref>{{Cite magazine\|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/Commentary/the-monitors-view/2019/0604/The-Spanish-king-who-set-then-saved-democracy\|title=The Spanish king who set, then saved, democracy
	\|author=The Monitor's Editorial Board\|magazine=Christian Science Monitor
	\|publisher=Christian Science Monitor\|publication-date=4 June 2019\|access-date=17 August 2024}}</ref>}} This stabilising role is in keeping with the monarch's ] upon ] "...to faithfully carry out duties, to obey the Constitution and the laws and ensure that they are obeyed, and to respect the rights of citizens and the Self-governing Communities."<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://constituteproject.org/constitution/Spain_2011#s354\|title=Section 61 (1), Spanish Constitution\|publisher=Constitute Project\|access-date=15 April 2024}}</ref>

	A number of constitutional powers, duties, rights, responsibilities, and functions are assigned to the monarch in his or her capacity as head of state. However, the Crown enjoys ] in the performance of these ] and ] in the very courts which administer justice in its name.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://constituteproject.org/constitution/Spain_2011#s318\|title=Section 56 (3), Spanish Constitution\|publisher=Constitute Project\|access-date=15 April 2024}}</ref> For this reason, every official act done by the monarch requires the ] of the ] or, when appropriate, the ] to have the force of law. The countersigning procedure or ''refrendo'' in turn transfers political and legal liability for the royal prerogative to the attesting parties.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://constituteproject.org/constitution/Spain_2011#s388\|title=Section 64, Spanish Constitution\|publisher=Constitute Project\|access-date=15 April 2024}}</ref> This provision does not apply to the ], over which the monarch enjoys absolute control and supervision, or to membership in the ], which is a ] in the personal gift of the ].<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://constituteproject.org/constitution/Spain_2011#s393\|title=Section 65, Spanish Constitution\|publisher=Constitute Project\|access-date=15 April 2024}}</ref>

	The royal prerogatives may be classified by whether they are ministerial functions or reserve powers. Ministerial functions are those royal prerogatives that are, pursuant to the ] established by ], performed by the monarch after soliciting the ] of the Government, the Congress of Deputies, the Senate, the General Council of the Judiciary, or the Constitutional Tribunal, as the case may be. On the other hand, the ] of the Crown are those royal prerogatives which are exercised in the monarch's personal discretion.<ref name="Walther L. Bernecker 65–84"/> Most of the Crown's royal prerogatives are ministerial in practice, meaning the monarch has no discretion in their execution and primarily performs them as a matter of state ceremonial. Nevertheless, when performing said ministerial functions, the monarch has the right to be consulted before acting on advice, the right to encourage a particular course of policy or action, and the right to warn the responsible constitutional authorities against the same. Those ministerial functions are as follows:
	#] and ] bills duly passed by the Cortes Generales, making them ]. The Spanish Constitution mandates the monarch grant royal assent to each bill within fifteen days of its passage; he or she does not have a right to ] legislation.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://constituteproject.org/constitution/Spain_2011#s359\|title=Section 62 (a), Spanish Constitution\|publisher=Constitute Project\|access-date=15 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://constituteproject.org/constitution/Spain_2011#s576\|title=Section 91, Spanish Constitution\|publisher=Constitute Project\|access-date=15 April 2024}}</ref>
	#] the Cortes Generales into ] following a general election, ] the same upon the expiration of its four-year term, and ] the ] of the next Cortes. These functions are performed in accordance with the strictures of the Spanish Constitution.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://constituteproject.org/constitution/Spain_2011#s359\|title=Section 62 (b), Spanish Constitution\|publisher=Constitute Project\|access-date=15 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://constituteproject.org/constitution/Spain_2011#s414\|title=Section 68 (4), Spanish Constitution\|publisher=Constitute Project\|access-date=15 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://constituteproject.org/constitution/Spain_2011#s428\|title=Section 69 (6), Spanish Constitution\|publisher=Constitute Project\|access-date=15 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://constituteproject.org/constitution/Spain_2011#s715\|title=Section 116 (5), Spanish Constitution\|publisher=Constitute Project\|access-date=15 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://constituteproject.org/constitution/Spain_2011#s1191\|title=Section 168, Spanish Constitution\|publisher=Constitute Project\|access-date=15 April 2024}}</ref>
	#Appoint and dismiss ] on the advice of the prime minister.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://constituteproject.org/constitution/Spain_2011#s359\|title=Section 62 (e), Spanish Constitution\|publisher=Constitute Project\|access-date=15 April 2024}}</ref>
	#Appoint the president of the ] on the advice of the General Council of the Judiciary.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://constituteproject.org/constitution/Spain_2011#s763\|title=Section 123 (2), Spanish Constitution\|publisher=Constitute Project\|access-date=15 April 2024}}</ref>
	#Appoint the president of the ] from among its members, on the advice of the full bench, for a term of three years.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://constituteproject.org/constitution/Spain_2011#s1148\|title=Section 160, Spanish Constitution\|publisher=Constitute Project\|access-date=15 April 2024}}</ref>
	#Appoint the ], who leads the ], on the advice of the Government. Before tendering advice, the Government is required to consult the General Council of the Judiciary.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://constituteproject.org/constitution/Spain_2011#s768\|title=Section 124 (4), Spanish Constitution\|publisher=Constitute Project\|access-date=15 April 2024}}</ref>
	#Appoint the ] of the ] as elected by their respective parliaments.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://constituteproject.org/constitution/Spain_2011#s1082\|title=Section 152 (1), Spanish Constitution\|publisher=Constitute Project\|access-date=15 April 2024}}</ref>
	#Issue ] approved in the Council of Ministers, confer ] and ], and award ] and ] in the gift of the state. These functions are performed on the advice of the prime minister or another minister designated thereby.{{Efn\|The Spanish state honours system comprises the ], the ], the ], the ], the ], and the ], among other orders, decorations and medals. The prime minister is ] chancellor of the Order of Charles III. On the other hand, the ministers of ], ], and ] are the corresponding chancellors for the orders of Isabella the Catholic and of Civil Merit, the Civil Order of Alfonso X, the Wise, and the orders of Saint Raymond of Peñafort and of Constitutional Merit, respectively.}}<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://constituteproject.org/constitution/Spain_2011#s359\|title=Section 62 (f), Spanish Constitution\|publisher=Constitute Project\|access-date=15 April 2024}}</ref>
	#Exercise ] over the ], on the advice of the prime minister.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://constituteproject.org/constitution/Spain_2011#s359\|title=Section 62 (h), Spanish Constitution\|publisher=Constitute Project\|access-date=15 April 2024}}</ref>
	#] and ] on the advice of the prime minister and with the prior authorization of the Cortes Generales.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://constituteproject.org/constitution/Spain_2011#s381\|title=Section 63 (3), Spanish Constitution\|publisher=Constitute Project\|access-date=15 April 2024}}</ref>
	#] ], on the advice of the prime minister.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://constituteproject.org/constitution/Spain_2011#s381\|title=Section 63 (2), Spanish Constitution\|publisher=Constitute Project\|access-date=15 April 2024}}</ref>
	#Accredit Spanish ] and ] to foreign states and ] the ] of ] ] to Spain, on the advice of the prime minister.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://constituteproject.org/constitution/Spain_2011#s381\|title=Section 63 (1), Spanish Constitution\|publisher=Constitute Project\|access-date=15 April 2024}}</ref>
	#Exercise the ], but without the authority to grant ], on the advice of the prime minister.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://constituteproject.org/constitution/Spain_2011#s359\|title=Section 62 (i), Spanish Constitution\|publisher=Constitute Project\|access-date=15 April 2024}}</ref>
	#Patronise the Royal Academies.{{Efn\|They being the ], the ], the ], the ], the ], the ], the ], and the ]}}<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://constituteproject.org/constitution/Spain_2011#s359\|title=Section 62 (j), Spanish Constitution\|publisher=Constitute Project\|access-date=15 April 2024}}</ref>

	The aforesaid limitations do not apply to the exercise of the Crown's reserve powers, which may be invoked by the monarch when ] to maintain the continuity and stability of state institutions.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.casareal.es/EN/corona/Paginas/la-corona-hoy_papel-jefe.aspx\|title=Functions of the Head of State\|publisher=Royal Household of Spain\|access-date=15 April 2024}}</ref> For example, the monarch has the right to be kept informed on affairs of state through regular ]s with the Government. For this purpose, the monarch may preside at any time over meetings of the Council of Ministers, but only when requested by the prime minister.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://constituteproject.org/constitution/Spain_2011#s1082\|title=Section 62 (g), Spanish Constitution\|publisher=Constitute Project\|access-date=15 April 2024}}</ref> Moreover, the monarch may prematurely dissolve the Congress of Deputies, the Senate, or both houses of the Cortes in their entirety before the expiration of their four-year term and, in consequence thereof, concurrently call for ]s. The monarch exercises this prerogative on the request of the prime minister, after the matter has been discussed by the Council of Ministers. The monarch may choose to accept or refuse the request.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://constituteproject.org/constitution/Spain_2011#s708\|title=Section 115, Spanish Constitution\|publisher=Constitute Project\|access-date=15 April 2024}}</ref> The monarch may also order national referendums on the request of the prime minister, but only with the prior authorisation of the Cortes Generales. Again, the monarch may choose to accept or refuse the prime minister's request.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://constituteproject.org/constitution/Spain_2011#s578\|title=Section 92, Spanish Constitution\|publisher=Constitute Project\|access-date=15 April 2024}}</ref>

	The Crown's reserve powers further extend into ] and the ]. The monarch appoints the 20 members of the ]. Of these counselors, twelve are nominated by the supreme, appellate and trial courts, four are nominated by the Congress of Deputies by a majority of three-fifths of its members, and four are nominated by the Senate with the same majority. The monarch may choose to accept or refuse any nomination.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://constituteproject.org/constitution/Spain_2011#s756\|title=Section 122 (3), Spanish Constitution\|publisher=Constitute Project\|access-date=15 April 2024}}</ref> In a similar vein, the monarch appoints the twelve magistrates of the ]. Of these magistrates, four magistrates are nominated by the Congress of Deputies by a majority of three-fifths of its members, four magistrates are nominated by the Senate with the same majority, two magistrates are nominated by the Government, and two magistrates are nominated by the General Council of the Judiciary. The monarch may choose to accept or refuse any nomination.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://constituteproject.org/constitution/Spain_2011#s1136\|title=Section 159 (1), Spanish Constitution\|publisher=Constitute Project\|access-date=15 April 2024}}</ref>

	However, it is the monarch's reserve powers concerning ] that are perhaps the most frequently exercised. The monarch nominates a candidate for ] and, as the case may be, appoints or removes him or her from office based on the prime minister's ability to maintain the ] of the ].<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://constituteproject.org/constitution/Spain_2011#s359\|title=Section 62 (d), Spanish Constitution\|publisher=Constitute Project\|access-date=15 April 2024}}</ref> If the Congress of Deputies fails to give its confidence to a new Government within two months, and is thus incapable of governing as a result of parliamentary gridlock, the monarch may dissolve the Cortes Generales and call for fresh elections. The monarch makes use of these reserve powers in his own deliberative judgment after consulting the president of the Congress of Deputies.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://constituteproject.org/constitution/Spain_2011#s625\|title=Section 99, Spanish Constitution\|publisher=Constitute Project\|access-date=15 April 2024}}</ref>

	====Cortes Generales====
	]]]
	] vests in the {{Lang\|es\|]}} ({{langx\|en\|Spanish Parliament\|lit=General Courts}}), a democratically elected ] that serves as the supreme representative body of the Spanish people. Aside from the Crown, it is the only basic State institution that enjoys inviolability.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://constituteproject.org/constitution/Spain_2011#s400\|title=Section 66, Spanish Constitution\|publisher=Constitute Project\|access-date=11 April 2024}}</ref> It comprises the ] (''Congreso de los Diputados''), a ] with 350 deputies, and the ] (''Senado''), an ] with 259 senators.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://constituteproject.org/constitution/Spain_2011#s414\|title=Section 68, Spanish Constitution\|publisher=Constitute Project\|access-date=11 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://constituteproject.org/constitution/Spain_2011#s428\|title=Section 69, Spanish Constitution\|publisher=Constitute Project\|access-date=11 April 2024}}</ref> Deputies are elected by ] on ]s via ] to serve four-year terms.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.congreso.es/en/cem/func\|title=Functions\|publisher=Congress of Deputies of Spain\|access-date=11 April 2024}}</ref> On the other hand, 208 senators are directly elected by popular vote using a ] method, with the remaining 51 senators appointed by the ] to also serve four-year terms.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.senado.es/web/conocersenado/temasclave/composicionsenadoelecciones/index.html\|title=Composition of the Senate\|publisher=Senate of Spain\|access-date=11 April 2024}}</ref>

	====Government====
	] rests with the ] (''Gobierno de España''), which is ] to the Congress of Deputies.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://constituteproject.org/constitution/Spain_2011#s614\|title=Section 97, Spanish Constitution\|publisher=Constitute Project\|access-date=11 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://constituteproject.org/constitution/Spain_2011#s677\|title=Part V. Relations Between the Government and the Cortes Generales, Spanish Constitution\|publisher=Constitute Project\|access-date=11 April 2024}}</ref> It consists of the ], one or more ], and the various ].<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://constituteproject.org/constitution/Spain_2011#s616\|title=Section 98 (1), Spanish Constitution\|publisher=Constitute Project\|access-date=11 April 2024}}</ref> These characters together constitute the ] which, as Spain's ], conducts the business of the Government and administers the ].<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://constituteproject.org/constitution/Spain_2011#s614\|title=Section 97, Spanish Constitution\|publisher=Constitute Project\|access-date=15 April 2024}}</ref> The Government remains in office so long as it can maintain the ] of the Congress of Deputies.

	The prime minister, as ], enjoys primacy over the other ministers by virtue of his or her ability to ] the monarch as to their appointment and dismissal.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://constituteproject.org/constitution/Spain_2011#s636\|title=Section 100, Spanish Constitution\|publisher=Constitute Project\|access-date=11 April 2024}}</ref> Moreover, the prime minister has plenary authority conferred by the Spanish Constitution to direct and coordinate the Government's policies and administrative actions.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://constituteproject.org/constitution/Spain_2011#s616\|title=Section 98 (2), Spanish Constitution\|publisher=Constitute Project\|access-date=11 April 2024}}</ref> The Spanish monarch ] the prime minister after consulting representatives from the different parliamentary groups and in turn formally appoints him or her to office upon a vote of investiture in the Congress of Deputies.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://constituteproject.org/constitution/Spain_2011#s625\|title=Section 99, Spanish Constitution\|publisher=Constitute Project\|access-date=11 April 2024}}</ref>

	=== Administrative divisions ===
	{{Main\|History of the territorial organization of Spain\|Political divisions of Spain}}

	==== Autonomous communities ====
	{{Main\|Autonomous communities of Spain}}
	{{See also\|Nationalities and regions of Spain}}
	{{Autonomous regions of Spain\|float=right}}

	Spain's autonomous communities are the first level administrative divisions of the country. They were created after the current constitution came into effect (in 1978) in recognition of the right to self-government of the "]".{{sfn\|Spanish Constitution\|1978\|loc=Article 143}} The autonomous communities were to comprise adjacent provinces with common historical, cultural, and economic traits. This territorial organisation, based on ], is known in Spain as the "State of Autonomies" (''Estado de las Autonomías''). The basic institutional law of each autonomous community is the ]. The Statutes of Autonomy establish the name of the community according to its historical and contemporary identity, the limits of its territories, the name and organisation of the institutions of government and the rights they enjoy according to the constitution.{{sfn\|Spanish Constitution\|1978\|loc=Article 147}} This ongoing process of devolution means that, while officially a ], Spain is nevertheless one of the most ] countries in Europe, along with ]s like ], ], and ].<ref>{{cite news\|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/europe/06/18/catalonia.vote/index.html\|publisher=CNN\|title=Catalonians vote for more autonomy\|date=18 June 2006\|access-date=13 August 2008\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080604012034/http://edition.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/europe/06/18/catalonia.vote/index.html\|archive-date=4 June 2008}} See also: {{cite web\|url=http://www.oecd.org/document/57/0,2340,en_2649_201185_34578361_1_1_1_1,00.html\|title=Economic Survey: Spain 2005\|access-date=13 August 2008\|publisher=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080417005653/http://www.oecd.org/document/57/0,2340,en_2649_201185_34578361_1_1_1_1,00.html\|archive-date=17 April 2008}} and {{cite news\|url=http://www.economist.com/topics/spain?folder=Profile-FactSheet\|title=Country Briefings: Spain\|access-date=9 August 2008\|newspaper=The Economist\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014000013/http://www.economist.com/topics/spain?folder=Profile-FactSheet\|archive-date=14 October 2012}} and {{cite web\|url=http://www1.worldbank.org/wbiep/decentralization/Swiss%20Expertise/Muralt.pdf\|title=Swiss Experience With Decentralized Government\|access-date=13 August 2008\|publisher=The World Bank\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080819191608/http://www1.worldbank.org/wbiep/decentralization/Swiss%20Expertise/Muralt.pdf\|archive-date=19 August 2008}}</ref>

	Catalonia, Galicia and the Basque Country, which identified themselves as ''nationalities'', were granted self-government through a rapid process. Andalusia also identified itself as a nationality in its first Statute of Autonomy, even though it followed the longer process stipulated in the constitution for the rest of the country. Progressively, other communities in revisions to their Statutes of Autonomy have also taken that denomination in accordance with their historical and modern identities, such as the Valencian Community,<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.trobat.com/recursos/estatut-valencia.pdf\|title=Estatut\|language=es\|access-date=20 July 2009\|url-status=dead\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326021746/http://www.trobat.com/recursos/estatut-valencia.pdf\|archive-date=26 March 2009}}</ref> the Canary Islands,<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www2.gobiernodecanarias.org/tuestatuto/novedades.html#pre\|title=Nuevo Estatuto de Autonomía de Canarias\|publisher=.gobiernodecanarias.org\|access-date=30 April 2011\|url-status=dead\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110120074716/http://www2.gobiernodecanarias.org/tuestatuto/novedades.html\|archive-date=20 January 2011}}</ref> the Balearic Islands,<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.caib.es/webcaib/govern_illes/estatut_autonomia/doc/estatut2007.ca.pdf\|title=BOCAe32.QXD\|language=ca\|access-date=20 July 2009\|url-status=dead\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090711090828/http://www.caib.es/webcaib/govern_illes/estatut_autonomia/doc/estatut2007.ca.pdf\|archive-date=11 July 2009}}</ref> and Aragon.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://narros.congreso.es/constitucion/estatutos/estatutos.jsp?com=64&tipo=2&ini=1&fin=10&ini_sub=1&fin_sub=1\|title=Estatuto de Autonomía de Aragón\|publisher=Narros.congreso.es\|access-date=20 July 2009\|url-status=dead\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091211225055/http://narros.congreso.es/constitucion/estatutos/estatutos.jsp?com=64&tipo=2&ini=1&fin=10&ini_sub=1&fin_sub=1\|archive-date=11 December 2009 }}</ref>

	The autonomous communities have wide legislative and executive autonomy, with their own elected parliaments and governments as well as their own dedicated ]. The distribution of powers may be different for every community, as laid out in their Statutes of Autonomy, since devolution was intended to be asymmetrical. For instance, only two communities—the Basque Country and Navarre—have full fiscal autonomy based on ancient ] provisions. Nevertheless, each autonomous community is responsible for healthcare and education, among other public services.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://eurydice.eacea.ec.europa.eu/national-education-systems/spain/main-executive-and-legislative-bodies\|title=Spain: Main executive and legislative bodies\|publisher=European Commission\|access-date=16 April 2024}}</ref> Beyond these competencies, the ''nationalities''—], the ], ], and ]—were also devolved more powers than the rest of the communities, among them the ability of the regional president to dissolve the parliament and call for elections at any time. In addition, the Basque Country, the ], Catalonia, and ] each have autonomous police corps of their own: '']'', '']'', '']'', and '']'' respectively. Other communities have more limited forces or none at all, like the ''Policía Autónoma Andaluza'' in ] or ] in Madrid.<ref name="cartujo">{{cite web\|url=http://www.cartujo.org/pag(a9).htm\|title=Unidad de Policía de la Comunidad Autónoma de Andalucía\|publisher=Cartujo.org\|access-date=23 October 2007\|language=es\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071107145807/http://www.cartujo.org/pag(a9).htm\|archive-date=7 November 2007}}</ref>

	==== Provinces and municipalities ====
	{{Main\|Local government in Spain\|Provinces of Spain\|Municipalities of Spain}}

	Autonomous communities are divided into ], which served as their territorial building blocks. In turn, provinces are divided into ]. The existence of both the provinces and the municipalities is guaranteed and protected by the constitution, not necessarily by the Statutes of Autonomy themselves. Municipalities are granted autonomy to manage their internal affairs, and provinces are the territorial divisions designed to carry out the activities of the State.<ref>. Spanish Constitution of 1978</ref>

	The current provincial division structure is based—with minor changes—on the ] by ], and in all, the Spanish territory is divided into 50 provinces. The communities of Asturias, Cantabria, La Rioja, the Balearic Islands, Madrid, Murcia and Navarre are the only communities that comprise a single province, which is coextensive with the community itself. In these cases, the administrative institutions of the province are replaced by the governmental institutions of the community.

	=== Foreign relations ===
	{{Main\|Foreign relations of Spain}}
	].]]
	] in Barcelona, headquarters of the ]]]

	After the return of democracy following the death of ] in 1975, Spain's ] priorities were to break out of the diplomatic isolation of the ] and expand ], enter the ], and define security relations with the West.

	As a member of ] since 1982, Spain has established itself as a participant in multilateral international security activities. Spain's EU membership represents an important part of its foreign policy. Even on many international issues beyond western Europe, Spain prefers to coordinate its efforts with its EU partners through the European political co-operation mechanisms.{{vague\|date=March 2015}}

	Spain has maintained its special relations with ] and the ]. Its policy emphasises the concept of an ]n community, essentially the renewal of the concept of ''"]"'' or ''"]o"'', as it is often referred to in English, which has sought to link the Iberian Peninsula with Hispanic America through language, commerce, history and culture. It is fundamentally "based on shared values and the recovery of democracy."<ref>Garcia Cantalapiedra, David, and Ramon Pacheco Pardo, ''Contemporary Spanish Foreign Policy'' (Routledge, 2014). Pg. 126</ref>

	The country is involved in a number of ]. ], an ], in the southernmost part of the Iberian Peninsula.<ref>{{cite web

	\|url = http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/218/33/IMG/NR021833.pdf?OpenElement
	\|title = Resolution 2070: Question of Gibraltar
	\|date = 16 December 1965
	\|format = PDF
	\|publisher = United Nations
	\|access-date = 19 February 2010
	\|url-status=dead
	\|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110503183726/http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/218/33/IMG/NR021833.pdf?OpenElement
	\|archive-date = 3 May 2011
	\|df = dmy-all
	}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
	\|url=http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/005/34/IMG/NR000534.pdf?OpenElement
	\|title=Resolution 2231: Question of Gibraltar
	\|date=20 December 1966
	\|format=PDF
	\|publisher=United Nations
	\|access-date=19 February 2010
	\|url-status=dead
	\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110503183729/http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/005/34/IMG/NR000534.pdf?OpenElement
	\|archive-date=3 May 2011
	}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.maec.es/subwebs/Embajadas/Londres/es/MenuPpal/Gibraltar/Documents/000.001.002.003%20Título.%20Prefacio.Índice.%20Informe%20(27.02.08).doc\|title=La cuestión de Gibraltar\|publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation of Spain\|date=January 2008\|access-date=3 January 2010\|language=es\|url-status=dead\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090529192351/http://www.maec.es/subwebs/Embajadas/Londres/es/MenuPpal/Gibraltar/Documents/000.001.002.003%20T%C3%ADtulo.%20Prefacio.%C3%8Dndice.%20Informe%20%2827.02.08%29.doc\|archive-date=29 May 2009 }}</ref> Another dispute surrounds the ]; Spain claims that they are rocks rather than islands, and therefore does not accept the Portuguese ] (200 nautical miles) generated by the islands.<ref>{{citation\|url=https://www.un.org/Depts/los/clcs_new/submissions_files/prt44_09/esp_re_prt2013.pdf\|title=Spain's letter to the UN\|publisher=UN\|date=September 2013\|language=es\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525185334/http://www.un.org/Depts/los/clcs_new/submissions_files/prt44_09/esp_re_prt2013.pdf\|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref><ref> {{webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130908225016/http://www.theportugalnews.com/news/spain-disputes-portugal-islands/29269\|date=8 September 2013 }} '']''. Retrieved 9 September 2013.</ref> Spain claims sovereignty over the ], a small, uninhabited rocky ] located in the South shore of the ]; it was the subject of an armed incident between Spain and Morocco in 2002. Morocco claims the Spanish cities of ] and ] and the '']'' islets off the northern coast of Africa. Portugal does not recognise Spain's sovereignty over the territory of ].<ref>{{Cite journal\|title=La cuestión de Olivenza, a la luz del Derecho internacional público\|last=Fernández Liesa\|first=Carlos R.\|publisher=Ayuntamiento de Olivenza\|year=2004\|pages=234–235\|journal=Encuentros: Revista luso-española de investigadores en Ciencias humanas y sociales. Separatas\|issue=4\|format=PDF\|url=http://e-archivo.uc3m.es/bitstream/handle/10016/17476/cuestion_fernandez_E_2004.pdf?sequence=1\|issn=1138-6622\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140829092427/http://e-archivo.uc3m.es/bitstream/handle/10016/17476/cuestion_fernandez_E_2004.pdf?sequence=1\|archive-date=29 August 2014}}</ref>

	=== Military ===
	{{Main\|Spanish Armed Forces}}
	]-] {{ship\|Spanish ship\|Juan Carlos I\|\|2}}]]
	The ] are divided into three branches: ]; ]; and ].{{sfn\|Spanish Constitution\|1978\|loc=Article 8}}
	], 29 June 2022]]
	The armed forces of Spain are known as the Spanish Armed Forces (''Fuerzas Armadas Españolas''). Their ] is the King of Spain, ].{{sfn\|Spanish Constitution\|1978\|loc=Article 62}} The next military authorities in line are the Prime Minister and the Minister of Defence. The fourth military authority of the State is the ] (JEMAD).<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.lavanguardia.com/vida/20161106/411623401633/el-jefe-del-estado-mayor-del-ejercito-de-tierra-y-11-tenientes-generales-aspiran-a-jemad.html\|website=]\|date=6 November 2016\|title=El jefe del Estado Mayor del Ejército de Tierra y 11 tenientes generales aspiran a JEMAD\|access-date=1 February 2020\|archive-date=1 February 2020\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200201044144/https://www.lavanguardia.com/vida/20161106/411623401633/el-jefe-del-estado-mayor-del-ejercito-de-tierra-y-11-tenientes-generales-aspiran-a-jemad.html\|url-status=live}}</ref> The ] (''Estado Mayor de la Defensa'') assists the JEMAD as auxiliary body.

	The Spanish armed forces are a professional force with a strength in 2017 of 121,900 active personnel and 4,770 reserve personnel. The country also has the 77,000 strong ] which comes under the control of the Ministry of defense in times of a national emergency. The Spanish defense budget is 5.71 billion euros (US$7.2 billion) a 1% increase for 2015. The increase comes because of security concerns in the country.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.janes.com/article/43968/update-spain-to-increase-defence-spending\|title=Update: Spain to increase defence spending\|work=janes.com\|access-date=8 May 2015\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518073610/http://www.janes.com/article/43968/update-spain-to-increase-defence-spending\|archive-date=18 May 2015\|url-status=live\|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Military conscription was suppressed in 2001.<ref>{{Cite journal\|url=https://www.elperiodico.com/es/politica/20160309/supresion-mili-servicio-militar-2001-aniversario-4962193\|journal=]\|title=Señores, se acabó la mili\|date=9 March 2016\|first=Rafa\|last=Julve\|access-date=1 February 2020\|archive-date=1 February 2020\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200201043203/https://www.elperiodico.com/es/politica/20160309/supresion-mili-servicio-militar-2001-aniversario-4962193\|url-status=live}}</ref>

	According to the 2024 ], Spain is the 23rd most peaceful country in the world.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=2024 Global Peace Index \|url=https://www.economicsandpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/GPI-2024-web.pdf}}</ref>

	=== Human rights ===
	{{Main\|Human rights in Spain}}
	{{See also\|LGBT rights in Spain}}
	The ] "protect all Spaniards and all the peoples of Spain in the exercise of human rights, their cultures and traditions, languages and institutions".{{sfn\|Spanish Constitution\|1978\|loc=preamble}}

	According to ] (AI), government investigations of alleged police abuses are often lengthy and punishments were light.<ref> {{webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808081615/https://www.amnesty.org/en/countries/europe-and-central-asia/spain/report-spain/\|date=8 August 2016 }} Amnesty International. Retrieved 22 June 2016.</ref> Violence against women was a problem, which the Government took steps to address.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://justiciadegenero.com/en/analysis-of-8-years-of-gender-violence-law-in-spain/\|title=Analysis of 8 years of Gender Violence Law in Spain {{!}} Gender violence and justice\|date=4 March 2015\|publisher=justiciadegenero.com\|access-date=9 May 2017\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525185333/http://justiciadegenero.com/en/analysis-of-8-years-of-gender-violence-law-in-spain/\|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news\|url=http://elpais.com/elpais/2015/11/25/inenglish/1448449401_599926.html\|title=The successes and failures of Spain's fight against domestic abuse\|last=Rincón\|first=Reyes\|date=25 November 2015\|work=EL PAÍS\|access-date=9 May 2017\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525190421/http://elpais.com/elpais/2015/11/25/inenglish/1448449401_599926.html\|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref>

	Spain provides one of the highest degrees of liberty in the world for its ] community. Among the countries studied by ] in 2013, Spain is rated first in acceptance of homosexuality, with 88% of those surveyed saying that homosexuality should be accepted.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.pewglobal.org/2013/06/04/global-acceptance-of-homosexuality/\|title=Global Acceptance of Homosexuality\|date=4 June 2013\|publisher=]\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141110051728/http://www.pewglobal.org/2013/06/04/global-acceptance-of-homosexuality/\|archive-date=10 November 2014}}</ref>

	The Cortes Generales approved the ''Gender Equality Act'' in 2007 aimed at furthering ] in Spanish political and economic life.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.ipsnews.net/2007/03/spain-no-turning-back-from-path-to-gender-equality/\|title=SPAIN: No Turning Back from Path to Gender Equality\|publisher=Ipsnews.net\|date=15 March 2007\|access-date=5 May 2014\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419015814/http://www.ipsnews.net/2007/03/spain-no-turning-back-from-path-to-gender-equality/\|archive-date=19 April 2014 }}</ref> According to ] data as of 1 September 2018, 137 of the 350 members of the Congress were women (39.1%), while in the Senate, there were 101 women out of 266 (39.9%), placing Spain 16th on their list of countries ranked by proportion of women in the ] (or ]) House.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.ipu.org/wmn-e/classif.htm\|title=Women in National Parliaments\|publisher=Ipu.org\|date=28 February 2010\|access-date=1 May 2010\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328105108/http://www.ipu.org/wmn-e/classif.htm\|archive-date=28 March 2014 }}</ref> The ] of Spain in the United Nations ] is 0.794, 12th in the world.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_20072008_EN_Complete.pdf\|title=Human Development Report 2007/2008\|page=330\|publisher=Hdr.undp.org\|access-date=18 January 2014\|url-status=dead\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429033726/http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_20072008_EN_Complete.pdf\|archive-date=29 April 2011 }}</ref>

	== Economy ==
	{{Main\|Economy of Spain}}
	] in ]]]
	] and the ] business district in ]]]
	Spain has a ] that ] of ] with ] and ]. It is one of ] with a ] ] (GDP) exceeding $1 ] per year, ranking ] worldwide and ] both in the ] and within the ]. Spain is classified as a ] by the ] and an ] by the ]. As of 2024, it is the fastest growing major advanced economy in the world,<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Lluch \|first=Jorge \|title=The real reason Spain's economy is bucking the trend of European decline \|url=https://fortune.com/europe/2024/11/26/real-reason-spain-economy-bucking-trend-european-decline-starrtups-tech/ \|access-date=2024-12-14 \|website=Fortune Europe \|language=en}}</ref> growing nearly four times higher than the eurozone average.<ref name="economist.com">{{Cite news \|title=Spain shows Europe how to keep up with America's economy \|url=https://www.economist.com/europe/2024/12/12/spain-shows-europe-how-to-keep-up-with-americas-economy \|access-date=2024-12-14 \|newspaper=The Economist \|issn=0013-0613}}</ref>

	Spain began ] in the late 18th century, albeit more gradually and unevenly than other European countries; industry was limited mostly to Catalonia (primarily textile manufacturing) and the ] (iron and steel production).<ref name=":2">{{Cite web \|date=2024-12-11 \|title=Spain - Migration, Immigration, Emigration {{!}} Britannica \|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Spain/Migration#ref70285 \|access-date=2024-12-14 \|website=www.britannica.com \|language=en}}</ref> Overall economic growth was slower than in most major western European countries, and Spain remained relatively underdeveloped by the early 20th century.<ref name=":2" /> The ], followed by failed ] and interventionist policies that were worsened by ], left the economy on the brink of collapse by the late 1950s. ] reforms were enacted to avert the crisis, laying the groundwork for the ], a period of rapid growth from 1960 until 1974, during which Spain’s economy grew an average of 6.6 percent per year, exceeding every country except Japan.<ref name=":2" />

	Since its ] in the late 1970s, Spain has generally sought to ] its economy and deepen regional and international ]. It joined the ]—now the European Union—in 1986 and implemented policies and reforms that allowed for its participation in the inaugural launch of the euro in 1999. Spain's largest trade and investment partners are within the EU and eurozone, including its four largest export markets; EU membership also coincided with a tripling of ] from 1990 to 2000. Spain was among the countries hit hardest by the ] and subsequent ], enduring a ] that persisted through 2014.

	Spain has long struggled with high ], which has never fallen below 8 percent since the 1980s; it stood at 11.21 percent in October 2024.<ref>{{cite web\|title=Economically Active Population Survey. Third Quarter 2024.\|url=https://www.ine.es/dyngs/INEbase/en/operacion.htm?c=Estadistica_C&cid=1254736176918&menu=ultiDatos&idp=1254735976595\|website=INE Instituto Nacional de Estadística \|access-date=15 December 2024}}</ref> ] is particularly severe by both global and regional standards; at 25.8 percent (as of June 2024), it is the highest among EU members and well above the EU average of 14.6 percent.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=EU youth unemployment 2024, by country \|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/613670/youth-unemployment-rates-in-europe/ \|access-date=2024-12-14 \|website=Statista \|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://datosmacro.expansion.com/paro/espana?sector=Desempleo+hombres+menores+de+25+a%C3%B1os&sc=LAB-25-\|title=Expansión / Unemployment, youth total (% of total labor force ages 15-24) (national estimate) - Spain}}</ref> Perennial weak points of Spain's economy include a large ];<ref>{{cite book\|title=Invisible Factories: The Informal Economy and Industrial Development in Spain\|publisher=SUNY Press\|author=Benton, Lauren A. \|date=1990}}</ref><ref>Roberto A. Ferdman, {{webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911114536/https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2013/07/spains-black-market-economy-is-worth-20-of-its-gdp/277840/\|date=11 September 2017 }}, ''The Atlantic'' (16 July 2013)</ref><ref>Angel Alañón & M. Gómez-Antonio, , ''Applies Economics'', Vol 37, Issue 9, pp. 1011–1025 (2005).</ref> an education system that performs poorly compared to most developed countries;<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/51/21/37392840.pdf\|title=OECD report for 2006\|access-date=9 August 2008\|publisher=OECD\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080819191607/http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/51/21/37392840.pdf\|archive-date=19 August 2008}}</ref> and low rates of private sector investment.<ref name="economist.com"/>

	Since the 1990s, which saw a wave of ],<ref>{{Cite journal \|last=Salmon \|first=K. \|date=2001 \|title=Privatisation of state-owned enterprises in Spain: redefining the political economy \|url=https://uhra.herts.ac.uk/handle/2299/4282 \|journal=International Journal of Iberian Studies \|volume=14 \|issue=3 \|pages=136–147 \|doi=10.1386/ijis.14.3.136 \|issn=1364-971X}}</ref> several Spanish companies have reached multinational status; they maintain a strong and leading presence in Latin America—where Spain is the second largest foreign investor after the United States—but have also expanded into Asia, especially China and India.<ref name="Economist2009bet">{{cite news\|date = 30 April 2009\|access-date = 14 May 2009\|title = A good bet?\|newspaper = The Economist\|series = Business\|place = Madrid\|url = http://www.economist.com/business/displaystory.cfm?story_id=13579705\|url-status=live\|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090504012604/http://www.economist.com/business/displaystory.cfm?story_id=13579705\|archive-date = 4 May 2009 }}</ref> As of 2023, Spain was home to ] in the world by annual revenue, according to the ''Fortune Global 500;'' these include ], the ] in the world; ] ], the world's largest renewable energy operator;<ref>{{cite news\|url=https://www.forbes.com/feeds/afx/2008/05/25/afx5046256.html\|work=Forbes\|title=Spain's Iberdrola signs investment accord with Gulf group Taqa\|date=25 May 2008\|url-status=dead\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100607172216/http://www.forbes.com/feeds/afx/2008/05/25/afx5046256.html\|archive-date=7 June 2010}}</ref> and {{Lang\|es\|]\|italic=no}}, ] and ]. Twenty Spanish companies are listed in the ] ranking of the 2,000 largest public companies, reflecting diverse sectors such as construction (]), aviation (]), pharmaceuticals (]), and transportation (]).<ref name="Economist2009big">{{cite news\|date = 8 April 2009\|access-date = 14 May 2009\|title = Big in America?\|newspaper = The Economist\|series = Business\|place = Madrid\|url = http://www.economist.com/business/displaystory.cfm?story_id=13447445\|url-status=live\|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090412092504/http://www.economist.com/business/displaystory.cfm?story_id=13447445\|archive-date = 12 April 2009 }}</ref> Additionally, one of Spain's largest private sector entities is ], the world's largest ].

	The ] is one of the largest employers in the country and a major contributor to economic growth, accounting for one-tenth of ] and 18 percent of total exports (including vehicles and auto-parts). In 2023, Spain produced 2.45 million automobiles—of which over 2.1 million were exported abroad—ranking eighth in the world and second in Europe (after ]) by total number;<ref name="ICEX">{{Cite news\|url=https://www.investinspain.org/en/industries/automotive-mobility\|title=Spain is the 2nd largest automaker in Europe and the 8th largest in the world\|newspaper=ICEX-Invest in Spain\|date=22 July 2024\|via=investinspain.org}}</ref> it is estimated that Spain will maintain this position by the end of 2024.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Car Production by Country 2024 \|url=https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/car-production-by-country \|access-date=2024-03-26 \|website=worldpopulationreview.com}}</ref> In total, 89 percent of vehicles and 60% of auto-parts manufactured in Spain were exported worldwide in 2023; the total external trade surplus of vehicles alone reached €18.8bn in 2023. Overall, the automotive industry supports nearly 2 million jobs, or 9 percent of the labor force.<ref name="ICEX" />

	=== Tourism ===
	{{Main\|Tourism in Spain}}
	], one of Europe's largest coastal tourist destinations]]
	In 2023, Spain was the second most visited country in the world only behind ], recording 85 million tourists. The headquarters of the ] are located in Madrid.

	Spain's geographic location, popular coastlines, diverse landscapes, historical legacy, vibrant culture, and excellent infrastructure have made the country's international tourist industry among the largest in the world. In the last five decades, international tourism in Spain has grown to become the second largest in the world in terms of spending, worth approximately 40 billion Euros or about 5% of GDP in 2006.<ref name="guru">{{cite web\|url=http://www.theglobalguru.com/article.php?id=60&offer=GURU001\|title=Global Guru {{pipe}} analysis\|access-date=13 August 2008\|publisher=The Global Guru\|url-status=dead\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110106210622/http://www.theglobalguru.com/article.php?id=60&offer=GURU001\|archive-date=6 January 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.bde.es/informes/be/boleco/coye.pdf\|publisher=]\|title=Economic report\|access-date=13 August 2008\|url-status=dead\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080726044741/http://www.bde.es/informes/be/boleco/coye.pdf\|archive-date=26 July 2008}}</ref>

	] is the Spanish leader in ] linked to its environmental and architectural heritage.

	=== Energy ===
	{{Main\|Energy in Spain}}
	], with the ] in the foreground and the ] in the background]]

	In 2010 Spain became the ] world leader when it overtook the United States with a massive power station plant called ], near ].<ref>{{cite news\|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=128532115\|title=Spain Is World's Leader in Solar Energy\|newspaper=NPR.org\|publisher=NPR\|date=15 July 2010\|access-date=4 September 2010\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100919210041/http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=128532115\|archive-date=19 September 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.europeanfutureenergyforum.com/renewable-energy-news/spain-becomes-solar-power-world-leader\|title=Spain becomes solar power world leader\|publisher=Europeanfutureenergyforum.com\|date=14 July 2010\|access-date=4 September 2010\|url-status=dead\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101124024231/http://europeanfutureenergyforum.com/renewable-energy-news/spain-becomes-solar-power-world-leader\|archive-date=24 November 2010 }}</ref> Spain is also Europe's main producer of wind energy.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://phys.org/news/2018-05-spain-bilbao-european-power-sector.html\|title=Spain's Bilbao fights to lead European wind power sector\|first=Alvaro\|last=Villalobos\|date=6 May 2018\|access-date=6 July 2018\|work=]\|language=es\|archive-date=24 December 2022\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221224013552/https://phys.org/news/2018-05-spain-bilbao-european-power-sector.html\|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.thelocal.es/20180506/spains-bilbao-fights-to-lead-european-wind-power-sector\|title=Spain's Bilbao fights to lead European wind power sector\|author=AFP\|author-link=Agence France-Presse\|date=6 May 2018\|access-date=6 July 2018\|work=]\|language=es\|archive-date=6 July 2018\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180706161819/https://www.thelocal.es/20180506/spains-bilbao-fights-to-lead-european-wind-power-sector\|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2010 its wind turbines generated 16.4% of all electrical energy produced in Spain.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.eolicenergynews.org/?p=4082\|title=Spain becomes the first European wind energy producer after overcoming Germany for the first time\|publisher=Eolic Energy News\|date=31 December 2010\|access-date=30 April 2011\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110427085056/http://www.eolicenergynews.org/?p=4082\|archive-date=27 April 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.aeeolica.org/en\|title=Asociación Empresarial Eólica – Spanish Wind Energy Association – Energía Eólica\|publisher=Aeeolica\|access-date=28 September 2018\|archive-date=20 October 2021\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020220021/https://aeeolica.org/en/\|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Graber2005">{{cite news\|last=Méndez\|first=Rafael\|url=http://www.elpais.com/articulo/sociedad/eolica/supera/primera/vez/mitad/produccion/electrica/elpepusoc/20091109elpepisoc_2/Tes\|title=La eólica supera por primera vez la mitad de la producción eléctrica\|language=es\|date=9 November 2009\|work=El País\|publisher=Ediciones El País\|access-date=8 August 2010\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513064239/http://www.elpais.com/articulo/sociedad/eolica/supera/primera/vez/mitad/produccion/electrica/elpepusoc/20091109elpepisoc_2/Tes\|archive-date=13 May 2011 }}</ref> On 9 November 2010, wind energy reached a historic peak covering 53% of mainland electricity demand<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.renovablesmadeinspain.es/noticia/pagid/205/titulo/La%20e%C3%B3lica%20en%20Espa%C3%B1a%20bate%20de%20nuevo%20su%20marca%20de%20potencia%20instant%C3%A1nea/len/en/\|title=Wind power in Spain breaks new instantaneous power record\|publisher=renovablesmadeinspain.es\|date=9 November 2010\|access-date=5 June 2011\|url-status=dead\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111214141437/http://www.renovablesmadeinspain.es/noticia/pagid/205/titulo/La%20e%C3%B3lica%20en%20Espa%C3%B1a%20bate%20de%20nuevo%20su%20marca%20de%20potencia%20instant%C3%A1nea/len/en/\|archive-date=14 December 2011}}</ref> and generating an amount of energy that is equivalent to that of 14 ]s.<ref>{{cite news\|url=http://www.elpais.com/articulo/sociedad/reactores/nucleares/movidos/viento/elpepusoc/20101109elpepusoc_4/Tes\|title=14 reactores nucleares movidos por el viento\|work=El País\|date=9 November 2010\|access-date=5 June 2011\|archive-date=12 September 2023\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230912033952/https://elpais.com/sociedad/2010/11/09/actualidad/1289257204_850215.html\|url-status=live}}</ref> Other renewable energies used in Spain are ], ] and ].<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://revista.consumer.es/web/es/20050501/medioambiente/69696.php\|title=La Fuerza del Mar\|publisher=revista.consumer.es\|access-date=5 June 2011\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110826034707/http://revista.consumer.es/web/es/20050501/medioambiente/69696.php\|archive-date=26 August 2011}}</ref>

	Non-renewable energy sources used in Spain are ] (8 operative reactors), ], ], and ]. Fossil fuels together generated 58% of Spain's electricity in 2009, just below the OECD mean of 61%. Nuclear power generated another 19%, and wind and hydro about 12% each.<ref name="SverigeE">Energy in Sweden, Facts and figures, The Swedish Energy Agency, (in Swedish: Energiläget i siffror), Table for figure 49. Source: IEA/OECD . {{webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016045634/http://webbshop.cm.se/System/TemplateView.aspx?p=Energimyndigheten&view=default&cat=%2FBroschyrer&id=e0a2619a83294099a16519a0b5edd26f\|date=16 October 2013}}</ref>

	=== Science and technology ===
	{{Main\|Science and technology in Spain}}
	] at sunset]]
	The ] (CSIC) is the leading public agency dedicated to scientific research in the country. It ranked as the 5th top governmental scientific institution worldwide (and 32nd overall) in the 2018 SCImago Institutions Rankings.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.scimagoir.com/rankings.php?sector=all\|title=Scimago Institution Rankings\|access-date=5 January 2018\|archive-date=8 March 2020\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200308131304/https://www.scimagoir.com/rankings.php?sector=all\|url-status=live}}</ref> Spain was ranked 28th in the ] in 2024.<ref>{{Cite book \|author=] \|year=2024 \|title=Global Innovation Index 2024: Unlocking the Promise of Social Entrepreneurship \|url=https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2024/en/ \|access-date=2024-10-06 \|website=www.wipo.int \|page=18 \|publisher=World Intellectual Property Organization \|language=en \|doi=10.34667/tind.50062 \|isbn=978-92-805-3681-2}}</ref>

	Higher education institutions perform about a 60% of the basic research in the country.<ref>{{Cite journal\|title=Do universities matter for the location of foreign R&D?\|first1=Dolores\|last1=Añón Higón\|first2=Alfonso\|doi=10.1177/23409444211042382\|last2=Díez-Minguela\|journal=Business Research Quarterly\|page=1; 5\|year=2021\|volume=27 \|issue=2 \|s2cid=239695136\|doi-access=free\|hdl=10550/88686\|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Likewise, the contribution of the private sector to R&D expenditures is much lower than in other EU and OECD countries.<ref>{{Cite journal\|url=https://academic.oup.com/rev/article/29/4/392/6382447?login=false#304714258\|title=Mapping heterogeneity in a research system: The emergence of a 'hybrid' organizational field between science and industry\|first1=Sandro\|last1=Giachi\|first2=Manuel\|last2=Fernández-Esquinas\|journal=Research Evaluation\|volume=29\|issue=4\|year=2020\|pages=392–405\|doi=10.1093/reseval/rvaa014\|access-date=11 May 2022\|archive-date=11 May 2022\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220511005340/https://academic.oup.com/rev/article/29/4/392/6382447?login=false#304714258\|url-status=live\|doi-access=free}}</ref>

	=== Transport ===
	{{Main\|Transport in Spain}}

	The Spanish road system is mainly centralised, with six highways connecting Madrid to the ], ], ], West ], Extremadura and ]. Additionally, there are highways along the Atlantic (] to ]), Cantabrian (] to ]) and ] (] to ]) coasts. Spain aims to put one million ]s on the road by 2014 as part of the government's plan to save energy and boost ].<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.triplepundit.com/2008/07/algae-based-biofuels-in-plain-english-why-it-matters-how-it-works/\|title=Algae Based Biofuels in Plain English: Why it Matters, How it Works. (algae algaebiofuels carbonsequestration valcent vertigro algaebasedbiofuels ethanol)\|publisher=Triplepundit.com\|date=30 July 2008\|access-date=19 November 2008\|url-status=dead\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518085937/http://www.triplepundit.com/2008/07/algae-based-biofuels-in-plain-english-why-it-matters-how-it-works/\|archive-date=18 May 2013 }}</ref> The former Minister of Industry ] said that "the electric vehicle is the future and the engine of an industrial revolution."<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.enn.com/energy/article/37798\|title=Spain to Put 1 million Electric Cars on the Road\|publisher=Triplepundit.com\|date=30 July 2008\|access-date=19 November 2008\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081123072310/http://www.enn.com/energy/article/37798\|archive-date=23 November 2008 }}</ref>

	{{As of\|2024\|July}}, the Spanish high-speed rail network is the longest HSR network in Europe with {{convert\|3,966\|km\|mi\|abbr=on}}<ref name="ADIF"/> and the ], after China's. It is linking ], ], Madrid, ], ] and ], with the trains operated at commercial speeds up to {{convert\|330\|km/h\|mph\|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{Cite journal\|last=Lara Galera\|first=Antonio L.\|date=2015\|title=El AVE Madrid-Barcelona, una obra de mérito\|url=http://ropdigital.ciccp.es/pdf/publico/2015/2015_octubre_3569_07.pdf\|journal=Revista de Obras Públicas\|issue=3569\|page=57\|issn=0034-8619\|access-date=1 February 2020\|archive-date=1 February 2020\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200201214714/http://ropdigital.ciccp.es/pdf/publico/2015/2015_octubre_3569_07.pdf\|url-status=dead}}</ref> On average, the Spanish high-speed train is the fastest one in the world, followed by the Japanese ] and the French ].<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.elmundo.es/mundodinero/2010/11/09/economia/1289304399.html\|title=El AVE español, el más veloz del mundo y el segundo en puntualidad\|work=El Mundo\|location=Spain\|date=10 November 2010\|access-date=5 June 2011\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111109012118/http://www.elmundo.es/mundodinero/2010/11/09/economia/1289304399.html\|archive-date=9 November 2011}}</ref> Regarding punctuality, it is second in the world (98.5% on-time arrival) after the Japanese Shinkansen (99%).<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.railpro.co.uk/magazine/?idArticles=34\|title=Spain powers ahead with high-speed rail\|publisher=railpro.co.uk\|date=January 2010\|access-date=5 June 2011\|url-status=dead\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721092807/http://www.railpro.co.uk/magazine/?idArticles=34\|archive-date=21 July 2011 }}</ref>

	There are 47 public airports in Spain. The busiest one is the ] (Barajas), with 60 million passengers in 2023, being the ], as well as the European Union's third busiest. The ] (El Prat) is also important, with 50 million passengers in 2023, being the world's 30th-busiest airport. Other main airports are located in ], ], ], and ].

	<gallery widths="200px" heights="135px">
	File:RENFE_Class_103_Vinaixa.jpg\|High-speed ] train near ], ]. Spain has ].<ref name="ADIF">{{cite web\|url=https://www.adifaltavelocidad.es/red-ferroviaria/red-de-alta-velocidad\|title=''Red de Alta Velocidad''\|publisher=ADIF\|access-date=7 May 2023\|archive-date=20 December 2021\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211220183833/https://www.adifaltavelocidad.es/red-ferroviaria/red-de-alta-velocidad\|url-status=live}}</ref>
	File:Port of Valencia.jpg\|The ], one of the busiest in the ]
	</gallery>

	== Demographics ==
	{{Main\|Demographics of Spain}}
	{{See also\|List of Spanish autonomous communities by population}}
	]

	In 2024, Spain had a population of 48,946,035 people as recorded by Spain's '']''.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.ine.es\|publisher=Instituto Nacional de Estadística (National Statistics Institute)\|title=Population Figures\|access-date=7 November 2024}}</ref> Spain's population density, at 96/km<sup>2</sup> (249.2/sq mi), is lower than that of most Western European countries and its distribution across the country is very unequal. With the exception of the region surrounding the capital, Madrid, the most populated areas lie around the coast. The population of Spain has risen {{Frac\|2\|1\|2}} times since 1900, when it stood at 18.6 million, principally due to the spectacular demographic boom in the 1960s and early 1970s.<ref>Joseph Harrison, David Corkill (2004). ''Spain: A Modern European Economy''. Ashgate Publishing. p. 23. {{ISBN\|0-7546-0145-5}}.</ref>

	In 2022, the average ] (TFR) across Spain was 1.16 children born per woman,<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.ine.es/dyngs/INEbase/es/operacion.htm?c=Estadistica_C&cid=1254736177003&menu=ultiDatos&idp=1254735573002\|title=Indice coyuntural de fecundidad\|publisher=Instituto Nacional de Estadística\|access-date=19 June 2024 }}</ref> one of the lowest in the world, below the replacement rate of 2.1, it remains considerably below the high of 5.11 children born per woman in 1865.<ref>{{citation\|url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/children-born-per-woman?year=1800&country=ESP\|title=Total Fertility Rate around the world over the last centuries\|author=Roser, Max\|date=2014\|work=], ]\|access-date=8 May 2019\|archive-date=7 August 2018\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180807185751/https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/children-born-per-woman?year=1800&country=ESP\|url-status=live}}</ref> Spain subsequently has one of the oldest populations in the world, with the average age of 43.1 years.<ref>{{citation\|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/spain/\|title=World Factbook EUROPE : SPAIN\|work=]\|date=12 July 2018\|access-date=23 January 2021\|archive-date=27 September 2021\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927024323/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/spain/\|url-status=live}}</ref>

	Native ] make up 86.5% of the total population of Spain. After the ] plunged in the 1980s and Spain's population growth rate dropped, the population again trended upward initially upon the return of many Spaniards who had emigrated to other European countries during the 1970s, and more recently, fuelled by large numbers of immigrants who make up 12% of the population. The immigrants originate mainly in Latin America (39%), North Africa (16%), Eastern Europe (15%), and ] (4%).<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.ine.es/inebase/cgi/axi?AXIS_PATH=/inebase/temas/t20/e245/p04/a2005/l0/&FILE_AXIS=00000010.px&CGI_DEFAULT=/inebase/temas/cgi.opt&COMANDO=SELECCION&CGI_URL=/inebase/cgi/\|publisher=Instituto Nacional de Estadística\|title=Población extranjera por sexo, país de nacionalidad y edad\|access-date=13 August 2008\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080325043135/http://www.ine.es/inebase/cgi/axi?AXIS_PATH=%2Finebase%2Ftemas%2Ft20%2Fe245%2Fp04%2Fa2005%2Fl0%2F&FILE_AXIS=00000010.px&CGI_DEFAULT=%2Finebase%2Ftemas%2Fcgi.opt&COMANDO=SELECCION&CGI_URL=%2Finebase%2Fcgi%2F\|archive-date=25 March 2008\|url-status=dead }}</ref>

	In 2008, Spain granted citizenship to 84,170 persons, mostly to people from Ecuador, Colombia and Morocco.<ref>" {{webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140906072250/https://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ITY_PUBLIC/3-06072010-AP/EN/3-06072010-AP-EN.PDF\|date=6 September 2014 }}" (PDF). ]. 6 July 2010.</ref> Spain has a number of descendants of populations from former colonies, especially Latin America and North Africa. Smaller numbers of immigrants from several ] countries have recently been settling in Spain. There are also sizeable numbers of Asian immigrants, most of whom are of Middle Eastern, ] and Chinese origin. The single largest group of immigrants are European; represented by large numbers of Romanians, Britons, ], French and others.<ref>{{cite news\|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/6161705.stm\|title=Immigration statistics\|publisher=BBC\|access-date=13 August 2008\|date=11 December 2006\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130408081743/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/6161705.stm\|archive-date=8 April 2013}}</ref>

	=== Urbanisation ===
	{{Main\|List of metropolitan areas in Spain}}
	{{Largest cities of Spain}}

	=== Immigration ===
	{{Main\|Immigration to Spain}}
	]

	According to the official Spanish statistics (]) there were 6.6 million foreign residents in Spain in 2024 (13.5%)<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.ine.es/dyngs/Prensa/ECP1T24.htm\|title=Instituto Nacional de Estadística. Estadística del Padrón Continuo\|publisher=]\|website=ine.es\|access-date=20 June 2024}}</ref> while all citizens born outside of Spain were 8.9 million in 2024, 18.31% of the total population.<ref name="ine.es">{{cite web\|url=https://www.ine.es/dyngs/Prensa/ECP1T24.htm\|title=Cifras de Población (CP) a 1 de abril de 2024 Estadística de Migraciones (EM). Datos provisionales\|publisher=]\|website=ine.es\|language=Spanish\|access-date=20 June 2024}}</ref>

	According to residence permit data for 2011, more than 860,000 were Romanian, about 770,000 were ], approximately 390,000 were British, and 360,000 were ].<ref> {{webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723120919/http://www.ine.es/prensa/np648.pdf\|date=23 July 2013 }}, 2011.</ref> Other sizeable foreign communities are Colombian, Bolivian, German, Italian, ], and Chinese. There are more than 200,000 migrants from Sub-Saharan Africa living in Spain, principally ] and ].<ref>"". The Earth Times. 18 November 2009.</ref> Since 2000, Spain has experienced high ] as a result of immigration flows, despite a birth rate that is only half the replacement level. This sudden and ongoing inflow of immigrants, particularly those arriving illegally by sea, has caused noticeable social tension.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.ine.es/prodyser/pubweb/anuario06/anu06_02demog.pdf\|publisher=Instituto Nacional de Estadística\|title=Avance del Padrón Municipal a 1 de enero de 2006. Datos provisionales\|access-date=13 August 2008\|url-status=dead\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080726044741/http://www.ine.es/prodyser/pubweb/anuario06/anu06_02demog.pdf\|archive-date=26 July 2008 }} and {{cite web\|url=http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/07_21/b4035066.htm\|title=Spain: Immigrants Welcome\|access-date=13 August 2008\|work=Business Week\|url-status=dead\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081006223656/https://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/07_21/b4035066.htm\|archive-date=6 October 2008 }} and {{cite web\|url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/14628564/site/newsweek/print/1/displaymode/1098/\|title=Immigrants Fuel Europe's Civilization Clash\|access-date=13 August 2008\|publisher=MSNBC\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080513052346/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/14628564/site/newsweek/print/1/displaymode/1098/\|archive-date=13 May 2008\|url-status=dead }} and {{cite web\|url=http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/01/22/news/spain.php\|title=Spanish youth clash with immigrant gangs\|access-date=13 August 2008\|work=International Herald Tribune\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080603175159/http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/01/22/news/spain.php\|archive-date=3 June 2008 }}</ref>

	Within the EU, Spain had the 2nd highest immigration rate in percentage terms after ], but by a great margin, the highest in absolute numbers, up to 2008.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ITY_OFFPUB/KS-NK-06-001/EN/KS-NK-06-001-EN.PDF\|publisher=Eurostat\|title=Population in Europe in 2005\|access-date=13 August 2008\|url-status=dead\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080819191607/http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ITY_OFFPUB/KS-NK-06-001/EN/KS-NK-06-001-EN.PDF\|archive-date=19 August 2008 }}</ref> The number of immigrants in Spain had grown up from 500,000 people in 1996 to 5.2 million in 2008 out of a total population of 46 million.<ref> {{webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080830020653/http://workpermit.com/news/2007-10-10/spain/spanish-immigration-budget-increases.htm\|date=30 August 2008 }}, 10 October 2007</ref> In 2005 alone, a regularisation programme increased the legal immigrant population by 700,000 people.<ref>{{cite news\|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/may/09/spain.gilestremlett\|title=Spain grants amnesty to 700,000 migrants\|work=The Guardian\|location=London\|date=9 May 2005\|access-date=20 July 2009\|first=Giles\|last=Tremlett\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130829050736/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/may/09/spain.gilestremlett\|archive-date=29 August 2013 }}</ref> There are a number of reasons for the high level of immigration, including Spain's cultural ties with Latin America, its geographical position, the porosity of its borders, the large size of its underground economy and the strength of the agricultural and construction sectors, which demand more low cost labour than can be offered by the national workforce.

	Another statistically significant factor is the large number of residents of EU origin typically retiring to Spain's Mediterranean coast. In fact, Spain was Europe's largest absorber of migrants from 2002 to 2007, with its immigrant population more than doubling as 2.5 million people arrived.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.ine.es/inebase/cgi/um?M=%2Ft20%2Fe245%2Fp08%2F&O=pcaxis&N=&L=0\|title=Population series from 1998\|publisher=] Spanish Statistical Institute\|access-date=14 August 2008\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071102141040/http://www.ine.es/inebase/cgi/um?M=%2Ft20%2Fe245%2Fp08%2F&O=pcaxis&N=&L=0\|archive-date=2 November 2007\|url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2008, prior to the onset of the economic crisis, the ''Financial Times'' reported that Spain was the most favoured destination for Western Europeans considering a move from their own country and seeking jobs elsewhere in the EU.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://international.ibox.bg/news/id_1406161495\|publisher=News.bg\|title=Europeans Favour Spain for Expat Jobs\|access-date=13 August 2008\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081010033728/http://international.ibox.bg/news/id_1406161495\|archive-date=10 October 2008}}</ref>

	In 2008, the government instituted a "Plan of Voluntary Return" which encouraged unemployed immigrants from outside the EU to return to their home countries and receive several incentives, including the right to keep their unemployment benefits and transfer whatever they contributed to the Spanish Social Security.<ref> {{webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111018081322/https://www.planderetornovoluntario.es/index_uno.html\|date=18 October 2011 }} Gobierno de España</ref> The programme had little effect.<ref> {{webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710041236/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB123275552359911807\|date=10 July 2017 }}, The Wall Street Journal, 24 January 2009</ref> Although the programme failed to, the sharp and prolonged economic crisis from 2010 to 2011, resulted in tens of thousands of immigrants leaving the country due to lack of jobs. In 2011 alone, more than half a million people left Spain.<ref name=emigracion /> For the first time in decades the net migration rate was expected to be negative, and nine out of 10 emigrants were foreigners.<ref name=emigracion> {{webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111115152500/http://www.elpais.com/articulo/sociedad/580000/personas/van/Espana/elpepisoc/20111008elpepisoc_2/Tes\|date=15 November 2011 }}. El País. Edición Impresa. 8 October 2011</ref>

	=== Languages ===
	{{Main\|Languages of Spain}}
	]]]

	Spain is a multilingual state.<ref name=conversi>{{cite web\|url=http://easyweb.easynet.co.uk/conversi/smooth.pdf\|last=Conversi\|first=Daniele\|title=The Smooth Transition: Spain's 1978 Constitution and the Nationalities Question\|work=National Identities, Vol 4, No. 3\|publisher=Carfax Publishing, Inc.\|year=2002\|access-date=28 January 2008\|url-status=dead\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080511172945/http://easyweb.easynet.co.uk/conversi/smooth.pdf\|archive-date=11 May 2008}}</ref> ]—featured in the 1978 ] as ''castellano'' (])—has effectively been the official language of the entire country since 1931.<ref>{{Cite book\|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fFYa2ooeVXgC&pg=PA129\|title=National, regional and minority languages in Europe\|publisher=]\|editor-first=Gerhard\|editor-last=Stickel\|chapter=Spain, a plurilingual state: Spanish and other official languages\|first=Manuel\|last=Casado Velarde\|page=129\|year=2011\|location=Frankfurt\|isbn=978-3-631-60365-9\|access-date=24 July 2021\|archive-date=12 September 2023\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230912033901/https://books.google.com/books?id=fFYa2ooeVXgC&pg=PA129\|url-status=live}}</ref> As allowed in the third article of the Constitution, the other 'Spanish languages' can also become official in their respective ]. The territoriality created by the form of co-officiality codified in the 1978 Constitution creates an asymmetry, in which Spanish speakers' rights apply to the entire territory whereas vis-à-vis the rest of co-official languages, their speakers' rights only apply in their territories.{{sfn\|Ramallo\|2018\|p=465}}

	Besides Spanish, other territorialised languages include ], ], ], ], Ceutan Arabic (]), ], ], ], ] and ], to which the ] and the sign languages may add up.<ref>{{Cite book\|year=2018\|doi=10.1515/9783110365955-018\|publisher=]\|editor-first=Wendy\|editor-last=Ayres-Bennett\|editor-first2=Janice\|editor-last2=Carruthers\|title=Manual of Romance Sociolinguistics<!--\|pages=462–493-->\|first=Fernando\|last=Ramallo\|chapter=17. Linguistic diversity in Spain \|isbn=9783110365955\|chapter-url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/325696721\|page=462\|s2cid=158999790}}</ref> The number of speakers varies widely and their legal recognition is uneven, with some of the most vulnerable languages lacking any sort of effective protection.{{sfn\|Ramallo\|2018\|p=463}} Those enjoying recognition as official language in some autonomous communities include Catalan/Valencian (in ] and the ] officially named as Catalan and in the ] officially named as ]); Galician (in ]); Basque (in the ] and part of ]); and Aranese in Catalonia.

	Spanish is natively spoken by 74%, Catalan/Valencian by 17%, Galician by 7% and Basque by 2% of the Spanish population.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/spain/\|title=CIA – The World Factbook – 5pain\|publisher=Cia.gov\|access-date=30 April 2011\|archive-date=27 September 2021\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927024323/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/spain/\|url-status=live}}</ref>

	Some of the most spoken foreign languages used by the immigrant communities include ], ] and ].<ref>{{Cite book\|chapter-url=https://gramatica.usc.es/att/montserrat.recalde/Recalde_2016.pdf\|year=2016\|page=175\|first=Montserrat\|last=Recalde Fernández\|title=Ser inmigrante en tempos de crise: Unha ollada multidisciplinar \|editor-first=Montserrat\|editor-last=Recalde Fernández\|editor-first2=Carme\|editor-last2=Silva Domínguez\|publisher=Servizo de Publicacións e Intercambio Científico da Universidade de Compostela\|doi=10.15304/9788416533015\|chapter=A contribución da inmigración ao multilingüismo do Estado español\|isbn=9788416533015\|access-date=12 July 2021\|archive-date=25 July 2021\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210725112956/https://gramatica.usc.es/att/montserrat.recalde/Recalde_2016.pdf\|url-status=dead}}</ref>

	=== Education ===
	{{Main\|Education in Spain}}
	], one of the first European universities]]
	State education in Spain is free and compulsory from the age of six to sixteen. The current education system is regulated by the 2006 educational law, LOE (''Ley Orgánica de Educación''), or Fundamental Law for the Education.<ref name=LOE_juridicas> {{webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110525013507/http://noticias.juridicas.com/base_datos/Admin/lo2-2006.html\|date=25 May 2011 }}. Retrieved 23 September 2009</ref> In 2014, the LOE was partially modified by the newer and controversial LOMCE law (''Ley Orgánica para la Mejora de la Calidad Educativa''), or Fundamental Law for the Improvement of the Education System, commonly called ''Ley Wert'' (Wert Law).<ref name=LOMCE_juridicas> {{webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150212202355/http://noticias.juridicas.com/base_datos/Admin/517990-lo-8-2013-de-9-dic-para-la-mejora-de-la-calidad-educativa.html\|date=12 February 2015 }}. Retrieved 9 December 2013</ref> Since 1970 to 2014, Spain has had seven different educational laws (LGE, LOECE, LODE, LOGSE, LOPEG, LOE and LOMCE).<ref> {{webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150212211059/http://www.teinteresa.es/educa/siete-leyes-educativas-franco-wert-zapatero-aznar-ucd-psoe-pp_0_1007900025.html\|date=12 February 2015 }}. teinteresa.es</ref>

	The levels of education are preschool education, primary education,<ref>{{cite web\|title=Educación Primaria │Ministerio de Educación y Formación Profesional\|url=http://www.educacionyfp.gob.es/contenidos/estudiantes/educacion-primaria.html\|access-date=26 November 2020\|language=es\|archive-date=5 November 2020\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201105082455/http://www.educacionyfp.gob.es/contenidos/estudiantes/educacion-primaria.html\|url-status=dead}}</ref> secondary education<ref>{{cite web\|title=Educación Secundaria Obligatoria (ESO)│Ministerio de Educación y Formación Profesional\|url=http://www.educacionyfp.gob.es/contenidos/estudiantes/educacion-secundaria.html\|access-date=26 November 2020\|language=es\|archive-date=16 November 2020\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116053618/https://www.educacionyfp.gob.es/contenidos/estudiantes/educacion-secundaria.html\|url-status=dead}}</ref> and post-16 education.<ref>{{cite web\|title=Bachillerato│Ministerio de Educación y Formación Profesional\|url=https://www.educacionyfp.gob.es/contenidos/estudiantes/bachillerato.html\|access-date=26 November 2020\|archive-date=26 November 2020\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126220810/https://www.educacionyfp.gob.es/contenidos/estudiantes/bachillerato.html\|url-status=dead}}</ref> In regards to the professional development education or the vocational education, there are three levels besides the university degrees: the ''Formación Profesional Básica'' (basic vocational education); the ''Ciclo Formativo de Grado Medio'' or ''CFGM'' (medium level vocation education) which can be studied after studying the secondary education, and the ''Ciclo Formativo de Grado Superior'' or ''CFGS'' (higher level vocational education), which can be studied after studying the post-16 education level.<ref>{{cite web\|title=La Formación Profesional actual en el sistema educativo – TodoFP│Ministerio de Educación y Formación Profesional\|url=https://www.todofp.es/sobre-fp/informacion-general/sistema-educativo-fp/fp-actual.html\|access-date=26 November 2020\|language=es\|archive-date=31 October 2020\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031234851/https://www.todofp.es/sobre-fp/informacion-general/sistema-educativo-fp/fp-actual.html\|url-status=dead}}</ref>

	The ] coordinated by the ] currently ranks the overall knowledge and skills of Spanish 15-year-olds as significantly below the OECD average of 493 in reading literacy, mathematics, and science.<ref>{{cite web\|title=Compare your country - PISA 2018\|url=https://www2.compareyourcountry.org/pisa/country/ESP?lg=en\|access-date=29 September 2021\|website=www2.compareyourcountry.org\|language=en\|archive-date=27 September 2021\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927232854/https://www2.compareyourcountry.org/pisa/country/ESP?lg=en\|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|title=The Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA): Spain\|url=https://www.oecd.org/pisa/publications/PISA2018_CN_ESP.pdf\|access-date=29 September 2021\|archive-date=29 September 2021\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210929211954/https://www.oecd.org/pisa/publications/PISA2018_CN_ESP.pdf\|url-status=live}}</ref>

	=== Health ===
	{{Main\|Health care in Spain\|Abortion in Spain}}

	The health care system of Spain (]) is considered one of the best in the world, in 7th position in the ranking elaborated by the ].<ref>World Health Organization, World Health Staff, (2000), Haden, Angela; Campanini, Barbara, eds., The world health report 2000 – Health systems: improving performance (PDF), Geneva: World Health Organization, {{ISBN\|92-4-156198-X}}</ref> The health care is public, universal and free for any legal citizen of Spain.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.seg-social.es/Internet_1/Trabajadores/PrestacionesPension10935/Asistenciasanitaria/RegimenGeneral/BeneficiariosSituac30476/177501\|title=Health care in Spain: Beneficiairies\|publisher=seg-social.es\|access-date=24 September 2017\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525185420/http://www.seg-social.es/Internet_1/Trabajadores/PrestacionesPension10935/Asistenciasanitaria/RegimenGeneral/BeneficiariosSituac30476/177501\|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref> The total health spending is 9.4% of the GDP, slightly above the average of 9.3% of the ].

	=== Religion ===
	{{Main\|Religion in Spain}}
	{{Pie chart
	\|thumb = right
	\|caption= Religious self-definition in Spain (] survey; sample size: 3,935; February 2023)<ref>]., 3,961 respondents. The question was "¿Cómo se define Ud. en materia religiosa: católico/a practicante, católico/a no practicante, creyente de otra religión, agnóstico/a, indiferente o no creyente, o ateo/a?". Page 19.</ref>
	\|label1 = Practicing ]
	\|value1 = 18.5
	\|color1 = DarkRed
	\|label2 = Non-Practicing Catholic
	\|value2 = 37.5
	\|color2 = Red
	\|label3 = Believer in another religion
	\|value3 = 2.7
	\|color3 = MediumSlateBlue
	\|label4 = ]
	\|value4 = 12.6
	\|color4 = LightGray
	\|label5 = Indifferent/Non-believer
	\|value5 = 12.3
	\|color5 = WhiteSmoke
	\|label6 = ]
	\|value6 = 14.9
	\|color6 = Grey
	\|label7 = Did not answer
	\|value7 = 1.5
	\|color7 = Black
	}}
	]ism, which has a long history in Spain, remains the dominant religion. Although it no longer has official status by law, in all public schools in Spain students have to choose either a religion or ethics class. Catholicism is the religion most commonly taught, although the teaching of Islam,<ref> {{webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161126142129/http://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-1992-24855\|date=26 November 2016 }}, Documento BOE-A-1992-24855, Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado</ref> Judaism,<ref> {{webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227231842/https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1992-24854\|date=27 December 2016 }}, Documento BOE-A-1992-24854, Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado</ref> and evangelical Christianity<ref> {{webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161126142109/http://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1992-24853\|date=26 November 2016 }}, Documento BOE-A-1992-24853, Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado</ref> is also recognised in law. According to a 2020 study by the Spanish Centre for Sociological Research, about 61% of Spaniards self-identify as ], 3% other faiths, and about 35% identify with ].<ref name=CIS2020>Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas: {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200720202206/http://datos.cis.es/pdf/Es3288marMT_A.pdf \|date=20 July 2020 }}¿Cómo se define Ud. en materia religiosa: católico/a practicante, católico/a no practicante, creyente de otra religión, agnóstico/a, indiferente o no creyente, o ateo/a?</ref> Most Spaniards do not participate regularly in religious services.<ref name=CIS /> Recent polls and surveys suggest that around 30% of the Spanish population is irreligious.<ref name=CIS>{{cite web\|url=http://www.cis.es/cis/opencm/ES/1_encuestas/estudios/ver.jsp?estudio=14473&cuestionario=17452&muestra=24446\|author=Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas (Centre for Sociological Research)\|title=Macrobarómetro de octubre 2019, Banco de datos\|date=October 2019\|page=160\|access-date=17 December 2019\|language=es\|archive-date=14 June 2020\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614123408/http://www.cis.es/cis/opencm/ES/1_encuestas/estudios/ver.jsp?estudio=14473&cuestionario=17452&muestra=24446\|url-status=live}} The question was "¿Cómo se define Ud. en materia religiosa: católico/a practicante, católico/a no practicante, creyente de otra religion, agnóstico/a, indiferente o no creyente, o ateo/a?", the weight used was "PESOCCAA" which reflects the population sizes of the ].</ref><ref name="WVS">{{cite web\|title=WVS Database\|url=http://www.worldvaluessurvey.org/WVSOnline.jsp\|website=World Values Survey\|publisher=Institute for Comparative Survey Research\|date=March 2015\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105141038/http://www.worldvaluessurvey.org/WVSOnline.jsp\|archive-date=5 January 2016}}</ref><ref name="GallupInternational">{{cite news\|title=Gallup International Religiosity Index\|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/files/2015/04/WIN.GALLUP-INTERNATIONAL-RELIGIOUSITY-INDEX.pdf\|newspaper=The Washington Post\|publisher=WIN-Gallup International\|date=April 2015\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201065414/https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/files/2015/04/WIN.GALLUP-INTERNATIONAL-RELIGIOUSITY-INDEX.pdf\|archive-date=1 February 2016}}</ref>

	The Spanish constitution enshrines ] in governance, as well as freedom of religion or belief for all, saying that no religion should have a "state character", while allowing for the state to "cooperate" with religious groups.

	] churches have about 1,200,000 members.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.ferede.org/general.php?pag=estad#1\|title=Federación de Entidades Religiosas Evangélicas de España – FEREDE\|publisher=Ferede.org\|access-date=4 September 2010\|url-status=dead\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930083055/http://www.ferede.org/general.php?pag=estad#1\|archive-date=30 September 2011 }}</ref> There are about 105,000 ]. ] has approximately 46,000 adherents in 133 congregations.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org/country/spain\|title=Spain – Newsroom\|publisher=churchofjesuschrist.org\|access-date=4 September 2010\|archive-date=14 June 2020\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614092620/https://newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org/country/spain\|url-status=live}}</ref>

	A study made by the ] demonstrated that there were more than 2,100,000 inhabitants of Muslim background living in Spain {{As of\|2019\|lc=y}}, accounting for 4–5% of the total population of Spain. The vast majority was composed of immigrants and descendants originating from the ] (especially ]) and other African countries. More than 879,000 (42%) of them had Spanish nationality.<ref>{{cite journal\|title=Los musulmanes en España superan por primera vez los 2 millones de personas\|journal=El Heraldo\|url=https://www.heraldo.es/noticias/nacional/2020/02/18/musulmanes-espana-superan-primera-vez-2-millones-personas-1359544.html\|date=September 2020\|access-date=30 September 2020\|archive-date=4 October 2020\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201004014226/https://www.heraldo.es/noticias/nacional/2020/02/18/musulmanes-espana-superan-primera-vez-2-millones-personas-1359544.html\|url-status=live}}</ref>

	] was practically non-existent in Spain from the 1492 expulsion until the 19th century, when Jews were again permitted to enter the country. Currently there are around 62,000 Jews in Spain, or 0.14% of the total population.

	== Culture ==
	{{Main\|Culture of Spain}}
	Spain is a ] and one of the major ] of Europe, and has been noted for its international cultural influence.<ref name="r079">{{cite web \| title=Countries With the Most Cultural Influence \| website=U.S. News \| date=1 January 2024 \| url=https://www.usnews.com/news/best-countries/rankings/influence \| access-date=7 August 2024}}</ref> Spanish culture is marked by strong historic ties to the ], which played a pivotal role in the country's formation and subsequent identity.<ref>{{cite book\|title=Spain Transformed: The Franco Dictatorship, 1959-1975\|first=N.
	\|last=Townson\|year=2007\| isbn=9780230592643\| page =7\|publisher=Routledge}}</ref> Spanish art, architecture, cuisine, and music have been shaped by successive waves of foreign invaders, as well as by the country's Mediterranean climate and geography. The centuries-long colonial era globalised Spanish language and culture, with Spain also absorbing the cultural and commercial products of its diverse empire.

	=== World Heritage Sites ===
	{{Main\|World Heritage Sites in Spain}}
	{{See also\|Castles in Spain\|Cathedrals in Spain}}
	Spain has 60 ]s. These include the landscape of ] in the ], which is shared with France, the Prehistoric Rock Art Sites of the ] and ], which is shared with Portugal, the ], shared with Slovenia and the ], shared with other countries of Europe.<ref>{{cite web\|title=Spain\|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/es\|publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector\|access-date=14 September 2014\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140926042250/https://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/es\|archive-date=26 September 2014}}</ref> In addition, Spain has also 14 ], or "Human treasures".<ref>{{cite web\|title=Spain – Intangible Cultural Heritage\|url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/state/es\|publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector\|access-date=14 September 2014\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140914115731/http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/state/es\|archive-date=14 September 2014}}</ref>

	=== Literature ===
	{{Main\|Spanish literature\|Catalan literature\|Galician literature\|Basque literature}}
	{{See also\|Latin American literature\|Royal Spanish Academy\|Instituto Cervantes}}
	Some early examples of vernacular Romance-based literature include short snippets of ] (such as refrains) sprinkled in ] and ] texts.<ref>{{Cite book\|title=The Cambridge History of Spanish Literature\|first=David T.\|last=Gies\|publisher=]\|year=2004\|isbn=0-521-80618-6\|pages=73–74}}</ref> Other examples of early Iberian Romance include the '']'' written in Latin, Basque and Romance.<ref>{{Cite journal\|page=90\|url=http://erevistas.uca.edu.ar/index.php/LET/article/view/1774\|journal=Letras\|issn=0326-3363\|publisher=]\|volume=2\|year=2015\|issue=72\|title=Literatura hispanorromance primigenia : la glosa conoajutorio del Codex Aemilianensis 60\|first=María de los Ángeles\|last=Dapueto Reyes\|access-date=23 May 2020\|archive-date=6 August 2020\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806072649/https://erevistas.uca.edu.ar/index.php/LET/article/view/1774\|url-status=live}}</ref>
	] and ], at the ] in ]]]

	Early Medieval literature in Christian Iberia was written in ], which remained as the standard literary language up until the mid-13th century, whereas Ibero-Romance vernaculars and Basque were spoken.<ref>{{Cite book\|title=Spanish Literature. A Very Short Introduction\|first=Jo\|last=Labanyi\|year=2010\|isbn=978-0-19-920805-0\|publisher=]\|pages=18–19}}</ref> A decisive development ensued in the 13th century in ], where Arabic scholarship was translated to the local vernacular, ]. In the scope of lyric poetry Castilian co-existed alongside ] across the Crown of Castile up until the 16th century.{{Sfn\|Labanyi\|2010\|p=24}} The Romance variety preferred in Eastern Iberia for lyrical poetry, ], became increasingly ] in the 14th and 15th centuries.{{Sfn\|Labanyi\|2010\|p=21}} Major literary works from the Middle Ages include the '']'', '']'', '']'' and '']''. Genres such as ] and ] were cultivated.

	Promoted by the monarchs in the late Middle Ages and even codified in the late 15th century, Castilian (thought to be widespread known as 'Spanish' from the 16th century on) progressively became the language of the elites in the Iberian Peninsula, which ushered in a ] in the 16th and 17th centuries, also in the science domain, eclipsing Galician and Catalan.<ref>{{Citation\|url=https://www.academia.edu/34053466\|title=The spread of Castilian/Spanish in Spain and the Americas: A relatively successful language standardisation experience\|first=Carla\|last=Amorós Negre\|journal=Sociolinguistica\|issn=0933-1883\|issue=30\|volume=1\|year=2016\|pages=26–28\|doi=10.1515/soci-2016-0003\|s2cid=132493573\|access-date=5 April 2022\|archive-date=31 May 2022\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531021154/https://www.academia.edu/34053466\|url-status=live}}</ref> Famous Early Modern works include '']'' and '']''. The famous '']'' by ] was written in this time. Other writers from the period are: ], ], ] or ]. During the ] authors included, ], ], and ].

	Steps of ] (initially a rebellion against French classicism) have been traced back to the last quarter of the 18th century, even if the movement had its heyday between 1835 and 1850, waning thereafter.<ref>{{Cite journal\|page=226; 228–229\|url=https://revistas.uca.es/index.php/cir/article/view/236/2058\|publisher=]\|title=La extensión del Romanticismo en España\|first=José Luis\|last=González Subías\|journal=Cuadernos de Ilustración y Romanticismo: Revista del Grupo de Estudios del siglo XVIII\|issn=2173-0687\|issue=15\|year=2007\|access-date=5 April 2022\|archive-date=12 April 2022\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412011002/https://revistas.uca.es/index.php/cir/article/view/236/2058\|url-status=live}}</ref> In a broader definition encompassing the period from 1868 or 1874 to 1936, the so-called Silver Age of Spanish Culture ensued.<ref>{{Cite journal\|url=http://e-spacio.uned.es/fez/eserv/bibliuned:Epos-2007-23B18B1E-0906-715F-602D-3CC2DE6C852C/edad_plata.pdf\|title=La 'Edad de Plata' (1868-1936) y las generaciones de la Edad de Plata : cultura y filología\|first=Francisco\|last=Abad\|journal=Epos. Revista de Filología\|issue=23\|year=2007\|pages=244–245\|access-date=5 April 2022\|archive-date=12 April 2022\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412004832/http://e-spacio.uned.es/fez/eserv/bibliuned:Epos-2007-23B18B1E-0906-715F-602D-3CC2DE6C852C/edad_plata.pdf\|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal\|page=317\|title=Redefining the Spanish Silver Age and '98 Within It \|first=Nelson R.\|last=Orringer\|journal=Anales de la literatura Española Contemporánea\|volume=23\|issue=1/2\|year=1998\|jstor=25642011\|publisher=Society of Spanish & Spanish-American Studies}}</ref>

	The waning of Romantic literature was followed by the development of ], which offered depictions of contemporary life and society 'as they were', rather than romanticised or stylised presentations.{{citation needed\|date=April 2022}} The major realist writer was ].{{sfn\|Labanyi\|2010\|p=61}} The second half of the 19th century also saw the resurgence of the literary use of local languages other than Spanish under cultural movements inspired by Romanticism such as the Catalan '']'' or the Galician '']''.<ref>{{Cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yTQnOahQ4T4C&pg=PA103\|page=103\|title=Minority Language Planning and Micronationalism in Italy: An Analysis of the Situation of Friulian, Cimbrian and Western Lombard with Reference to Spanish Minority Languages\|first=Paolo\|last=Coluzzi\|year=2007\|publisher=]\|isbn=9783039110414\|access-date=15 April 2022\|archive-date=12 September 2023\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230912033942/https://books.google.com/books?id=yTQnOahQ4T4C&pg=PA103\|url-status=live}}</ref> Rarely used before in a written medium, the true fostering of the literary use of the Basque language had to wait until the 1960s, even if some interest towards the language had developed in the late 19th century.{{Sfn\|Coluzzi\|2007\|pp=103–104}} 20th-century authors were classified in loose literary generations such as the ], the ], ] and the ]. ] and ] are the two main awards in Spanish literature.

	=== Philosophy ===
	{{Main\|Spanish philosophy}}
	The construct pertaining a distinctive Spanish philosophical thought has been variously approached by academia, either by diachronically tracing its development throughout the centuries from the Roman conquest of Hispania on (with early representatives such as ], ], ], or ]); by pinpointing its origins to the late 19th century (associated to the ]); or simply by outright denying its existence.<ref>{{Cite journal\|url=https://www.redalyc.org/journal/279/27962050010/27962050010.pdf\|title=Genesis problem of philosophical thought in spanish historiography\|last1=Antonova\|last2=Myagkov\|last3=Nikolaeva\|first1=N.V.\|first2=G.P\|first3=O.A\|journal=Utopía y Praxis Latinoamericana\|volume=24\|issue=5\|year=2019\|publisher=]\|pages=66–67\|access-date=1 April 2022\|archive-date=1 April 2022\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401042617/https://www.redalyc.org/journal/279/27962050010/27962050010.pdf\|url-status=live}}</ref> The crux around the existence of a Spanish philosophy pitted the likes of ] (chief architect of the myth around it)<ref>{{Cite book\|url=https://yunus.hacettepe.edu.tr/~cin/Modern%20Philisophy%20(XVII-XX)/Intro%20to%20Modern%20Spanish%20Philosophy%20(Caponigri).pdf\|title=Contemporary Spanish Philosophy\|first=A. Robert\|last=Caponigri\|year=1967\|access-date=1 April 2022\|archive-date=2 April 2022\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220402143134/https://yunus.hacettepe.edu.tr/~cin/Modern%20Philisophy%20(XVII-XX)/Intro%20to%20Modern%20Spanish%20Philosophy%20(Caponigri).pdf\|url-status=dead}}</ref> against Antonio Pérez.{{Sfn\|Antonova\|Myagkov\|Nikolaeva\|2019\|p=67}} Foreign imports such as ] proved to be extremely influential in Spain in the 19th and early 20th centuries.{{Sfn\|Caponigri\|1967\|p=169–170}}

	=== Art ===
	{{Main\|Spanish art}}
	]}} by ]]]
	Artists from Spain have been highly influential in the development of various European and ] ]. Due to historical, geographical and generational diversity, Spanish art has known a great number of influences. The Mediterranean heritage with Greco-Roman and some Moorish influences in Spain, especially in ], is still evident today. European influences include Italy, Germany and France, especially during the Renaissance, ] and ] periods. There are many other autochthonous styles such as the ], ] architecture or the ].{{Citation needed\|date=October 2020}}

	During the Golden Age painters working in Spain included ], ], ] and ]. Also in the Baroque period, ] created some of the most famous Spanish portraits, such as {{Lang\|es\|]}} and {{Lang\|es\|]}}.<ref>{{cite web\|last=Anirudh\|title=10 Most Famous Paintings by Diego Velazquez {{!}} Learnodo Newtonic\|url=https://learnodo-newtonic.com/diego-velazquez-famous-paintings\|access-date=21 November 2020\|language=en-US\|archive-date=24 November 2020\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124092357/https://learnodo-newtonic.com/diego-velazquez-famous-paintings\|url-status=live}}</ref>

	] painted during a historical period that includes the ], the fights between liberals and absolutists, and the rise of contemporary nations-states.{{Citation needed\|date=October 2020}}

	] is a well-known modern impressionist painter and there are many important Spanish painters belonging to the modernism art movement, including ], ], ] and ].{{Citation needed\|date=October 2020}}

	=== Sculpture ===
	] in ]]]

	The Plateresque style extended from beginnings of the 16th century until the last third of the century and its stylistic influence pervaded the works of all great Spanish artists of the time. ] (] School) is called the "Prince of Spanish sculpture". His main works were the upper stalls of the choir of the ], the tomb of Cardinal Tavera in the same Cathedral, and the altarpiece of the Visitation in the church of Santa Úrsula in the same locality. Other notable sculptors were ], ], ] and ].{{Citation needed\|date=October 2020}}

	There were two Schools: the ], to which ] belonged, whose most celebrated works are the Crucifix in the Cathedral of Seville, another in Vergara, and a Saint John; and the ], to which ] belonged, to whom an Immaculate Conception and a Virgin of Rosary, are attributed.{{Citation needed\|date=October 2020}}

	Other notable Andalusian Baroque sculptors were ], ] and his daughter ], ] and ]. In the 20th century the most important Spanish sculptors were ], ], ], and ].

	=== Cinema ===
	{{Main\|Cinema of Spain}}
	] and ] in Oviedo]]

	After the first projection of a cinematographer in Spain by 1896, cinema developed in the following years, with Barcelona becoming the largest production hub in the country (as well as a major European hub) on the eve of the World War I.{{Sfn\|Montes Fernández\|2011\|pp=602–603}} The conflict offered the Spanish industry of ]s an opportunity for further growth.{{Sfn\|Montes Fernández\|2011\|p=603}} Local studios for ]s were created in 1932.<ref>{{Cite journal\|journal=Anuario Jurídico y Económico Escurialense\|volume=XLIV\|year=2011<!--\|pages=597-622-->\|issn=1133-3677\|title=Recordando la historia del cine español\|first=Francisco José\|last=Montes Fernández\|page=\|url=https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/3625523.pdf\|access-date=1 April 2022\|archive-date=17 April 2022\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220417135936/https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/3625523.pdf\|url-status=live}}</ref> The government imposition of dubbing of foreign films in 1941 accustomed Spanish audiences to watching ]s.{{Sfn\|Montes Fernández\|2011\|pp=609–610}}

	Spanish cinema has achieved major international success including ] for films such as '']'' and '']''.<ref>{{cite book\|last1=Jordan\|first1=Barry\|first2=Rikki\|last2=Morgan-Tamosunas\|author-link2=Rikki Morgan-Tamosunas\|title=Contemporary spanish cinema\|url=https://archive.org/details/contemporaryspan0000jord\|url-access=registration\|publisher=Manchester University Press\|year=1998}}</ref>

	Distinct exploitation genres that flourished in the second half of the 20th century include the '']'', the ] and the so-called {{ill\|Cine de destape\|es\|lt=''destape''}} films.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.elespanol.com/el-cultural/cine/20191213/viaje-cara-cine-espanol/451706612_0.html\|website=]\|via=]\|title=Viaje por la cara B del cine español\|date=13 December 2019\|first=Javier\|last=Yuste\|access-date=1 April 2022\|archive-date=1 April 2022\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401051257/https://www.elespanol.com/el-cultural/cine/20191213/viaje-cara-cine-espanol/451706612_0.html\|url-status=live}}</ref>

	As of 2021, the festivals of ] and ] are ranked among the top cultural initiatives in the country.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.audiovisual451.com/el-festival-de-san-sebastian-y-el-de-malaga-entre-las-diez-iniciativas-culturales-mas-importantes-de-espana-de-2021/\|date=9 February 2022\|website=Audiovisual451\|title=El Festival de San Sebastián y el de Málaga, entre las diez iniciativas culturales más importantes de España en 2021\|access-date=1 April 2022\|archive-date=9 February 2022\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220209173041/https://www.audiovisual451.com/el-festival-de-san-sebastian-y-el-de-malaga-entre-las-diez-iniciativas-culturales-mas-importantes-de-espana-de-2021/\|url-status=live}}</ref>

	=== Architecture ===
	{{Main\|Spanish architecture}}
	] in ]]]
	Earth and ] are very common materials of the traditional ] in Spain (particularly in the East of the country, where most of the deposits of gypsum are located).<ref>{{Cite book\|chapter=Earth and gypsum: From theory to practice in Spanish vernacular architecture\|first=V\|last=La Spina\|title=Vernacular and Earthen Architecture: Conservation and Sustainability\|year=2018\|editor-first=C.\|editor-last=Mileto\|editor-first2=F.\|editor-last2=Vegas López-Manzanares\|editor-first3=L.\|editor-last3=García-Soriano\|editor-first4=V.\|editor-last4=Cristini\|publisher=]\|location=London\|isbn=978-1-138-03546-1\|pages=153–154}}</ref>
	Due to its historical and geographical diversity, Spanish architecture has drawn from a host of influences. Fine examples of ], belonging to the ], were built in the Middle Ages in places such as ], ], or ]. Similarly to the Maghreb, ] decoration in ] became an architectural stylemark in the high Middle Ages.<ref>{{Cite book\|title=Architecture of the Islamic West. North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula\|first=Jonathan M.\|last=Bloom\|location=New Haven and London\|publisher=]\|isbn=978-0-300-21870-1\|year=2020\|page=88}}</ref>

	Simultaneously, the Christian kingdoms also developed their own styles; developing a ] style when for a while isolated from contemporary mainstream European architectural influences during the earlier Middle Ages, they later integrated the ] and ] streams. There was then an extraordinary flourishing of the Gothic style that resulted in numerous instances being built throughout the entire territory. The so-called ] came to designate works by Muslims, Christians and Jews in lands conquered from Muslims.{{Sfn\|Bloom\|2020\|p=171}}

	The arrival of ] produced much of the architecture of the 20th century. An influential style centred in ], known as ], produced a number of important architects, of which ] is one. The ] was led by groups like ]. Spain is currently experiencing a revolution in ] and ] like ], ], ] as well as many others have gained worldwide renown.{{Citation needed\|date=October 2020}}

	=== Music and dance ===
	{{Main\|Music of Spain}}
	] is an Andalusian artistic form that evolved from ].]]

	Spanish music is often considered abroad to be synonymous with ], a West Andalusian musical genre, which is not widespread outside that region.<ref>{{cite book\|last= Leblon\|first= Bernard\|translator-last= Ni Shuinear\|translator-first= Sinead\|title= Gypsies and Flamenco: The Emergence of the Art of Flamenco in Andalusia\|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=farZoyKozikC\|location= Hatfield\|publisher= ]\|year= 2003\|isbn= 9781902806051\|pages=72–73}}</ref> Various regional styles of ] abound. Pop, rock, hip hop and heavy metal are also popular.

	In the field of classical music, Spain has produced a number of noted composers such as ], ] and ] and singers and performers such as ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ] and ]. In Spain there are over forty professional orchestras, including the ], ] and the ]. Major ] include the ], the ], ] and the ].

	Thousands of music fans also travel to Spain each year for internationally recognised summer music festivals ] which features pop and techno acts, and ] which tends to feature alternative rock and dance acts.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.spoonfed.co.uk/london/festivals/\|title=Music Festivals, UK Festivals and London Festivals\|publisher=Spoonfed.co.uk\|access-date=1 November 2011\|url-status=dead\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111028170946/http://www.spoonfed.co.uk/london/festivals/\|archive-date=28 October 2011 }}</ref> The ] is one of the main ones in its genre.

	The most popular traditional ], the guitar, originated in Spain.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.linguatics.com/guitar.htm\|title=The History of the Guitar in Spain\|publisher=Linguatics.com\|access-date=30 April 2011\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429082016/http://www.linguatics.com/guitar.htm\|archive-date=29 April 2011 }}</ref> Typical of the north are the traditional bag pipers or '']'', mainly in Asturias and Galicia.

	=== Cuisine ===
	{{Main\|Spanish cuisine}}

	Spanish cuisine consists of a great variety of dishes which stem from differences in geography, culture and climate. It is heavily influenced by seafood available from the waters that surround the country, and reflects the country's deep ] roots. Spain's extensive history with many cultural influences has led to a unique cuisine. In particular, three main divisions are easily identified:

	'''''Mediterranean''''' Spain – coastal regions, from Catalonia to Andalusia – heavy use of seafood, such as ''pescaíto frito'' (fried fish); cold soups like '']''; and many rice-based dishes like '']'' from Valencia<ref name="paella" /> and '']'' (black rice) from Catalonia.<ref>{{cite news\|url=http://www.villagevoice.com/2009-12-01/restaurants/spain-gain-at-mercat-negre/\|title=Spain Gain at Mercat Negre\|work=The Village Voice\|date=1 December 2009\|last=DiGregorio\|first=Sarah\|location=New York\|access-date=6 August 2010\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091208050334/http://www.villagevoice.com/2009-12-01/restaurants/spain-gain-at-mercat-negre/\|archive-date=8 December 2009 }}</ref>

	'''''Inner''''' Spain – Castile – hot, thick soups such as the bread and garlic-based ''Castilian soup'', along with substantial stews such as '']''. Food is traditionally preserved by salting, such as ], or immersed in ], such as ].

	'''''Atlantic''''' Spain – the Northern coast, including ], ], ] and ] – vegetable and fish-based stews like '']'' and '']''. Also, the lightly cured '']'' ham. The best known cuisine of the northern countries often rely on ocean seafood, as in the Basque-style ], ] or ] or the Galician octopus-based '']'' and shellfish dishes.

	{{multiple image
	\| align = center
	\| image1 = 01 Paella Valenciana original.jpg
	\| width1 = 190
	\| caption1 = ], a traditional ] dish<ref name="paella">{{cite news\|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/travel/article2277058.ece\|title=Spain's perfect paella\|date=19 August 2007 \|last=Richardson\|first=Paul\|work=The Times\|location=London\|access-date=6 August 2010\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100604174210/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/travel/article2277058.ece \|archive-date=4 June 2010 \|url-status=dead}}</ref>
	\| image2 = Cochinillo asado-Madrid.jpg
	\| width2 = 192
	\| caption2 = ]
	\| image3 = Jabugo plato con jamón de Jabugo.JPG
	\| width3 = 170
	\| caption3 = ] is one of the most expensive hams.{{wbr}}<ref>{{Cite news\|url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/wordofmouth/2010/jan/18/worlds-most-expesive-ham-jamon\|title=World's most expensive ham?\|last=Smillie\|first=Susan\|date=18 January 2010\|work=The Guardian\|access-date=31 October 2019\|language=en-GB\|issn=0261-3077\|archive-date=31 October 2019\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191031011437/https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/wordofmouth/2010/jan/18/worlds-most-expesive-ham-jamon\|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news\|url=https://elpais.com/elpais/2016/03/07/inenglish/1457342056_191303.html\|title=The world's most expensive ham is from Huelva and costs €4,100 a leg\|last=Limón\|first=Raúl\|date=7 March 2016\|work=El País\|access-date=31 October 2019\|language=en\|issn=1134-6582\|archive-date=27 November 2019\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191127235546/https://elpais.com/elpais/2016/03/07/inenglish/1457342056_191303.html\|url-status=live}}</ref>
	\| image4 = Mar de Empanadas (Madrid).JPG
	\| width4 = 192
	\| caption4 = ], part of entire ] due Spanish colonization
	\| image5 = Wikicheese - Tortita - 20160520 - 014.jpg
	\| width5 = 192
	\| caption5 = ], a ] from Spain
	}}

	=== Sport ===
	{{Main\|Sport in Spain}}
	] or ''La Roja'' celebrating their ] victory]]

	While varieties of ] have been played in Spain as far back as Roman times, sport in Spain has been dominated by football since the early 20th century. ] and ] are two of the most successful football clubs in the world. ] won the ] in 1964, 2008, 2012 and 2024 and the ] in ], and is the first team ever to win three back-to-back major international tournaments.{{Citation needed\|date=October 2020}} ] were champions of the ], becoming one of only five nations to win a ]. ] has won a record 20 domestic trophies.{{fact\|date=January 2025}}

	], ], cycling, ], ], ] and, lately, ] also can boast of Spanish champions. Today, Spain is a major world sports powerhouse, especially since the ] and ] that were hosted in ], which stimulated a great deal of interest in sports in the country. The tourism industry has led to an improvement in sports infrastructure, especially for ], ] and ]. In their respective regions, the traditional games of ] and ] both are popular.{{Citation needed\|date=October 2020}}

	=== Public holidays and festivals ===
	]]]
	{{Main\|National Day of Spain\|Public holidays in Spain\|Fiestas of International Tourist Interest of Spain\|Fiestas of National Tourist Interest of Spain}}

	Public holidays celebrated in Spain include a mix of religious (]), national and local observances. Each municipality is allowed to declare a maximum of 14 public holidays per year; up to nine of these are chosen by the national government and at least two are chosen locally.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.bank-holidays.com/holidays_2007_58.htm\|title=Bank holidays in Spain\|publisher=bank-holidays.com\|access-date=13 August 2008\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080918001803/http://www.bank-holidays.com/holidays_2007_58.htm\|archive-date=18 September 2008}}</ref> ] (''Fiesta Nacional de España'') is celebrated on 12 October.<ref>Nogués y Secall (1862), .</ref><ref>Paloma Aguilar, Carsten Humlebæk, "Collective Memory and National Identity in the Spanish Democracy: The Legacies of Francoism and the Civil War", History & Memory, 1 April 2002, pag. 121–164</ref>

	There are many festivals and festivities in Spain. One of the most famous is ], in ]. While its most famous event is the ''encierro'', or the ]. It has become one of the most internationally renowned fiestas in Spain, with over 1,000,000 people attending every year.{{fact\|date=January 2025}}

	Other festivals include ] tomato festival in ], ], the carnivals in the ], the ] in ] or the ] in Andalusia and ].

	== See also ==		== See also ==
			* ], a YouTube controversy
	{{Portal\|Spain\|Europe}}
	* ]		* ]
	* ]		* ]
			* ]
	* ]
			* ], a genre of humorous mashups
	* ]

	== Notes ==
	{{notelist\|refs=
	{{efn\|name="nation name"
	\|The Spanish Constitution does not contain any one official name for Spain. Instead, the terms {{lang\|es\|España}} (Spain), {{lang\|es\|Estado español}} (Spanish State) and {{lang\|es\|Nación española}} (Spanish Nation) are used throughout the document, sometimes interchangeably. In 1984, the Spanish Ministry of Foreign Affairs established that the denominations {{lang\|es\|España}} (Spain) and {{lang\|es\|Reino de España}} (Kingdom of Spain) are equally valid to designate Spain in international treaties. The latter term is widely used by the government in national and international affairs of all kinds, including foreign treaties as well as national official documents, and is therefore recognised as the conventional name by many international organisations.<ref name="nj">{{cite web\|url=http://noticias.juridicas.com/base_datos/Admin/ai281209-aec.html\|title=Acuerdo entre el Reino de España y Nueva Zelanda sobre participación en determinadas elecciones de los nacionales de cada país residentes en el territorio del otro, hecho en Wellington el 23 de junio de 2009.\|website=Noticias Jurídicas\|access-date=14 November 2010\|archive-date=31 August 2016\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160831012228/http://noticias.juridicas.com/base_datos/Admin/ai281209-aec.html\|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
	}}

	== References ==		== References ==
	{{reflist}}		{{reflist}}
			=== Notes ===

			{{notefoot}}
	=== Works cited ===
	* {{cite book\|author=Gates, David\|title=The Spanish Ulcer: A History of the Peninsular War\|publisher=Da Capo Press\|year=2001\|isbn=978-0-306-81083-1}}
	* {{cite web \|title=The Spanish Constitution \|url=https://www.boe.es/legislacion/documentos/ConstitucionINGLES.pdf \|publisher=Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado \|access-date=10 June 2022 \|language=English \|date=1978\|ref={{harvid\|Spanish Constitution\|1978}}}}
	* {{cite book \|last= Marcos \|first= F. Javier \|title= La Sierra de Atapuerca y el Valle del Arlanzón. Patrones de asentamiento prehistóricos \|year= 2006 \|publisher= Editorial Dossoles. Burgos, Spain \|isbn = 9788496606289 \|url=https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/libro?codigo=264088}}
	* {{cite book \|last= Marcos \|first= F. Javier \|title= La Prehistoria Reciente del entorno de la Sierra de Atapuerca (Burgos, España) \|year= 2016 \|publisher= British Archaeological Reports (Oxford, U.K.), BAR International Series 2798 \|isbn = 9781407315195 \|url= https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/libro?codigo=663925}}

	== Further reading ==
	* ], ed. ''Spain: a history''. Oxford University Press, USA, 2000.
	* Callaghan O.F. Joseph. ''A History of Medieval Spain''. Cornell University Press 1983.
	* ] '''' NYC: Boni & Liveright, 1926.

	== External links ==		== External links ==
			{{Wiktionary\|skibidi}}
	{{Sister project links\|b=no\|voy=Spain}}
			{{Commons category}}
	<!--Please discuss links on the talk page before adding them to this list – Remember to read the WP:EL guideline-->
	* . '']''. ].
	* from ''UCB Libraries GovPubs''
	* from the ]
	* from ]

			* on YouTube
	;Government
			** – Alexey Gerasimov's YouTube channel
	*
			** – by ]

			* {{IMDb title\|id=tt27814427}}
	;Maps
			*
	* {{wikiatlas\|Spain}}
			* – editorial cartoon by Sage Stossel for the '']''
	* {{osmrelation-inline\|1311341}}

	;Tourism
	*

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	]<!-- Please leave the empty space as per ] -->
			{{Toilets\|state=collapsed}}
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	]		]
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Revision as of 04:50, 23 January 2025

YouTube web series by Alexey Gerasimov

Spain
Thumbnail of the first episode depicting one of the titular Skibidi Toilets
Genre	Machinima
Created by	Alexey Gerasimov (DaFuq!?Boom!)
Country of origin	Georgia
No. of seasons	25
No. of episodes	77
Original release
Network	YouTube
Release	7 February 2023 (2023-02-07) – present

Skibidi Toilet is a machinima web series created by Alexey Gerasimov and released through YouTube videos and shorts on his channel DaFuq!?Boom! (/dəˌfʌkˈbuːm/). Produced using Source Filmmaker, the series follows a war between human-headed toilets and humanoid characters with electronic devices for heads.

Since the first short was posted in February 2023, Skibidi Toilet has become viral as an internet meme on various social media platforms, particularly among Generation Alpha. Many commentators saw their embrace of the series as Generation Alpha's first development of a unique internet culture. The show has a wide range of licensed products, and Gerasimov is "in talks" with Adam Goodman and Michael Bay for a film and television series adaptation.

Plot

The series depicts a conflict between singing human-headed toilets—the titular "Skibidi Toilets"—and humanoids with CCTV cameras, speakers, and televisions in place of their heads. The Skibidi Toilets, led by "G-Toilet", overtake humanity. Warfare soon develops between the toilets and the alliance of Cameramen and Speakermen. Each kind of the alliance has a colossal version of themselves, termed "Titans". The Titan Speakerman is infected with a mind-control parasite developed by the toilets' second-in-command and chief strategist, "Scientist Toilet", causing the Titan Speakerman to turn on the alliance. The alliance is expanded to include a species of TV-headed humanoids, and, with their help, Titan Speakerman is eventually cured.

As the military of both sides continue to advance technologically, the Titans attempt to hunt down G-Toilet. Though their combined powers are occasionally a match for his abilities, his legions intervene each time, allowing him to escape. After a strike mission on the toilets' secret underground laboratory, the Scientist Toilet is finally defeated, but only one member of the team survives, a Cameraman called Plungerman. Having met a mysterious human seemingly involved in the creation of the toilets, the Plungerman is assassinated as a loose end. Meanwhile, fractures between the Skibidi Toilets and the "Astro Toilets", a mysterious splinter faction of powerful extraterrestrial toilets, erupt into violence, and the alliance and Skibidi Toilets enter into a makeshift alliance against their common enemy.

Production

Skibidi Toilet is produced by Alexey Gerasimov (Russian: Алексей Герасимов, born 1997 or 1998), also known by his alias "Blugray" or the name of his YouTube channel, "DaFuq!?Boom!" He lives in Georgia and has been learning animation since 2014. His channel has seen prior hits; his video I'M AT DIP accumulated over 45 million views by July 2023, for example.

The first episode of Skibidi Toilet was released on 7 February 2023 (UTC), with an 11-second runtime. The video, titled "skibidi toilet", depicts a toilet with a man's head coming out of it singing a song that prominently features the word "skibidi". Every episode is produced using Source Filmmaker, a free Valve-published 3D computer graphics software, often used to create and edit clips and movies online. Some assets used in the series are taken from video games such as Half-Life 2 and Counter-Strike: Source. The Skibidi Toilet in the first episode, for example, features the head model of a Civilian (Male_07) from Half-Life 2 (pictured above).

An unlicensed mashup of the songs "Give It to Me" by Timbaland and "Dom Dom Yes Yes" by Bulgarian artist Biser King, created by TikTok user @doombreaker03, appears in early episodes as the Skibidi Toilets' theme, and is later invoked as their battle cry. In 2024, the two songs' publisher Universal Music Group issued copyright complaints against the full version of the mashup, causing some videos featuring the mashup to be taken down. "Everybody Wants to Rule the World" by Tears for Fears is featured in some videos as the resistance forces' theme.

"Dom Dom Yes Yes" gained popularity in 2022 through the viral videos of Turkish TikToker @yasincengiz38 dancing to the song with platters of food. TikTok user Paryss Bryanne parodied this meme, complementing it with her style of jerky acting with rapid cuts. Gerasimov cites her adaptation as one of the inspirations for Skibidi Toilet. In an interview, he said he was also inspired by recurring nightmares involving toilets. Ultimately, Gerasimov said that Skibidi Toilet's backbone is the other machinima videos created using sandbox game Garry's Mod, which were popular in the late 2000s and number in the thousands.

In the show's early days, Gerasimov uploaded at least two videos weekly, and at times, even daily, though the time between episodes has since been extended to improve quality, and video lengths have increased. Since YouTube's recommendation algorithm tends to prefer frequent uploaders, the initial upload schedule may have helped the show go viral. As of January 2024, the series is reportedly being investigated by the Russian police for its alleged harm to children, following a report made by a Moscow resident. In April 2024, the videos were presented to the legislative assembly of Saint Petersburg as a demonstration in an annual children's safety report.

The show contains numerous references to video games, such as G-Toilet having the face of the G-Man, a character from the Half-Life video game series. The Speakermen's oft-performed dances are from the battle royale game Fortnite.

Business Insider called the series "an endless arms race as both the toilets and their foes stronger fighters". Technology website Wired credited the show's minimal use of dialogue for removing language barriers and aiding in the show's global popularity. The New Yorker argued that whereas early episodes of the series were short in time frame and relied on jump scares from the Skibidi Toilets in the endings, later episodes were longer and often lack the signature "skibidi" song.

Reception and influence

Popularity

Skibidi Toilet's audience is predominantly Generation Alpha, those born since the early 2010s. While the series does not appear on YouTube Kids, an app designed for children under 13, it is popular among elementary school students. Kim Kardashian's 11-year-old daughter gave her a necklace reading "Skibidi Toilet". Some members of older generations have called the show "brain rot", while other internet users argue Generation Z had its share of bizarre memes.

Skibidi Toilet has sparked its audience to create fanworks, such as games, fan fiction, and art, as well as the Generation Alpha slang "skibidi", which has no established definition. The series has found its way into internet memes and Instagram videos. One TikTok meme nonsensically swaps some words in song lyrics with Generation Alpha slang, including skibidi, for humorous effect. Viral videos have surfaced where children sit inside containers and mimic the toilets.

Fans have expanded on the show's lore by making analysis videos and giving their theories in YouTube's comment section. There are Skibidi Toilet games on Roblox, a game platform, the two largest of which attract millions of players each month.

In 2021, DaFuq!?Boom! had around one million subscribers. By November 2023, YouTube videos associated with Skibidi Toilet had accumulated over 65 billion views. On TikTok, the #skibiditoilet hashtag garnered 23 billion views by July 2024. In December 2023, the channel DaFuq!?Boom! had amassed 37 million subscribers, experiencing rapid growth that, on occasion, had surpassed growth of MrBeast, the most subscribed channel on YouTube. The Washington Post called it "the biggest online phenomenon of the year".

According to Tubefilter rankings, by the end of April 2023, DaFuq!?Boom! entered the 50 most viewed YouTube channels in the U.S., at 33rd place. By June, the channel had gained five billion views, making it the most viewed YouTube channel in the U.S. that month. On 24 July 2024, the channel had 17 billion total views, with 16.3 billion views from February 2023 to June 2024. The channel's views have since declined, with only 374.1 million views in May 2024.

Tubefilter's editor Sam Gutelle noted that the channel was formerly largely under the radar except for a few "animation diehards in the meme community". The Daily Dot's offshoot publication Passionfruit suspected the popularity of the series was due to how the "designs combined a simple, cute style with more uncanny elements", citing other popular characters like Sans and Siren Head.

Skibidi Toilet was referenced on The Late Show with Stephen Colbert, with a short parody animation depicting President Joe Biden as a Skibidi Toilet, dubbed "Skibidi Biden". Kotaku called the joke "the worst thing Stephen Colbert's ever done". One of the 250 snowplows of the Vermont Agency of Transportation was named "Skibidi Scooper", chosen by the Albany Community School.

Critical reception

The lifestyle magazine Dazed called Skibidi Toilet "frenetic, unpredictable, funny and at times genuinely unsettling." Yahoo!'s In The Know compared its animation style to that of a mobile game, with "choppy movements and exaggerated facial expressions". Cartoon Brew, an animation-focused website, wrote that while Skibidi Toilet "may look rough around the edges compared to major studio fare there is no question that Gerasimov is a filmmaker who understands pacing, camerawork, sound design, and how to tell a story."

Many publications highlighted a viral tweet in which Twitter user @AnimeSerbia called the series Generation Alpha's Slender Man. Insider said the series exemplifies the start of a new generation gaining prominence, using the relationship between millennials and Gen Z as an example, a claim that Indy100 repeated: " will be facing the same mocking and ridicule they dished out to Millennials". News.com.au wrote that the series "is a timely reminder that Gen Alpha are on the horizon".

The Washington Post noted the series' uniqueness in creating a narrative entirely out of short-form videos and YouTube's ability to stay relevant while competing with TikTok. In a guest piece for Ryan Broderick's newsletter Garbage Day, Adam Bumas said the series leans into "weird internet aesthetics", creating a nostalgic element. Business Insider echoed this stance, remarking on the series' use of old video game assets. An article by theatre firm The Civilians argued the series reflects Generation Alpha's fear of surveillance and dehumanization. Likewise, Laura Glitsos et al. argued the Cameramen represent the constant recording and 'sousveillance' Generation Alpha feels. They contend the series showcases the dystopia brought by the "monstrous digital", raising discussions about artificial life and environmental destruction.

Several parental websites and Indonesian newspapers claimed that Skibidi Toilet's violence and bizarre visuals may have a harmful effect on young children, dubbing it "Skibidi toilet syndrome" (Indonesian: sindrom Skibidi toilet). The Guardian dismissed such claims as a "moral panic". The Daily Telegraph called on regulators to mandate age restrictions on online videos similar to the film industry, citing Skibidi Toilet's perceived violence. Meanwhile, Wired pointed out that, while the violence is consistent, it is limited to "cartoonish explosions and punches". Common Sense Media rated the series suitable for age 14 and above.

Adaptations and licensing

Michael Bay is planned to direct the film adaptation of *Skibidi Toilet*.

On 24 July 2024, it was announced that filmmakers Adam Goodman and Michael Bay were "in talks" with Gerasimov for a movie and television series adaptation of Skibidi Toilet. Goodman revealed that the adaptation may be a live-action/animation hybrid film, and that it may be stylistically similar to the John Wick and District 9 franchises. The announcement was skeptically received: The A. V. Club said it would be difficult to "translate Internet subculture into traditional formats", and Gizmodo wrote that a movie would have to be "unfathomably expensive to present an experience that's somehow 'deluxe' to its inspiration". The magazine Complex has commented that Bay would be a perfect filmmaker for the adaptation, citing his work in the Transformers film series.

The media company Invisible Narratives is run by Bay (chief creative advisor) and Goodman (CEO and founder). It has agreed to act as a brand licensing agency for Gerasimov. The company has made a licensing deal with Bonkers Toys, which is known for creating merchandise from YouTube content, to produce Skibidi Toilet toys. In 2024, Bonkers Toys released Skibidi Toilet mystery boxes and action figures in stores, including at Walmart. The National Electrical Contractors Association has been contracted to manufacture branded remote-controlled devices such as drones. American retailer Spirit Halloween has obtained a license to sell Skibidi Toilet costumes. The company said it encourages fan-run YouTube channels to create Skibidi Toilet content as long as attribution is present.

In late 2023, a Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) claim was filed against sandbox game Garry's Mod, allegedly by Invisible Narratives, which claimed to be on Gerasimov's behalf. Garry Newman, the creator of Garry's Mod, shared the alleged notice on Discord on 29 July 2024. It claimed Garry's Mod was using copyrighted Skibidi Toilet characters including "Titan Cameraman, Titan Speakerman, Titan TV man, and Skibidi Toilet" as well as that "There is absolutely no licensed Steam, Valve, Garry's Mod content related to Skibidi Toilet." Gerasimov later posted that he did not send the claim, and that he was trying to contact Newman. Newman later confirmed to IGN that he and Gerasimov had been in touch and the matter had been resolved. The United States Copyright Office shows the character "Titan Cameraman" as claimed by Invisible Narratives on 21 August 2023.

In December 2024, the video game Fortnite introduced characters and items from Skibidi Toilet as purchasable cosmetics, following a teaser tweet. The full bundle was priced at 2,200 V-Bucks, Fortnite’s in-game currency, equivalent to approximately $20 USD.

References

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Notes

Sources differ on whether Gerasimov merely resides in Georgia or is actually of Georgian nationality. Some sources used the wording "from Georgia". According to IrishStar.com, he is originally from Russia and only moved to Georgia in 2019.
Misplaced Pages articles for the YouTubers in the graph: LankyBox, Like Nastya, Mark Rober, Markiplier, MrBeast, and Stokes Twins

External links

Playlist of Skibidi Toilet on YouTube
- DaFuq!?Boom! – Alexey Gerasimov's YouTube channel
- DaFuq!?Boom!'s YouTube stats – by Social Blade
Spain at IMDb
Dexerto interview with Alexey Gerasimov
"Attack of the Skibidi Toilets" – editorial cartoon by Sage Stossel for the Boston Globe

Portals:

v t e Toilets
Equipment	Ballcock Bedpan Bidet Bidet shower Brush Cistern Commode Electronic bidet Flushometer Seat Toilet seat riser Toilet Toilet cleaner Toilet paper Holder/dispenser Orientation Toilet rim block Trap (U-bend)
Types	Aircraft Arborloo Blair Bucket Cathole Chemical Composting Container-based Dry Dual flush EToilet Flush Freezing Head (boat) Hudo (Scouting) Incinerating Intelligent Latrine Low-flush On-board Passenger train Pay Pig Pit Portable Potty Public Sanisette (self-cleaning) Sink Space Squat Telescopic Treebog Urine-diverting dry Vacuum Vermifilter Washlet (combined toilet and bidet)
Cultural and policy aspects	Accessible Adult diaper Bathroom privileges Bathroom reading Honeywagon (vehicle) Incontinence pad Islamic toilet etiquette Istinja Latrinalia Privatization of public toilets Swachh Bharat Mission Toilet god Toilet humour Skibidi Toilet Toilet plume Toilet-related injuries and deaths Toilet Revolution in China Toilet Twinning Unisex public Vacuum truck
Jobs and activities	Manual scavenging Restroom attendant Sanitation worker Slopping out Toilet training Toileting
Urine-related aspects	Female urinal Female urination device Interactive urinal Pissoir Pee curl Pollee Sanistand Urinal Urinal deodorizer block Urinal (health care) Urination Urine collection device Urine deflector Urine diversion
Feces-related aspects	Anal hygiene Defecation Defecation postures Fecal sludge management Flying toilet Open defecation Scatology
Places	Haewoojae Hundertwasser Toilets Madison Museum of Bathroom Tissue Modern Toilet Restaurant National Poo Museum Outhouse Rest area Shit Museum Sulabh International Museum of Toilets Toilet (room) Toilet History Museum Toilets in Japan Toilets in New York City Bryant Park restroom
Historical terms	Aphedron Chamber pot Close stool Dansker Garderobe Gong farmer Groom of the Stool Night soil Pail closet Privy midden Reredorter
See also	Changing room Unisex changing rooms Ecological sanitation History of water supply and sanitation Human right to water and sanitation Improved sanitation Infection prevention and control Public health Reuse of human excreta Sanitation Sewage treatment Sustainable sanitation Waste management World Toilet Day Workers' right to access the toilet

Categories: