| Revision as of 01:43, 18 May 2005 view sourceTrilobite (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users10,502 editsmNo edit summary← Previous edit | Revision as of 01:44, 18 May 2005 view source 68.162.218.195 (talk)No edit summaryNext edit → | ||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
| {| border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" align="right" style="margin: 0em 1em 0em 1em;" class="toccolours" | |||
| |+ style="font-size:larger" | '''The Right Honourable Margaret Thatcher''' | |||
| |style="background:#efefef;" align="center" colspan="2"|] | |||
| |- | |||
| |'''Period in Office:''' | |||
| |] ] – ] ] | |||
| |- | |||
| |'''PM Predecessor:''' | |||
| |] | |||
| |- | |||
| |'''PM Successor:''' | |||
| |] | |||
| |- | |||
| |'''Date of Birth:''' | |||
| |] ] | |||
| |- | |||
| |'''Place of Birth:''' | |||
| |], ] | |||
| |- | |||
| |''']:''' | |||
| |] | |||
| |- | |||
| |'''Retirement honour:''' | |||
| |]<br>Life Barony | |||
| |} | |||
| '''Margaret Hilda Thatcher, Baroness Thatcher''', ], ], ] (born ] ]) is a ] and the first female ], a position she held from ] to ]. She is a member of the ] and the eponymous figurehead of a political ideology known as ] theoretically involving reduced government spending, lower taxes and regulation and a program of ] of government-owned industries. Even before coming to power she was nicknamed the '''Iron Lady''' in ] propaganda because of her vocal opposition to communism, an appellation which stuck. | |||
| Thatcher served as ] in the government of ] from ] to ], and successfully challenged Heath for the Conservative leadership in ]. She was undefeated at the polls, winning the ], ] and ] general elections, and became the longest-serving Prime Minister of the ]. In foreign relations, Thatcher maintained the "]" with the ], and formed a close bond with ]. Thatcher also dispatched a ] task force to retake the ] from ] in the ]. | |||
| The profound changes Thatcher set in motion as Prime Minister altered much of the economic and cultural landscape of Britain. She curtailed the power of the ]s, cut back the role of the state in business, dramatically expanded home ownership, and in so doing created a more entrepreneurial culture. She also aimed to cut back the ] and foster a more flexible labor market that would create jobs and could adapt to market conditions. Exacerbated by the global recession of the early 1980s, her policies initially caused large-scale ], especially in the industrial heartlands of ], and increased wealth inequalities. From the mid 1980s Thatcher's policies inaugurated a period of sustained economic growth that led to an improvement in Britain's economic performance relative to its European peers, after decades of relative decline. | |||
| Her popularity finally declined when she replaced the unpopular ] tax with the even less popular ], more commonly known as the ]. At the same time the Conservative Party began to split over her sceptical approach to ] ]. Her leadership was challenged from within and she was forced to resign in ], her loss at least partly due to inadequate advice and campaigning. In ] she was appointed '''Baroness Thatcher'''; since then her direct political work has been within the ] and as head of the Thatcher Foundation. | |||
| ==Early life and education== | |||
| Thatcher was born '''Margaret Hilda Roberts''' in the town of ] in ] in eastern ]. Her father was Alfred Roberts who ran a grocers' shop in the town and was active in local politics, serving as an ] (while officially described as '] Independent', in practice he supported the local ]). When the ] won control of Grantham Council in ], Alfred Roberts was not re-elected as an Alderman, a decision which affected Thatcher deeply. | |||
| She did well at school, going on to a girls' ] and then to ], ] from ] where she studied ]. She became Chairman of Oxford University Conservative Association in ], the third woman to hold the post. She obtained a second class degree and worked as a research chemist for British Xylonite and then Lyons & Company, where she helped develop methods for preserving ]. She was a member of the team that developed the first soft frozen ice cream. | |||
| ==Political career between 1950 and 1970== | |||
| In the election of ] she was the youngest woman Conservative candidate but fought in the ] Labour seat of ]. She fought the seat again in the ] election. Her activity in the Conservative Party in ] brought her into contact with ]; they fell in love and were married later in ]. Denis Thatcher was a wealthy businessman and funded his wife to read for the ]. She qualified as a ] in ], the same year that her twin children, ] and ] were born. On returning to work, she specialised in ] issues. | |||
| Thatcher had begun to look for a safe Conservative seat, and was narrowly rejected as candidate for ] in ]. She had several other rejections before being selected for ] in April ]. She easily won the seat in the ] election and took her seat in the ]. Unusually, her ] was made in support of her ] which was successful and forced local councils to hold meetings in public. | |||
| She was given an early promotion to the front bench as ] at the ] in September ], keeping the post until the Conservatives lost power in the ] election. When ] stepped down, Thatcher voted for ] in the leadership election over ], and was rewarded with the job of Conservative spokesman on Housing and Land. She moved to the Shadow ] Team after ]. | |||
| Thatcher was one of few Conservative MPs to support the Bill to decriminalise male ], and she voted in favour of the principle of ]'s Bill to legalise ]. However she was opposed to the abolition of ]. She made her mark as a conference speaker in ] with a strong attack on the ]ation policy of the Labour Government as being steps "not only towards ], but towards ]". She won promotion to the ] as Shadow Fuel Spokesman in ], and was then promoted to shadow Transport and finally Education before the ] ]. | |||
| ==In Heath's Cabinet== | |||
| When the Conservatives won the 1970 election, Thatcher became ] and Science. In her first months in office, forced to administer a cut in the Education ], she decided that abolishing free ] in schools would be less harmful than other measures. Nevertheless, this provoked a storm of public protest, earning her the nickname "Maggie Thatcher, milk snatcher", coined by '']''. Her term was marked by many proposals for more local education authorities to abolish ]s and adopt ], of which she approved, even though this was widely seen as a left-wing policy. Thatcher also defended the budget of the ] from attempts to cut it. | |||
| After the Conservative defeat in ] ], she was again promoted to be Shadow Environment Secretary. In this job she promoted a policy of abolishing the ] that paid for local government services, which proved a popular policy within the Conservative Party. However she agreed with ] that the Heath Government had lost control of ]. After Heath lost the second election that year, Joseph and other ]ers declined to challenge his leadership but Thatcher decided that she would. Unexpectedly she outpolled him on the first ballot and won the job on the second, in February ]. She appointed Heath's preferred successor ] as her ]. | |||
| ==As Leader of the Opposition== | |||
| On ] ] she made a speech at Kensington Town Hall in which she made a scathing attack on the ]. The most controversial part of her speech ran: | |||
| :"The Russians are bent on world dominance, and they are rapidly acquiring the means to become the most powerful imperial nation the world has seen. The men in the Soviet ''Politburo'' do not have to worry about the ebb and flow of public opinion. They put guns before butter, while we put just about everything before guns." | |||
| In response, the Soviet Defence Ministry newspaper ''Red Star'' gave her the nickname "The Iron Lady", which was soon publicised by ] world service. She took delight in the name and it soon became associated with her image as an unwavering and steadfast character. She acquired many other nicknames such as "The Great She-Elephant", "Attila the Hen", and "The Grocer's Daughter". The last nickname was due to her father's profession, but coined at a time when she was considered as ]'s ally; he had been nicknamed "The Grocer" by ]. | |||
| At first she appointed many Heath supporters in the Shadow Cabinet and throughout her administrations sought to have a cabinet that reflected the broad range of opinions in the Conservative Party. Thatcher had to act cautiously in converting the Conservative Party to her ] beliefs. She reversed Heath's support for ] to ]. An interview she gave to ]'s ] programme in ], in which she spoke of her concerns about immigrants "swamping" Britain, aroused particular controversy as immigration was a substantial party issue at that time. Most opinion polls showed that voters preferred ] as Prime Minister even when the Conservative Party was in the lead, but the Labour Government's severe difficulties with the ]s over the winter of 1978–], dubbed the ']', put the Conservatives well ahead in the ] and Thatcher became the first female Prime Minister. | |||
| ==As Prime Minister== | |||
| ===1979–1983=== | |||
| ].]] | |||
| She formed a government on ] ], with a mandate to reverse Britain's economic decline and to reduce the extent of the state. Thatcher was incensed by one contemporary view within the ] that its job was to manage Britain's decline from the days of ], and wanted the country to punch above its weight in international affairs. She was a ] soulmate with ], elected in ] in the ], and to a lesser extent ], who was elected around the same time in ]. It seemed for a time that conservatism might be the dominant political philosophy in the major English-speaking nations for the era. | |||
| In ] ] prisoners in ] prison went on ] to regain the status of political prisoners, which had been revoked shortly before. ], the first of the strikers, was elected as an ] for the constituency of ] a few weeks before his death. Thatcher refused at first to countenance a return to political status for the IRA men, famously declaring "A crime is a crime". However after nine more men starved themselves to death, and in the face of growing anger on both sides of the ] border she finally allowed a few concessions to be made to the IRA prisoners. The anger generated during this crisis led indirectly to ]'s later successes and was a powerful morale boost for a demoralised IRA. | |||
| Thatcher also continued the policy of "]" of the previous Labour government and its ], ], believing that the unionists of Ulster should be to the forefront in combating Irish republicanism. This meant relieving the burden on the mainstream ] and elevating the role of the ] and the ]. | |||
| Thatcher began by increasing interest rates to drive down the money supply. She had a preference for indirect taxation over taxes on income, ] (VAT) rose sharply to 15% with the result that ] initially rose. These moves hit businesses, especially in the ] sector, and ] quickly passed two million. However her early tax policy reforms were based on ]. There was a severe recession in the early ], and the Government's economic policy was widely blamed. Political commentators harked back to the Heath Government's "U-turn" and speculated that Mrs Thatcher would follow suit, but she repudiated this approach at the ] Conservative Party conference, telling the party "You turn if you want to. The lady's not for turning". That she meant what she said was confirmed in the ] budget, when despite an open letter from 364 economists, taxes were increased in the middle of a recession. Though unemployment reached 3 million in ] ], the inflation rate dropped in to single figures and ]s were able to fall. By the time of the ] election the economy was re-stabilising on a new norm, and was far stronger in economic and entrepreneurial terms than previously. This low inflation approach became copied widely. | |||
| On ] ], ] forces invaded the ], a British territory ]. Thatcher immediately sent a ] to the Falklands, which ], resulting in a wave of ] enthusiasm for her personally, even though her popularity before the war was at an all time low for a serving Prime Minister. The landslide victory of the Conservatives in the ] is often ascribed to the 'Falklands Effect'. Her ']' policy of allowing residents of ] to buy their homes at a discount did much to increase her popularity in ] areas, although this meant that a housing shortage was to develop for those unable to do so. | |||
| ===1983–1987=== | |||
| Thatcher was committed to reducing the power of the ]s but, unlike the Heath government, proceeded by way of incremental change rather than a single Act. Several unions decided to launch ]s which were wholly or partly aimed at damaging her politically. The most significant of these was carried out by the ] (NUM). Thatcher had made preparations for the NUM strike by building up ] stocks. As a result, there were no cuts in electric power. Picket line violence, coupled with the fact that the NUM had not held a ballot to approve strike action (a recent Act had made such an action illegal), contrived to swing public opinion on her side - although predominantly in the South. The ] lasted a full year (]–]) before the miners were forced to give in and go back to work without a deal. After this strike, trade union resistance to reform was much reduced and a succession of changes were made. | |||
| On the early morning of ] ], Thatcher escaped injury from a ] planted by the ] in ]'s Grand Hotel during the Conservative Party conference. Five people died in the attack, including the wife of the government's ], ]. A prominent member of the Cabinet, ], was injured, along with his wife, Margaret, who was left paralyzed. Thatcher insisted that the Conference open on time the next day and made her speech as planned. | |||
| Thatcher's political and economic philosophy emphasised ]s and ]ialism. Since gaining power, she had experimented in selling off a small ] industry, the National Freight company, to the public, with a surprisingly large response. After the 1983 election, the Government became bolder and sold off most of the large utilities which had been in public ownership since the late ]. Many in the public took advantage of ] offers, although many sold their shares immediately for a quick profit. The policy of ] became synonymous with ] and has since been exported across the globe. | |||
| In the ] Mrs Thatcher supported ]'s policies of ] against the Soviets. ] forces were permitted by Mrs Thatcher to station nuclear ]s at British bases, arousing mass protests by the ]. She had no objections to the US bombing raid on ] from bases in Britain in ], and her liking for defence ties with the United States was demonstrated in the ] when she acted with colleagues to prevent the helicopter manufacturer ], a vital defence contractor, from linking with the Italian firm ] in favour of a link with ] of the United States. Defence Secretary ], who had pushed the Agusta deal, resigned in protest at her style of leadership, and thereafter became a potential leadership challenger. | |||
| In ], the ] voted to refuse her an honorary degree in protest against her cuts in funding for education. This award had always previously been given to Prime Ministers who had been educated at Oxford. | |||
| In ], Margaret Thatcher's government controversially abolished the ] (GLC), led by ], and six ] (MCCs). The government claimed this was an efficiency measure. However it is widely believed to have been politically motivated as all of the abolished councils were controlled by Labour, and had become powerful centres of opposition to her government. | |||
| Between 1983 and 1987, Thatcher had two noted foreign policy successes. In ] she visited China and signed the ] with ] on ] stating the basic policies of the ] regarding ] after the handover in ]. At the ] summit of 1984, Thatcher argued that the United Kingdom paid far more to the ] than it received in spending and negotiated a budget ]. She was widely quoted as saying "We want our money back". | |||
| ===1987–1990=== | |||
| By winning the ] she became the first ] to win three consecutive general elections since ], who was in office from ]–]. Most ] supported her, with the exception of '']'' and '']'', and were rewarded with regular press briefings by her press secretary, ]. She was known as "Maggie" in the ]s, which in turn led to the well-known ], sung throughout that period by some of her opponents. She was also felt to have created a significant North-South divide between the "haves" and the "have nots" since the South was the main beneficiary of new Financial and Service industries, and the North was hit hard by ] and mass ] due to loss of traditional ] such as mining, steel production and ship building. | |||
| In the late 1980's Thatcher began to be concerned by environmental policy, which she had previously dismissed. In ] she made a major speech accepting the problems of ], ] and ] and in 1990 she opened the ] for climate prediction and research that she had caused to be founded . | |||
| At ] in ] Thatcher made a speech in which she outlined her opposition to proposals from the ] for a federal structure and increasing centralisation of decision-making. Although she had supported British membership, Thatcher believed that the role of the EC should be limited to ensuring free trade and effective competition, and feared that new EC regulations would reverse the changes she was making in Britain. She was specifically against ], through which a single currency would replace national currencies, and for which the EC was making preparations. | |||
| Thatcher started to lose popularity in ], as the economy suffered from high interest rates imposed to stop an unsustainable ]. She blamed her Chancellor, ], who had been following an economic policy which was a preparation for monetary union; Thatcher claimed not to have been told and did not approve. At the ] European summit, Lawson and Foreign Secretary ] forced Thatcher to agree the circumstances in which she would join the ], a preparation for monetary union. Thatcher took revenge on both by demoting Howe and listening more to her adviser Sir ] on economic matters. Lawson resigned that October, feeling that Thatcher had undermined him. | |||
| That November Thatcher was challenged for the leadership of the Conservative Party by Sir ]. As Meyer was a virtually unknown ] MP, he was viewed as a "]" candidate for more prominent members of the party. Thatcher easily defeated Meyer's challenge, but there were sixty ballot papers either cast for Meyer or abstaining, a surprisingly large number. | |||
| Thatcher's new system to replace local government rates was introduced for ] in ] and for ] in ]. These were replaced by the "Community Charge" (more widely known as the ]) which applied at the same amount to every individual resident, with only limited discounts for low earners. This was to be the most unpopular policy of her premiership. The Charge was introduced early in Scotland as the rateable values would in any case have been reassessed in 1989; however, it led to accusations that Scotland was a 'testing ground' for the tax. Thatcher apparently believed that the new tax would be popular, and had been persuaded by Scottish Conservatives to bring it in early and in one go. Despite her hopes, the early introduction led to a sharp decline in the popularity of the Conservative party in Scotland. | |||
| Additional problems emerged when many of the tax rates set by local councils proved to be much higher than many earlier predictions. Some have argued that local councils saw the introduction of the new system of taxation as the opportunity to make significant increases in the amount taken, assuming (correctly) that it would be the originators of the new tax system and not its local operators who would be blamed. | |||
| A large London demonstration against the poll tax on ] ], which was the day before it was introduced in England and Wales, turned into a ]. Millions of people resisted paying the tax. Opponents of the tax banded together to resist ]s and disrupt ] hearings of poll tax ]ors. Mrs Thatcher refused to compromise, or change the tax, and its unpopularity was a major factor in Thatcher's downfall. One of her final acts in office was to pressure US President ] to deploy troops to the ] to drive ]'s army out of ]. Bush was somewhat apprehensive about the plan, but Thatcher famously told him that this was "no time to go wobbly!" | |||
| On the Friday before the Conservative Party conference in October 1990, Thatcher persuaded her new Chancellor ] to reduce interest rates by 1%. Major persuaded her that the only way to maintain monetary stability was to join the Exchange Rate Mechanism at the same time, despite not meeting the 'Madrid conditions'. The conference that year saw a degree of unity break out within the Conservative Party. Few who attended could have realised that Mrs Thatcher had only a matter of weeks left in office. | |||
| ===Fall from power=== | |||
| ] | |||
| By ] opposition to Thatcher's policies on local government taxation, her Government's perceived mis-handling of the economy (especially high ] of 15% which were undermining her core voting base within the home-owning, entrepreneurial and business sectors), the divisions opening within her party and in the broader political landscape over the appropriate handling of ] due to Thatcher's ], the growing internal strife within her party that was partly seen as stemming from her leadership, and her perceived arrogance in ignoring others' views, made her and her party seem increasingly politically vulnerable to internal challenge. | |||
| A challenge was precipitated by the resignation of Sir ] on ], whom Thatcher had been humiliating in Cabinet meetings. Howe condemned Thatcher's policy on the ] and openly invited "others to consider their own response", which led ] to announce his challenge for party leadership (and hence Prime Minister). In the first ballot, Thatcher was two votes short of winning automatic re-election, a small but critical margin. | |||
| This was probably at least in part due to mismanagement; she had fatally decided to be out of the country at a conference in Paris, and her advisors appear to have underestimated the seriousness of the matter and the need to campaign, reassure and cajole potentially wavering supporters that would achieve the necessary first round win and put paid to talk of doubts. On consulting with cabinet colleagues, a large majority felt that, the first round not being a clear win, she would lose the second run-off ballot. | |||
| On ], at just after 9:30 AM, Mrs Thatcher announced that she would not be a candidate in the second ballot and therefore her term of office would come to an end. She supported ] as her successor, and retired from Parliament at the ] election. | |||
| ==Post-political career== | |||
| In ] she was made Baroness Thatcher of Kesteven in the County of Lincolnshire, and entered the ]. In addition, Denis Thatcher, her husband, had been given a ]cy in 1991 (ensuring that their son, Mark, would inherit a title). In July of that year, she was also hired by tobacco giant ], now the ], as a "geopolitical consultant" for US$250,000 per year and an annual contribution of US$250,000 to her Foundation. In practice, she helped them break into markets in ], the former Soviet Union, China, and ], as well as fight against a proposed EC ban on tobacco advertising. | |||
| She wrote her ]s in two volumes. Although she remained supportive in public, in private she made her displeasure with many of John Major's policies plain, and her views were conveyed to the press and widely reported. Major later said he found her behaviour in retrospect to have been intolerable. She publicly endorsed ] for the Conservative leadership in ]. | |||
| ] during ] in ], in ].]] | |||
| In ] she made a highly publicised and controversial visit to the former Chilean dictator ] during the time he was under house arrest in London facing charges of ], conspiracy to torture and conspiracy to ], and expressed her support and friendship for him.. Pinochet had been a key ally in the Falklands conflict. | |||
| She made many speaking engagements around the world, and actively supported the Conservative election campaign in ]. However, on ] ] she was told by her doctors to make no more public speeches on health grounds, having suffered several small ]s which left her in a very frail state. In ] she visited ] ] of ] and compared his offices to those of ]'s War Room. Although she was able to attend the funeral in ] of former ] ], her eulogy for him was pre-taped to prevent undue stress. | |||
| She remains involved with various Thatcherite groups, including being president of the ] group, who held a dinner at the ] in honour of the 25th Anniversary of her election. She is honorary president of the ], which takes its name from her ] speech at ] where she was first openly hostile to developments in the ]. She is also patron of the Eurosceptic ] founded by the Conservative MP ]. She was widowed on ] ]. | |||
| ==Legacy== | |||
| ] | |||
| Many United Kingdom citizens remember where they were and what they were doing when they heard that Margaret Thatcher had resigned and what their reaction was. She brings out strong responses in people. Some people credit her with rescuing the British economy from the stagnation of the ] and admire her committed ]ism on social issues. Others see her as authoritarian and egotistical. She is accused of dismantling of the ] and of destroying much of Britain's manufacturing base. The first charge reflects her government's rhetoric more than its actions, as it actually did little to reduce welfare expenditure, despite its desire to do so. The second charge is credible in that there was a major fall in manufacturing employment, and some industries almost disappeared, but her supporters would argue that that was necessary to modernise the British economy. Britain was widely seen as the "]" in the 1970s, and some argued that it would be the first developed nation to return to the status of a developing country. Instead, Britain emerged with a comparatively healthy economy, at least by previous standards. Her supporters claim that this was due to Margaret Thatcher's policies. | |||
| Critics of this view believe that the economic problems of the 1970s were exaggerated, and were caused largely by factors outside any UK government's control, such as high ] prices caused by the ] which led to high ] and damaged the economies of nearly all major industrial countries. Accordingly, they also argue that the economic downturn was not the result of ] and ]s, as Thatcherite supporters claim. Critics also argue that the Thatcher period in government coincided with a general improvement in the world economy, and the buoyant ] revenues from ], and that these were the real cause of the improved economic environment of the ] rather than Margaret Thatcher's policies. | |||
| Perceptions of Margaret Thatcher are mixed in the view of the British public. A clear illustration of the divisions of opinion over Thatcher's leadership can be found in recent television polls: Thatcher appears at Number 16 in the ] List of "]", which was the highest placing for a living person. She also appears at Number 3 in the ] List of "]", which was confined to only those living, narrowly missing out on the top spot, which went to ]. In the end, however, few could argue that here was a woman who played a more important role on the world stage in the ], and even the ] ] ] has implicitly and explicitly acknowledged her importance by continuing many of her economic policies. | |||
| Another view divides her economic legacy in two parts: market efficiency and long-term growth. The first part, due to her reforms, is considered good. Evidence for this is the low unemployment rate, due to labour market reforms, such as her laws for trade union weakening and refusal of a minimum wage, or deregulation of financial markets, which has helped the City retain her leader position as the main European financial center, or her push for increased competition in telecommunications and other public utilities businesses, while long-term growth, according to available data is considered low, due to lack of civil research and development spending, low education standards and ineffective job training policies. | |||
| Many of her policies have proved to be divisive. In Scotland, Wales and the urban and former mining areas of northern England she is still unpopular and many retain strong feelings about her. Many people remember the hardships of the miners strike, which destroyed many mining communities, and the decline of industry as service industries boomed. This was reflected in the 1987 general election, which she won by a landslide through winning large numbers of seats in southern England and the rural farming areas of northern England while winning few seats in the rest of the country. | |||
| Perceptions abroad broadly follow the same political divisions. On the left, Margaret Thatcher is generally regarded as somebody who used force to quash social movements, and imposed social reforms that disregarded the interests of the ] and instead favoured the ] and business. Satirists have often caricatured her; for instance, ] singer ] wrote a song, ''Miss Maggie'', which lauded women as refraining from many of the silly behaviors of males – and every time making an exception for "Mrs Thatcher". She will be remembered, too, for famously declaring in a 1987 interview that "there is no such thing as society" . On the economically ] right Thatcher is often remembered with some fondness as somebody who dared to confront powerful unions and removed harmful constraints on the economy, though many do not openly claim to be following her example given the strong feelings that Mrs Thatcher elicits in many. | |||
| Her son, Sir ], has been dogged by a series of controversies. As of late 2004, he was under ] in ] facing charges of abetting a ] attempt in ]. These reports have been received with considerable '']'' by those in Britain less than impressed by the Thatcher legacy. | |||
| ==Titles and honours== | |||
| ===Titles from birth=== | |||
| Here is a list of titles the Baroness Thatcher held from birth in chronological order: | |||
| *Miss Margaret Roberts (]-]) | |||
| *Mrs. Denis Thatcher (]-]) | |||
| *''The Right Honourable'' Margaret Thatcher (]-]) | |||
| *''The Right Honourable'' Lady Thatcher (]-]) | |||
| *''The Right Honourable'' The Baroness Thatcher (since ]) | |||
| ===Honours=== | |||
| *] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| ==See also== | |||
| {{Wikiquote|Margaret Thatcher}} | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| *Satirical look at an ageing Thatcherite tycoon. | |||
| == References == | |||
| ===Books=== | |||
| *''Statecraft: Strategies for Changing World'' by Margaret Thatcher (HarperCollins, 2002) ISBN 0060199733 | |||
| *''The Collected Speeches of Margaret Thatcher'' by Margaret Thatcher (HarperCollins, 1999) ISBN 0060187344 | |||
| *''The Collected Speeches of Margaret Thatcher'' by Margaret Thatcher, Robin Harris (editor) (HarperCollins, 1997) ISBN 0002557037 | |||
| *''The Path to Power'' by Margaret Thatcher (HarperCollins, 1995) ISBN 0002550504 | |||
| *''The Downing Street Years'' by Margaret Thatcher (HarperCollins, 1993) ISBN 0002553546 | |||
| === Biographies === | |||
| *"The Anatomy of Thatcherism" by Shirley Robin Letwin (Flamingo, 1992) ISBN 0006862438 | |||
| *''Memories of Maggie'' Edited by Iain Dale (], 2000) ISBN 190230151X | |||
| *''Britain Under Thatcher'' by Anthony Seldon & Daniel Collings (Longman, 1999) ISBN 0582317142 | |||
| *''Thatcher for Beginners'' by Peter Pugh and Paul Flint (Icon Books, 1997) ISBN 1874166536 | |||
| *''One of Us: Life of Margaret Thatcher'' by Hugo Young (Macmillan, 1989) ISBN 0333344391 | |||
| *''The Iron Lady: A Biography of Margaret Thatcher'' by Hugo Young (Farrar Straus & Giroux, 1989) ISBN 0374226512 | |||
| *''Margaret, daughter of Beatrice'' by Leo Abse (Jonathan Cape, 1989) ISBN 0224027263 | |||
| *''Mrs.Thatcher's Revolution: Ending of the Socialist Era'' by Peter Jenkins (Jonathan Cape, 1987) ISBN 0224025163 | |||
| *''The Thatcher Phenomenon'' by Hugo Young (BBC, 1986) ISBN 0563204729 | |||
| *"My Style of Government: The Thatcher Years" by Nicholas Ridley (Hutchinson, 1991) ISBN 0091750512 | |||
| ==External links== | |||
| * | |||
| * — Written on the 10th anniversary of her resignation on ] | |||
| * — President ] talks about Thatcher resignation | |||
| * — New York Times marks Thatcher's resignation | |||
| * | |||
| {{start box}} | |||
| {{succession box | before=] | title=] | years=1970–1974 | after=]}} | |||
| {{succession box two to one | before1=] | title1=] | years1=1975–1990 | after=] | before2=] | title2=] | years2=1979–1990}} | |||
| {{end box}} | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||