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The Kurdistan Workers Party (Template:Lang-ku or PKK, Template:Lang-tr), sometimes linked with KADEK and Kongra-Gel, is a militant group founded in the 1970s and led, until his capture in 1999, by Abdullah Öcalan. The PKK's ideology was founded on revolutionary Marxism-Leninism and Kurdish nationalism. The PKK's goal has been to create a democratic and independent Kurdish state in a territory which it claims as Kurdistan, an area that comprises parts of south-eastern Turkey, north-eastern Iraq, north-eastern Syria and north-western Iran. It is an ethnic secessionist organization that uses force and the threat of force against both civilian and military targets for the purpose of achieving its political goal. More than 37.000 people have been killed in the Turkish-PKK conflict since 1984, 4568 being millitary personnel. Eric Rouleau in the November/December 2000 edition of 'Foreign Affairs' states: "According to the Turkish Ministry of Justice, in addition to the 35,000 people killed in military campaigns, 17,500 were assassinated between 1984, when the conflict began, and 1998. An additional 1,000 people were reportedly assassinated in the first nine months of 1999. According to the Turkish press, the authors of these crimes, none of whom have been arrested, belong to groups of mercenaries working either directly or indirectly for the security agencies". In the late 1980s and early 1990s, in an effort to win increased support from the Kurdish peasantry, the PKK altered its leftist secular ideology to better accommodate and accept Islamic beliefs. The group also abandoned its previous strategy of attacking Kurdish civilians, focusing instead on government and tourist targets.

The PKK is listed as a terrorist organization internationally by a number of states and organizations, including the USA, NATO and the EU. Since its creation in the 1970s, amid violent clashes in the whole of Turkey which culminated in the 1980 military coup, the PKK has developed into a paramilitary organization which rendered much of southeastern Turkey a war zone in the late 1980s and 1990s. Its actions have taken place mainly in Turkey and against Turkish targets in other countries, although it has on occasions co-operated with other Kurdish nationalist paramilitary groups in neighbouring states, such as Iraq and Iran. The PKK argued that its violent actions were justified by the need to defend Kurds in the context of what it considered as the massive cultural suppression of Kurdish identity (including the 1983 Turkish Language Act Ban) and cultural rights carried out by the governments of the region. However, in its campaign, the PKK has been accused of carrying out atrocities against both Turkish and Kurdish civilians and its actions have been criticised by human rights groups such as Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch. Actions of the Turkish state in the past have also been criticised by these same groups. In effect, the Turkish state has led a series of counter-insurgency operations against the PKK, accompanied by political measures, starting with an explicit denunciation of separatism in the 1982 Constitution, and including proclamation of the state of emergency in various PKK-controlled territories starting in 1983 (when the military relinquished political control to the civilians). This series of administrative reforms against terrorism included in 1985 the creation of village guard system by the then prime minister Turgut Özal who is of partial Kurdish descent. All in all, this low intensity conflict which has been lasting since more than thirty years has had a number of effects in the Turkish territory. Furthermore, this conflict is an important part concerning the negotiations between Turkey and the European Union (EU) about its eventual integration to the EU.

Resources

The organization's annual budget has been estimated at $86 million USD.

The PKK receives a proportion of its funding in the form of private donations, from both organisations and individuals from around the world. Some of these supporters are Kurdish businessmen in south-eastern Turkey, sympathisers in Syria and Iran, and Europe. Parties and concerts are organized by branch groups. Additionally, it is believed that the PKK earns money through the sale of various publications, as well as receiving revenues from legitimate businesses owned by the organization. The Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK) also has been financing its separatist movement by "taxing" narcotic traffickers and engaging in the trade themselves. The PKK is heavily involved in the European drug trade, especially in Germany and France. French law enforcement estimates that the PKK smuggles 80 % of the heroin in Paris.

At the height of its campaign, the PKK received support from other countries, most notably Syria, but also Greece, Iran, the Soviet Union and according to the Turkish government, Denmark allows Kurdish satellite television stations (such as ROJ-TV), which Turkey claims has links with the PKK, to operate in Denmark and broadcast into Turkey. However international law, such as the right to freedom of expression under the European Convention on Human Rights, takes precedence. MED TV broadcast for five years in UK, until its licence was revoked by the regulators Independent Television Commission (ITC) in 1999 due to a breach of ITC guidelines and perceived pro-PKK bias. When Med TV lost its licence in the UK, MEDYA TV started transmissions from studios in Belgium via a satellite uplink from France. However MEDYA TV's licence was revoked by the French authorities. A few weeks later Roj TV began transmissions from Denmark. It has also been argued that the Netherlands and Belgium have also supported PKK by allowing its training camps to function on their respective territories. On 22 November 1998, the criminal police of Hanover reported that 3 children had been trained by the PKK for guerrilla warfare in camps in the Netherlands and Belgium. After the death of Theo van Gogh, with increasing attention on domestic security concerns, the Dutch police raided the 'PKK paramilitary camp' in the Dutch town of Liempde and arrested 29 people in November 2004. The PKK has also developed links with paramilitary groups among other ethnic groups which has harboured historic grievances against Turkey such as the ethnic Armenian ASALA, as well as groups which shared its left-wing nationalist ideology such as the Palestine Liberation Organisation, ETA, and to a lesser degree the Provisional Irish Republican Army. Through the large Kurdish immigration in Germany, it has also formed close contacts with violent left-wing political groups in that country. From early 1979 to 1999 Syria had provided valuable safe havens to PKK in the region of Beqaa Valley. During 1990s, Iran has provided PKK with supplies in the form of weapons and funds. In addition, the retired Greek army general Dimitris Matafias has paid numerous visits and offered assistance. As of March 1999, allegedly, Greece had supplied PKK with 20,000 AK-47's and 30 Stinger missiles. Greek Cyprus also supported PKK by allowing its leaders to travel freely by providing them with passports. Abdullah Öcalan, the founder of PKK, has been caught with a Cypriot passport to the name of Mavros Lazaros. After the undeclared war between Turkey and Syria, Syria placed restrictions on PKK activity on its soil. Turkey is expecting positive developments in its cooperation with Syria in the long term, but even during the course of 2005, there were PKK operatives of Syrian nationality operating in Turkey. Iran listed PKK as a terrorist organization after Iran's supply of resources to the PKK began be to used on its own soil.

On 30 September, 1995 Damascus opened new contacts with high ranking German CDU MP Heinrich Lummer and German intelligence officials. The PKK has also strong ties with influential persons around the world. Danielle Mitterrand, the wife of the former President of France has active connections with elements of the PKK's leadership.

Activities

Activities of Kurdistan Workers Party
			Region
Target	Activity Category		Turkey	Northern Iraq	Western Europe
Government	Demonstrations/Protests
	Riots
	Kidnapping
	Assassination
	Sabotage
	Chemical warfare
	Bombing Attacks	Post/Train/Power
		Police
		Outposts
	Armed Attacks	Military
		Police
		Village Guards
Civilian	Kidnapping
	Assassination
	Bombing Attacks	Villages
		Touristic Facilities
		Commercial Units
Organized Crime	Extortion
	Drug Trafficking		Transit	Transit	Destination
	Human Trafficking		Origin	Origin

The PKK operates in Turkey, Europe, the Middle East, and Asia. One pattern is apparent after 1984, PKK began to use Maoist theory of people's war. There are three phases in this theory. The militant base during the initial years was coming from different sources, so the first two phases were diffused to each other.

In the first phase (1978-1984), the PKK tried to gain the support of the population. It attacked the machinery of government and distributed propaganda in the region. PKK tactics were based on ambush, sabotage, riots, protests, and demonstrations against the Turkish government. PKK has also been accused of violent attacks on individual civilians or residential areas (Kurds and non-Kurds alike), who refused to co-operate with the PKK or were suspected of collaborating with the Turkish authorities. During these years, the PKK fought a turf war against other predominantly Kurdish organisations in Turkey. The PKK effectively used the prison force to gain appeal among the population. In the whole Turkey, this period was characterized by violent clashes which culminated in the 1980 military coup.

In the second phase (1984-1999), which followed the return of civilian rule in 1983, escalating attacks were made on the government's military and vital institutions all over the country. The objective was to destabilise Turkish authority through a long, low-intensity confrontation. In addition to skirmishing with Turkish military and police forces and local village guards, the PKK has conducted suicide bombing on government and police installations, as well as at local tourist sites. Kidnapping and assassination against government officials and Kurdish tribal leaders who were named as puppets of the state were performed as well. Widespread sabotages were continued from the first stage. PKK performed kidnapping western tourists, primarily in Istanbul but also at different resorts. PKK has also attacked Turkish diplomatic and commercial facilities across Western Europe.

In the third phase, or "guerrilla stage", conventional fighting was used to seize cities, overthrow the government and take control of the country. PKK seized cities during the highest activity period, and it also had consequences on the functioning of the Turkish parliament through Turkey's own election system, but there was no case during an active conflict that PKK manage to sustain its flag in a region within the borders of Turkey.

Tactics

The areas in which the group operates are generally mountainous rural areas and dense urban areas. The mountainous terrain offers an advantage to members of the PKK by allowing them to hide in a network of caves and making military air operations, especially helicopter use, hazardous for the Turkish Armed Forces. While in urban areas, PKK members are often able to blend in with the local population.

The group has been planting mines. Use of these mines has led to civilian deaths, in part due to accidental triggering by civilian trucks and buses rather than the intended military armoured vehicles.

To counter the PKK's activities, the Turkish Armed Forces have waged a counter-insurgency warfare, that continues to this day. This has included the use of Special Action Teams, composed primarily of former army and Jandarma officers and noncommissioned officers. These pseudo-teams dress like PKK fighters. Contrary to most pseudo-operations in other counter-insurgency contexts, they apparently do not employ "returned" PKK members. However, these pseudo-teams have posed a number of issues, as they have engaged in false flag attacks involving serious human rights violations, including rapes of villagers, etc. They have also been accused of "vigilante justice" in executing suspected PKK members, and have reportedly been recruited heavily from the ultra-nationalist Nationalist Movement Party (MHP) founded by Alparslan Türkeş (1917-1997) in 1969 . The youth branch of the MHP, known as Grey Wolves, whom a lot had been arrested after the 1980 military coup after having taken a central part in the 1970s years of lead, were quickly released by the Turkish state in exchange of taking part in the counter-insurgency, which was coherent with their ultra-nationalism. Along with Counter-Guerrilla, the Turkish branch of the NATO stay-behind anti-communist clandestine paramilitary networks, these paramilitary units fought the PKK killing and torturing thousands in the 1980s. Dressed up as PKK fighters, they executed people as a form of psychological warfare. The fact that Counter-Guerrilla had engaged in torture during these covert operations was confirmed by Talat Turhan, a retired Turkish lieutenant colonel.

In a report published on 28 January 1997, the Turkish government’s chief inspector, Savas, described how the army’s "special war" units had also become involved in protection rackets, blackmail, rape and drug trafficking. The report also describes how the Turkish government handed over the security of the large area around the towns of Siverek and Hilvan to the private army of tribal chief Sedat Bucak, an MP close to former Prime minister Tansu Çiller. A version of the report published in Turkish daily Radikal on February 4, 1998, stated:

"In the region under State of Emergency , the authority to apply the death sentence has been brought down to the level of low-ranking officers and, even more seriously, to repentant prisoners, who were the terrorists of yesterday and are the potential criminals of tomorrow ... When persons have been handed over from one state service to another, after a case has been has been adjourned in the courts, and are found dead under a bridge, it is obvious that one cannot speak of murders by unknown perpetrators."

According to a July 1998 article by Le Monde diplomatique, the conflict has weighted heavily on the Turkish state's budget. In 1993, a sum of $70m was allocated from the prime minister’s secret funds. According to Mr Savas, this sum was used mainly for buying weapons and anti-terrorist equipment from Israel and for external operations. Irregular units in the conflictual zones have had to find ways to finance themselves, including racketeering and secret funding. Sedat Bucak has been alleged by the French newspaper to have under his orders 20,000 men, while the village guards pro-government Kurdish militias created in the mid-1980s would number to a total of 64,000 .

Use of Children/Study of University of Ankara

PKK uses mainly children as the militant force. A recent study in Ankara Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü (University of Ankara and Health Sciences Institute) revealed 86% of the caught militants joined due to their families having an income less than 500 Turkish Liras per month, 60% of them had an education level less than high school. Also, all of the children on this study complained the promises made by the militant organization of their families being taken care of was not fulfilled. Also, 80% of the children admitted they actively stopped their family members, usually younger brothers, from joining the organization.

When the children were asked why did they not run from the PKK and turn themselves in, only 5% say they were afraid of their punishments by the Turkish Republic. But 2/3 of the children stated that they were afraid of being caught by the organization, due to the fact PKK punishments are not just limited to physically punishing the militant but most of the time, harming their families too.

Yet another interesting statistic was the ideals of the PKK. PKK, a Leninist/Marxist organization, list equality amongst all as one of their objectives, but 88% of the subjects said there were no equality at all in the organization.

History

The PKK's core was originally a group called the "Ankara Democratic Patriotic Association of Higher Education" or Apocus, which was made up largely of students, lead by Abdullah Öcalan. Although originally from Ankara, the group soon moved its focus to south-east Turkey, and its large Kurdish population, where they began organising. With the official release of the "Proclamation of Independence of PKK" on 27 October, 1978, the group became known as the Kurdistan Workers Party. With its largely communist ideology, the PKK soon found itself in conflict with right-wing entities.

In 1979 Mehmet Celal Bucak was condemned for "exploiting the peasants," and "collaborating". The PKK attempted to assassinate him, but failed. This was the first violent high-profile public action undertaken by the PKK, and it marked a period of intense urban warfare between radical political elements in Turkey. From 1978 to 1982, the Turkish National Security Council recorded 43,000 incidents it described as terrorism. As part of the conflict, ex-prime minister Nihat Erim was assassinated in 1980. The military coup that same year largely ended the conflict, with members of the PKK going to prison, or fleeing to Syria.

On November 10, 1980, the Turkish Consulate in Strasbourg, France was bombed causing significant material damage but no injuries. The ASALA (Armenian now inactive militant organisation that usually attacked Turkish consulates, it was designated as a terrorist organisation then) and the PKK claimed responsibility. In a telephone call to the Agence France-Presse office, a spokesman said the blast was a joint operation and marked the start of a "fruitful collaboration" between the two natonalist organizations.

Starting in 1984, the PKK transformed itself into a paramilitary organisation (largely based in and supported by Iran, Iraq and Syria), as it launched conventional attacks as well as bombings against Turkish governmental installations, military and civilian targets, many of whom were connected to the Southeastern Anatolia Project. The PKK also moved to a less centralized format, taking up operations in a variety of European and Middle Eastern countries.

Following the collapse of the USSR, the PKK largely abandoned its communist roots, attempting to better accommodate Islamic beliefs. In the mid 1990s, they also began to shift from conventional bombing to suicide bombing, launching fifteen such attacks between 1995 and 1999. Interestingly, the majority (11 of 15) of the suicide bombers were women.

In the late 1990s, the Turkish army began to gain the upper hand in its ground war with the PKK and post-Cold War shifts in international politics resulted in the group losing much of its support among other states. With downgraded security concerns, the Turkish parliament began a controlled process of dismantling the legal control, using the term "normalization" or "rapprochement" depending on the sides of the issue. Ban on publishing using Kurdish language (1983) was dropped in 1991, with more thorough reforms, such as the lifting of the ban on broadcasting in Kurdish, adopted in the 2000s with the decrease in PKK's activities.

In 1999 Turkish authorities captured Öcalan while he was being transferred by the Greek security system from Greek Embassy in Kenya to a local airport, in a joint operation between the CIA and Turkey's MIT. He was tried in Turkey and sentenced to the death penalty. He took a case against Turkey to the European Court of Human Rights which influenced Turkey's decision to commute the death sentence to life imprisonment, safeguarding him from risk of execution. In any event the original imposition of the death penalty was still held to have violated his rights and the Court condemned the trial against him as unfair.

Following a call by the captured Öcalan for a peaceful solution, the PKK found itself blacklisted in many countries. Consequently, the PKK went through a series of changes and implemented a unilateral truce, which ended in 2004. On 2 April of that year, the Council of the European Union added the PKK to its list of terrorist organisations. Later in 2004, the US Treasury moved to freeze assets of branches of the PKK.

Effects

As a revolutionary left-wing organization PKK claimed there was a "mass violence by Turkish state on the Kurd identity" to justify its activities. In its activities main goal was to alienate the people from the state through pushing security forces into more and more overt and repressive counter-measures. The Political-Justice section extends the results of this ideology and methods of the democratic processes and the justice system in Turkey. In a democratic system, an ideology that questions the state's legitimacy, will of its population and its security apparatus was difficult to be accepted as a political view, which was shaped under HEP/DEP/HADEP story. Turkish government authorities did not negotiate with the organization, so regional NGOs there were no communication channels between the sides. Ill-formed language ban of 1983 and Terrorism Act of 1991 were significant events. Also, amnesties were happened to be interesting events during the conflict time, as each amnesty gave more human resources to the organization. The prison as a rehabilitation concept was a failure. The people who were jailed for non-violent activities were becoming militants during their jail time. Government's military operations against the prisons were the highest point in this failure.

As a revolutionary left-wing organization, the PKK perceived Turkish society as one that was deformed by capitalism and imperialism. The PKK unleashed its aggression on enemies spanning all classes (farmers, business, etc.) and those that it considered puppets of the state. The cost of PKK's actions are significant. PKK had drastic effects on regional economy, as targeted infrastructure of the region. Regions' inability to join the economical activities were associated with the work force, costs (insurance premiums, facility costs, loss of trained personnel etc.), and productivity (loss of work time, travel restrictions, inability to move rapidly etc). The region has had a very high historical tourism potential and it has been dormant because of the terrorism threat for many years.

The integration into social and economical activities are developed within the education system. Educational activities were targeted by the PKK. Because the majority of the people are very resilient to the effects of political violence, young people form a high risk group because of their undeveloped personalities. The effects of political violence on the newer generations is an important issue because, at the moment, the new generation in areas affected by the conflict have no experience living under what would be considered normal conditions.

PKK specifically targeted its activities among intelligent, young and inexperienced people. When these ideas were falsified, either this realization pushes them to become a member of the group or generate tendencies towards suicide, feelings of insecurity, problems with authority and lack of social integration .

Current status

After his capture in 1999, the group's leader Abdullah Öcalan has urged the PKK to work peacefully to attain its objectives, and the PKK declared a ceasefire in that year. It changed its name to KADEK to reflect moves towards peaceful politics and co-operation with a wider range of ideologies, but it is claimed that this change was aimed to protect itself from the legal implications of being listed as a terrorist organization. A PKK/KADEK spokesman stated that its armed wing, The People’s Defense Force, would not disband or surrender its weapons, to maintain its capability of self-defense. PKK/KADEK avowing not lay down its arms underscores that the organization maintains its capability to carry out terrorist operations. Abdullah Öcalan, has declared his own guerrillas as "murderers".

The refusal of the Turkish government to issue a general amnesty to PKK operatives, the failure of the Kurdish nationalist Democratic People's Party to make an electoral breakthrough and profound ideological disputes within the movement led to the ceasefire becoming ragged in 2003, before breaking down completely in 2004. Since the declaration of cease-fire on August 2000, aside from a few isolated incidents, the armed conflict had come to a complete halt. Recently, however, there has been an increase in PKK activity. There is an increase in PKK attacks on the Turkish military, police, and governmental targets near the Iraqi border in the last months. While PKK claims it is only acting in self-defense, Ankara is increasing its pressure on the US to obtain the go-ahead for a military strike to the PKK installations in northern Iraq.

With the end of its unilateral cease-fire in August 2004 (the cease-fire had lasted for five years), on the claims that Ankara's reforms are "cosmetic", PKK leaders seem to favour a return to the armed guerilla warfare. The increase in PKK attacks on Turkish military, civilians, police and governmental targets seem to further prove this fact. The PKK claims it is only acting in self-defense and for the protection of the Kurds.

During the period 2003-2004-2005 period; the total security personnel lost (soldier, police (21), village guard (22)) is 246. The total number of personnel wounded and disabled is 147. The total armed militants captured: 1325 (359 dead, 377 live, 589 amnesty) (116 among 377 through exchange of criminals with Iran, Iraq, Syria, Greece, Azerbaijan and Ukraine). The TBMM report also expects an increase in the number of militants captured through exchange of criminals in the coming years. These numbers are presented as part of the fight on terror activities. Report also mentions growing efforts in mobilizing the criminal intelligence exchange.

The PKK has declared ceasefire on September 28, 2006. The cease fire call has been rejected by Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan and Chief of Staff, General Yaşar Büyükanıt. Erdoğan was quoted as saying; "A ceasefire is done between states. It is not something for the terrorist organisation,"

General Yaşar Büyükanıt said that there are European NATO member countries that support the organization.

See also

• 1995 Turkish incursion in Iraq
• 1997 Turkish incursion in Iraq
• Terrorist
• PJAK
• Casualties of the Turkish-Kurdish conflict
• Human rights of Kurdish people in Turkey
• Tara Whelan
• Village guards

Footnotes

1. "United States Department of the Treasury (www.treas.gov) - Office of Foreign Assets Control".
2. Federation of American Scientists (www.fas.org) - Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) "Fas.org". {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help)
3. "Navy.mil Web archive".
4. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6537751.stm
5. "Türkiye bir tugay askerini şehit verdi" (in Turkish). Retrieved 2007-06-09.
6. Rouleau, Eric (2000). "Turkey's Dream of Democracy". Foreign Affairs. 79 (6). {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
7. "U.S. Policy In The Mediterranean: Managing The Greece, Turkey, Cyprus Triangle" (PDF). The House of Representatives. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |lastaccessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |lastaccessyear= ignored (help)
8. MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base. "Group Profile: Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK)". Retrieved 2007-04-17.
9. "Council Decision", Council of the European Union, December 21 2005
10. Cordesman, Anthony H. Iraq and the War of Sanctions: Conventional Threats and Weapons of Mass Destruction
11. ^ "Section based on material published by the Turkish Ministry of Foreign Affairs unless specified otherwise". Retrieved December 1. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
12. ^ "Counter-Terrorism Studies". Retrieved November 3. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
13. GWU
14. Turkey in World Politics: An Emerging Multiregional Power, the section: Turkey-Greece Relations
15. Turkey: Facing a New Millennium: Coping with Intertwined Conflicts, by Amikam Nachmani
16. The Land of Many Crossroads: The Kurdish Question in Turkish Politics, by Svante E. Cornell, in Foreign Policy Research Institute (2001)
17. Denmark, again? Now it's under fire for hosting Kurdish TV station.
18. GlobalMarch report
19. Dutch police raid 'PKK paramilitary camp'
20. ^ The Roots of Islamic Terrorism: How Communists Helped Fundamentalists, by Antero Leitzinger (2005)
21. "İhanet dosyası" (in Turkish). Hurriyet. March 1, 1999. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
22. Olson, Robert W. (1996). The Kurdish Nationalist Movement in the 1990s:: Its Impact on Turkey and the Middle East. University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 0813119995.
23. ^ Stephen R. Barnhart "New International Terrorism and Political Violence." page 107-109
24. Two decoded cases: 1) August 27, 1996 mustard/sarin 2)(50 mg/l) of cyanide to three water tanks used by the Air Force.
25. ^ Cite error: The named reference militaryacts was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
26. The rise and fall of the PKK, By Michael Radu, Orbis (Winter 2001)
27. The politics of the PKK (Kurdish Workers Party): a balance sheet, By Ute Reissner and Justus Leicht, World Socialist (1999)
28. Immigration Appeals: 2nd - 3rd Quarter (2004), by Great Britain Immigration Appeal Tribunal
29. ^ Landmine Monitor
30. Lawrence E. Cline (2005) Pseudo Operations and Counterinsurgency: Lessons from other countries, Strategic Studies Institute, page 14
31. Martin A. Lee (April 12, 1998). "Turkish Dirty War Revealed, but Papal Shooting Still Obscured". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on August 31, 2005. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
32. ^ Turkey’s pivotal role in the international drug trade, Le Monde diplomatique, July 1998 Template:En icon/Template:Fr icon
33. ^ "Hepsi kandırılmış çocuklar" (in Turkish). Retrieved 2007-06-09.
34. MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base. "Incident Profile: Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia (ASALA) and Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) attacked Diplomatic target (Nov. 10, 1980, France)". Retrieved 2007-04-17.
35. The Kurdish Conflict in Turkey: Obstacles and Chances for Peace and Democracy, by Ferhad Ibrahim, Gulistan Gurbey
36. Deadly Connections: States That Sponsor Terrorism, by Daniel Byman
37. "Ocalan renounces armed struggle". Retrieved December 14. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
38. "Kurdish rebel boss in truce plea". BBC. September 28, 2006.
39. "Kurdish rebels declare ceasefire". BBC. September 30, 2006.
40. "Turkish army rejects rebel truce". BBC. October 2, 2006.
41. "Turkish PM rejects ceasefire call". BBC. September 29, 2006.
42. "PKK'ya yardım eden NATO üyesi Avrupa ülkeleri var". Hürriyet. May 22, 2007.

Sources

• http://www.guardian.co.uk/international/story/0,3604,1482808,00.html
• http://www.ict.org.il/organizations/orgdet.cfm?orgid=20

External links

• (PKK Massacres)
• PKK (official website) from archive
• No security without human rights - Amnesty International (www.amnesty.org)
• Amnesty International UK

• Misplaced Pages articles needing copy edit from January 2007
• Kurdistan Workers Party
• Irregular military
• Secessionist organizations
• Designated terrorist organizations
• Political parties established in 1978
• Crime in Turkey
• Secession in Turkey