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| {{Infobox Writer | |||
| | name = J. K. Rowling | |||
| | image=J.K.Rowling.jpg | |||
| | birth_date = ], ] (age 41) | |||
| | birth_place = {{flagicon|England}} ], ], ] | |||
| | occupation = ] | |||
| | | |||
| | movement = | |||
| | debut_works = '']'' | |||
| | magnum_opus = '']'' series | |||
| | influences = ], ], ] see ] name origin | |||
| | footnotes = Rowling belongs to the ] | |||
| | website = http://www.jkrowling.com | |||
| }} | |||
| '''Joanne <!--Her name does NOT contain "Kathleen"; please see the section entitled "Name"--> Rowling''' ] (born ], ]<ref name="lexicon-muggle-y"><span class="plainlinks">, '' - ''. Accessed ] ]. </span></ref>) is an ] fiction ] who writes under the ] '''J. K. Rowling'''.<ref><span class="plainlinks">, ''''. Accessed ] ].</span></ref> Rowling is the ] of the '']'' ] series, which has gained international attention, won multiple awards, and sold over 377 million copies worldwide.<ref><span class="plainlinks"> . . Accessed ] ]. </span></ref> In February 2004, '']'' magazine estimated her fortune at ]576 million (just over ]1 billion and still is at the same spot in 2007), making her the first person to become a US-dollar billionaire by writing books.<ref><span class="plainlinks"> Watson, Julie and Kellner, Tomas. . , ] ]. Accessed ] ].</ref> In 2006, '']'' named her the second richest female entertainer in the world, behind talk show host ].<ref><span class="plainlinks"> . Accessed ] ].</span></ref> | |||
| ==Name== | |||
| Rowling's ] is pronounced like "'''rolling'''" ({{IPAEng|rəʊ.lɪŋ}}).<ref><span class="plainlinks"> . Accessed ] ]. </span></ref> Her full name is "Joanne Rowling"; not, as is often assumed, "Joanne Kathleen Rowling". Before publishing her first volume, ] feared that the target audience of young boys might be reluctant to buy books written by a female author. They requested that Rowling use two initials, rather than reveal her first name. As she had no middle name, she chose K from her grandmother's name Kathleen, as the second initial of her pseudonym. The name Kathleen has never been part of her legal name.<ref name="darkmark-bbc" /> She calls herself "Jo" and claims, "No one ever called me 'Joanne' when I was young, unless they were angry." <ref><span class="plainlinks"> Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. . ] ]. Accessed ] ]. </span></ref> | |||
| ==Early life== | |||
| Rowling was born at ], <!--Her birth certificate places her birth in Yate, not Chipping Sodbury, although the two towns are continuous--> ], ], 19 km northeast of ] on 31 July 1965.<ref name="lexicon-muggle-y" /><ref name="rowling-bio"><span class="plainlinks"> . . Accessed 17 March 2006. </span></ref> Her sister Dianne (Di) was born at their home when Rowling was 23 months old.<ref name="rowling-bio" /> The family moved to the nearby village ] when Rowling was four where she attended ],<ref>Winterbourne Family History Online, - Rowling listed as admission No.305. Accessed ] ].</ref> later moving to ], near ], ] at the age of nine.<ref name="rowling-bio" /> As a child, Rowling enjoyed writing stories about fantasies, which she often read to her sister. She attended secondary school at ]. Rowling was good with languages, but did not excel at sports and mathematics. There are numerous references to ] places, things, and people in Harry Potter, which could be attributed to her time in ]. | |||
| After studying ] and ] at the ], with a year of study in ], she moved to ] to work as a researcher and bilingual secretary for ]. During this period, while she was on a four-hour delayed-train trip between ] and ], she developed the idea for a story of a young boy attending a school of wizardry.<ref name="rowling-bio" /> When she had reached her ] flat, she began writing immediately.<ref name="rowling-bio" /><ref><span class="plainlinks"> http://www.accio-quote.org/articles/2002/1102-aebiography.htm "Harry Potter and Me"]. BBC Christmas Special, ] ]. Accessed ] ].</span></ref> | |||
| In December 1990, Rowling’s mother succumbed to a 10-year-long battle with the condition ].<ref name="rowling-bio" /> Rowling commented, “I was writing ''Harry Potter'' at the moment my mother died. I had never told her about ''Harry Potter''.”<ref><span class="plainlinks"> ''The Daily Telegraph.'' Accessed ] ].</span></ref> | |||
| Rowling then moved to ], ] to teach English as a foreign language.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thescotsman.scotsman.com/s2.cfm?id=1246372002|title=Harry Potter - Harry and me|last=Fraser|first=Lindasy|publisher=]|date=2002-11-02|accessdate=2007-02-12}}</ref> While there, she married Portuguese television journalist Jorge Arantes on ] ].<ref name="marriage"><span class="plainlinks">. . Accessed ] ]. </span></ref> They had one child, Jessica, who was named after Rowling’s heroine, ]. They divorced in 1993 after a fight in which Jorge threw her out of the house.<ref name="rowling-bio" /><ref name="marriage" /><ref><span class="plainlinks"> Weeks, Linton. . ''The Washington Post'', ] ]. Accessed ] ].</span></ref> | |||
| In December 1994, Rowling and her daughter moved to be near Rowling’s sister in ], ].<ref name="rowling-bio" /> Unemployed and living on state benefits, she completed her first novel. She did her work in numerous different cafés (e.g. ] and Elephant House Café), whenever she could get Jessica to fall asleep.<ref name="rowling-bio" /><ref name="hpandme"><span class="plainlinks"> . BBC Christmas Special, ] ]. Transcribed by "Marvelous Marvolo" and Jimmi Thøgersen. . Accessed ] ].</span></ref> There was a rumour that she wrote in local cafés to escape from her unheated flat, but in a 2001 BBC interview Rowling remarked, “I am not stupid enough to rent an unheated flat in Edinburgh in midwinter. It had heating.”<ref name="hpandme" /> | |||
| ==''Harry Potter''== | |||
| {{main|Harry Potter}} | |||
| ===''Harry Potter'' books=== | |||
| <!--Please note: the two booklets Rowling composed for the Comic Relief charity are listed in the "Charity" section--> | |||
| In 1995, Rowling completed her manuscript for '']'' on an old manual typewriter.<ref name="lexicon-timeline-books"><span class="plainlinks">, ''''. Accessed ] ]. </span></ref> Upon the enthusiastic response of Bryony Evans, a reader who had been asked to review the book’s first three chapters, the Fulham-based ] agreed to represent Rowling in her quest for a publisher. The book was handed to twelve publishing houses, all of which rejected it.<ref name="scotsman">McGinty, Stephen ] ]. Accessed ] ].</ref> A year later she was finally given the green light (and a £1500 advance) by editor Barry Cunningham from the small publisher ].<ref><span class="plainlinks"> . . Accessed ] ]. </span></ref><ref name="scotsman" /> The decision to take Rowling on was apparently largely due to ], the eight-year-old daughter of the company’s chairman, who was given the first chapter to review by her father, and immediately demanded the next.<ref name="Eight year old saves Potter">{{cite news|url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/section/6/story.cfm?c_id=6&objectid=10333960 |publisher=New Zealand Herald|title= Revealed: The eight-year-old girl who saved Harry Potter|date=July 3, 2005}}</ref> Although Bloomsbury agreed to publish the book, Cunningham says that he advised Rowling to get a day job, since she had little chance of making money in children’s books.<ref> ] ]. Accessed ] ].</ref> Soon after, Rowling received an £8000 grant from the ] to enable her to continue writing.<ref name="lexicon-timeline-books" /><ref> ] ]. Accessed ] ].</ref> The following spring, an auction was held in the United States for the rights to publish the novel, and was won by ], who paid Rowling more than $100,000. Rowling has said she “nearly died” when she heard the news.<ref><span class="plainlinks"> , ''''. Accessed ] ]. </span></ref> In June 1997, Bloomsbury published ''Philosopher’s Stone'' with an initial print run of only one-thousand copies, five-hundred of which were distributed to libraries. Today, such copies are each valued at between £16,000 and £25,000.<ref> ] ]. Accessed ] ].</ref> Five months later, it won its first award, a ]. In February, the novel won the prestigious ] for Children’s Book of the Year, and, later the Children’s Book Award. In October 1998, Scholastic published ''Philosopher’s Stone'' in the US under the title of ''Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone'': a change Rowling claims she now regrets and would have fought if she had been in a better position at the time.<ref name="lexicon-timeline-books" /><ref name="darkmark-bbc"><span class="plainlinks"> . March 2001. Accessed ] ].</span></ref> | |||
| In December 1999, the third ''Harry Potter'' novel, '']'', won the Smarties Prize, making Rowling the first person to win the award three times running.<ref name="lexicon-timeline-books" /> She later withdrew the fourth ''Harry Potter'' novel from contention to allow other books a fair chance. In January 2000, ''Prisoner of Azkaban'' won the inaugural ], though it narrowly lost the Book of the Year prize to ]’s translation of '']''.<ref><span class="plainlinks"> Gibbons, Fiachra. . , ] ], accessed ] ].</span></ref> | |||
| To date, six of the seven volumes of the ''Harry Potter'' series, one for each of Harry’s school years, have already been published and all have broken sales records. The last three volumes in the series have been the fastest-selling books in history, grossing more in their opening 24 hours than blockbuster films.<ref name="lexicon-timeline-books" /><ref><span class="plainlinks"> . ''EOnline'', ] ]. Accessed ] ].</span></ref><ref><span class="plainlinks"> . ''Infoplease'', ] ]. Accessed ] ].</span></ref> Book six of her series earned The ] Award for being the fastest selling book ever. The sixth book of the series sold more copies in 24 hours than '']'' sold in a year. (''The Da Vinci Code'' was the best-selling book of the previous year.) | |||
| Rowling has completed the seventh and ] of the series. Its title was revealed on ] ] to be '']''.<ref> Press release from Bloomsbury Publishing confirming the Book 7 title </ref> On ] ] Rowling announced on her website that its release date was to be ] ].<ref></ref> Rowling wrote on a bust in her hotel room at the Balmoral Hotel in Edinburgh that she had completed the seventh book in that room (652) on 11 January 2007; this was confirmed to be authentic by Rowling's and the hotel's representatives.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.scotsman.com/topics.cfm?tid=3&id=181062007|title=Finish or bust - JK Rowling's unlikely message in an Edinburgh hotel room|date=2007-02-03|accessdate=2007-02-07|publisher=]}}</ref> | |||
| In February 2007, Neil Bayer, a lawyer with Rowling's literary agency, announced that ''Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows'' will not be released as an e-book. Rowling has not allowed the first six Potter stories to be released as e-books and has no plans to change that for the seventh and final work.<ref name="NewsMax">". ], ], ].</ref> | |||
| On ] ], Rowling revealed that in the final book of the ''Harry Potter'' series at least two characters will die, one of whom may be Harry himself.<ref name="Rowling to kill two in final book ">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/5119836.stm?ls |publisher=BBC News|title=Rowling to kill two in final book |date=2006-06-27}}</ref> Authors ] and ] asked Rowling not to kill off Harry in book seven during a press conference, but Rowling remained ambiguous regarding Harry’s fate. | |||
| In June 2006, the British public named Rowling “the greatest living British writer” in a poll by '']''. Rowling topped the poll, receiving nearly three times as many votes as the second-place author, fantasy writer ].<ref><span class="plainlinks"> , ''''. Accessed ] ]. </span></ref> In July 2006 Rowling received a Doctor of Laws (LLD) honorary degree from ] for her "significant contribution to many charitable causes" and "her many contributions to society".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abdn.ac.uk/mediareleases/release.php?id=638|title=‘Harry Potter’ author JK Rowling receives Honorary Degree|accessdate=2007-03-31|date=2006-07-06}}</ref> | |||
| ===''Harry Potter'' films=== | |||
| In October, 1998, ] purchased the film rights to the first two novels for a seven-figure sum.<ref name="lexicon-timeline-books"/> A film version of '']'' was released on ] ] and '']'' on ] ].<ref name="lexicon-timeline-books" /> Both were directed by ].<ref>{{imdb title|id=0241527|title=Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone}}</ref><ref>{{imdb title|id=0295297|title=Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets}}</ref> The ] ] film version of '']'' was directed by ].<ref>{{imdb title|id=0304141|title=Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban}}</ref><ref name="lexicon-timeline-books" /> The fourth film, '']'', was directed by yet another new director, ]. '']'', is in post-production and is scheduled to be released on ] ]. ] is the film's director, and ] is its screenwriter, having taken over the position from ]. '']'' is in pre-production, and is scheduled for release on ] ]. No director has been announced, although it has been confirmed that Kloves will return to screenwrite it. Nothing has been announced regarding the film version of the final book, '']''. | |||
| In contrast to the treatment of most authors by Hollywood studios, Warner Bros. took considerable notice of Rowling's desires and thoughts in their attempt to bring her books to the screen. One of her principal stipulations was the films be shot in Britain with an all-British cast, which has so far been adhered to strictly.<ref><span class="plainlinks"> . ''The Times (UK)'', ] ]. Accessed ] ]. </span></ref> In an unprecedented move, Rowling also demanded that ], the victor in the race to ] their products to the film series, donate $18 million to the American charity ], as well as a number of community charity programs.<ref><span class="plainlinks"> . BBC News, ] ]. Accessed ] ]. </span></ref> | |||
| The first four films were scripted by Steve Kloves; Rowling assisted him in the writing process, ensuring that his scripts did not contradict future books in the series. She says she has told him more about the later books than anybody else, but not everything.<ref><span class="plainlinks"> Mzimba, Lizo, moderator. . , February 2003. Accessed ] ].</span></ref> She has also said that she has told ] (Snape) and ] (Hagrid) certain secrets about their characters that have not yet been revealed.<ref><span class="plainlinks"> . ''cBBC Newsround'', ] ]. Accessed ] ]. </span></ref> ] was approached to direct the first film, but dropped out. The press has repeatedly claimed that Rowling played a role in his departure, but Rowling stated on her website that she has no say in who directs the films.<ref><span class="plainlinks"> . Accessed ] ]. </span></ref> Rowling's first choice for the director of the first Harry Potter{{Polytonic|}} film had been ] alumnus ], being a fan of Gilliam's work. Warner Bros. studios wanted a more family friendly film, however, and eventually they settled for Chris Columbus.<ref></ref> | |||
| ==Current life and family== | |||
| In 2001, Rowling purchased a luxurious 19th century ], ], on the banks of the ], near ], in ], Scotland.<ref name="lexicon-muggle-k"><span class="plainlinks">, '' - ''. Accessed ] ]. </span></ref> Rowling also owns a home in ], Edinburgh, and a ] house in London, on a street where, according to ''The Guardian'', the average price of a house is £4.27 million ($8 million), possibly including an underground swimming pool and 24-hour security.<ref><span class="plainlinks"> Collinson, Patrick. . '''', ] ]. Accessed ] ]. </span></ref> | |||
| On ] ], Rowling married Neil Murray, an ], in a private ceremony at her home in ].<ref name="lexicon-muggle-k" /> Their son David Gordon Rowling Murray was born on ] ]. Shortly after Rowling began writing ''Harry Potter and the Half Blood Prince'', she took a break from working on the novel to care for him in his early infancy.<ref><span class="plainlinks"> . . ] ]. Accessed ] ].</span></ref> Rowling's youngest child, Mackenzie Jean Rowling Murray, to whom she dedicated '']'', was born in January of 2005.<ref><span class="plainlinks"> . . ] ]. Accessed ] ]. </span></ref> | |||
| ==Charity== | |||
| In 2001, the UK fundraiser ] asked three bestselling British authors, (Rowling, cookery writer and TV presenter ], and ] creator ]), to submit booklets related to their most famous works for publication. For every pound raised, a pound would go towards combatting poverty and social inequality across the globe. Rowling's two booklets, '']'' and '']'', are ostensibly facsimiles of books found in the ] library, and are written under the names of their fictional authors, ] and ].<ref><span class="plainlinks"> , ''''. Accessed ], ]. </span></ref> Since going on sale in March, 2001, the books have raised £15.7 million (US$30 million) for the fund. The £10.8 million (US$20 million) raised outside the UK has been channelled into a newly created International Fund for Children and Young People in Crisis.<ref><span class="plainlinks"> ''''. Accessed ] ]. </span></ref> She has also personally given £22 million to Comic Relief.<ref name=dailymail>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/femail/article.html?in_article_id=402027&in_page_id=187 | |||
| |title=What does JK Rowling do with her money? | |||
| |work=Daily Mail | |||
| |last=Boshoff | |||
| |first=Alison | |||
| |accessmonthday=24 August | |||
| |accessyear=2006}}</ref> | |||
| Rowling has contributed money and support to many other charitable causes, especially research and treatment of ], from which her mother died in 1990. This death heavily affected her writing, according to Rowling.<ref><span class="plainlinks"> . . Accessed ] ]. </ref><ref><span class="plainlinks"> Greig, Geordie. . ''Tatler Magazine'', ] ]. Accessed ] ]. </span></ref><ref> In fact, on ], ],], she said that she introduced much more detail about Harry's loss in the first book, because she knew about how it felt. <span class="plainlinks"> , Accessed ] ]. </span></ref> In 2006, Rowling contributed a substantial sum toward the creation of a new Centre for Regenerative Medicine at ]. For reasons unknown, Scotland, Rowling's country of adoption, has the highest rate of MS in the world.<ref><span class="plainlinks"> MS Society, Scotland . ''Edinburgh Research and Innovation, University of Edinburgh'', ] ]. Accessed ] ]. </span></ref> | |||
| In January 2006, Rowling went to ] to raise funds for the Children's High Level Group, an organization devoted to enforcing the human rights of children, particularly in eastern Europe.<ref><span class="plainlinks"> . . ] ]. Accessed ] ]. </span></ref> | |||
| On ]-] ] she read alongside ] and ] at ] in New York City. Profits from the event were donated to the ], a charity that aids artists and performers left uninsurable and unable to work, and the medical ] ].<ref><span class="plainlinks"> . . ] ] Accessed ] ]. </span></ref> | |||
| ==After ''Harry Potter''== | |||
| After Rowling finishes the final ''Harry Potter'' book, '']'', she plans to continue writing. Rowling declared, in a recent interview, that she will most likely not use a new pen name as the press would quickly discover her true identity.<ref><span class="plainlinks"> . Radio 4, ] ]. Accessed ] ].</span></ref> | |||
| In 2006, Rowling revealed that she had completed a few short stories and another children's book (a "political fairy story") about a monster, aimed at a younger audience than ''Harry Potter'' readers.<ref><span class="plainlinks"> . ] ]. Accessed ] ].</span></ref> | |||
| She is not planning to write an eighth ''Harry Potter'' book, but has suggested she might publish an "encyclopedia" of the ''Harry Potter'' world consisting of all her unpublished material and notes. Any profits from such a book would be given to charity.<ref> Accessed ] ].</ref> | |||
| ==Honours== | |||
| In June 2000, the Queen of England honoured Rowling by making her an ].<ref name="lexicon-timeline-books" /> | |||
| In early 2006, the ] ] was named in her honour.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://scully.cfa.harvard.edu/~cgi/ShowCitation.COM?num=43844|accessdate=2006-04-28|title=Citation for (43844)}}</ref> | |||
| In May 2006, the newly-discovered ] ] '']'', currently at the Children's Museum in ], was named in honour of her world.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,3-2194527,00.html|accessdate=2006-06-08|title=Citation for Dracorex Hogwartsia}}</ref> | |||
| There is a housing development in Bristol, near to her childhood home, called Rowling Gate.<ref> {{cite web|url=http://www.bovishomes.co.uk/index.asp?Site=WHRF1|accessdate=2007-01-26|title=Rowling Gate}}</ref> | |||
| {{-}} | |||
| ==Television== | |||
| <!-- Unsourced image removed: ]''.]] --> | |||
| Rowling made a guest appearance as herself on the American animated sitcom '']'', in a special British-themed episode entitled '']''. The dialogue consisted of a short conversation between Rowling and ], who mispronounces Rowling's name: | |||
| '''Lisa:''' Look! It's J.K. Rowling, author of ''Harry Potter'' books! You've turned a generation of kids onto reading.<br> | |||
| '''Rowling''': Thank you, young Muggle.<br> | |||
| '''Lisa''': Can you tell me what happens at the end of the series?<br> | |||
| '''Rowling''': (sigh) He grows up and marries you. (angrily) Is that what you want to hear?<br> | |||
| '''Lisa''': (dreamily) Yes! | |||
| Producer ] asked Rowling to pen an episode of the 2005 season of '']''; Rowling was "amused by the suggestion, but simply have the time".<ref><span class="plainlinks">Davies, Russell T. . ''Doctor Who Magazine'', Issue 343. ] ]. Accessed ] ]. </span></ref> However in episode 2 of series 3 there were two Harry Potter references - (1) The Doctor says "You wait 'til you read book 7 - I cried!" and (2) Martha Jones yells "Expelliarmus!" to help Shakespeare come up with the final word to banish the witches, to which The Doctor responds "Good old J. K.!". | |||
| In a July 2005 interview with the ] and ] websites' managers, Rowling revealed that she is a great admirer of ]'s work on the American TV show '']''.<ref><span class="plainlinks"> Anelli, Melissa. . , 19 July 2005. Accessed ] ]. </span></ref> | |||
| <br style="clear:both"> | |||
| In 2002, Rowling appeared on the BBC documentary "The Importance of Being Morrissey". | |||
| In November 2006, Rowling appeared on a tribute to the '']'' sitcom on BBC one. | |||
| Rowling is also parodied in an episode of ]'s '']'', in which a character from the future travels through time in an attempt to completely destroy her chance at fame by giving Rowling a terrible idea for a novel. | |||
| Rowling appears (in parody form) as a wrestler on ], where she uses ] style spells. | |||
| ==Controversy== | |||
| {{main|Controversy over Harry Potter}} | |||
| The Harry Potter series of books by J. K. Rowling has faced a number of controversies. Most of the controversies stem from the idea that the magic in the books promote witchcraft among children, which will lead them to following the occult. Other controversies concern copyright infringement on earlier works, or authors attempting to pirate Rowling's works. Further controversy stems from Rowling's liberal political views. | |||
| ==Bibliography== | |||
| *'']'' (] ]) (titled ''Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone'' in the ]) | |||
| *'']'' (] ]) | |||
| *'']'' (] ]) | |||
| *'']'' (] ]) | |||
| *'']'' (2001) | |||
| *'']'' (2001) | |||
| *'']'' (] ]) | |||
| *'']'' (], ]) | |||
| *'']'' To be released ] ] | |||
| ==See also== | |||
| *'']'' illustrator of the US editions of the Harry Potter series. | |||
| ==References== | |||
| <div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;"> | |||
| <references/> | |||
| </div> | |||
| <!-- Dead note "film6-imdb": {{imdb title|id=0417741|title=Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince}}--><!--not actually cited at the moment, but there just in case--> | |||
| </div></span></span> | |||
| ==External links== | |||
| {{wikiquote}} | |||
| * | |||
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| *"" — BBC News article, dated ] ] (reference) | |||
| *"" — BBC News article, dated ] ] (reference) | |||
| *"" — BBC News article, dated ] ] (reference) | |||
| *, ''].com'' — ], ] make plea during charity reading event. | |||
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| * {{hpw|J. K. Rowling}} | |||
| * {{isfdb name|id=J._K._Rowling|name=J. K. Rowling}} | |||
| * {{imdb name | id=0746830 | name=J.K. Rowling}} | |||
| * {{IBList |type=author|id=146|name=J.K. Rowling}} | |||
| {{harrypotter}} | |||
| <!-- Metadata: see ] --> | |||
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| |ALTERNATIVE NAMES=Joanne Rowling, Jo Rowling | |||
| |SHORT DESCRIPTION=Author of the ] series | |||
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