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THIS IS THE LANGUAGE OF FUCKING NAZI'S!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! OH MY FUCKING GODDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
{{Infobox Language
|name = Turkish
|nativename = {{lang|tr|Türkçe}}
|pronunciation =
|familycolor = Altaic
|states = ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], and by immigrant communities in ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], and other countries of the ]
|speakers = <!--Note that this is the world total-->65–73 million native
|region = ], ], ], ]
|rank = 15–16 (native)
|fam1 = ] (])
|fam2 = ]
|fam3 = ]
|fam4 = Western Oghuz
|script = ] (])
|nation = ], ], ], ], ]{{smallsup|*}}<br/> {{smallsup|*}}<small>In municipalities with more than 20% Turkish speakers.</small>
|agency = ]
|iso1 = tr
|iso2 = tur
|iso3 = tur
|map = ]<br/><center><small>Countries with significant Turkish-speaking populations<br/>(Click on image for the legend)</center></small>
}}
'''Turkish''' (''{{lang|tr|Türkçe}}'', {{Audio-IPA|Turkce.ogg|}}) is a language spoken by 65–73 million people worldwide, predominantly in ], with smaller communities of speakers in ], ] and ], as well as by several million ]s in ], particularly ], making it the most commonly spoken of the ].

The roots of the language can be traced to ], with the first written records dating back nearly 1,200 years. To the west, the influence of ]—the immediate precursor of today's Turkish—spread as the ] expanded. In 1928, as one of ] in the early years of the new ], the ] was replaced with a phonetic variant of the ]. Concurrently, the newly founded ] initiated a drive to reform the language by removing ] and ] loanwords in favor of native variants and coinages from Turkic roots.

The distinctive characteristics of Turkish are ] and extensive ]. The basic word order of Turkish is ]. Turkish has a ]: second-person plural forms can be used for individuals as a sign of respect. Turkish also has no ]es or ].

==Classification==
{{Main|Turkic languages|Altaic languages}}

]

Turkish is a member of the Turkish, or Western, subgroup of the ], which includes ] and ]. The Oghuz languages form the Southwestern subgroup of the ], a language family comprising some thirty living languages spoken across ], ] and ], which some linguists believe to be a part of a larger ].<ref name="Ethnologue Altaic">{{cite web|author=Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.)|authorlink=Ethnologue|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=90009|title=Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Fifteenth edition. Language Family Trees - Altaic|accessdate=2007-03-18|date=2005}}</ref> About 40% of Turkic language speakers are Turkish speakers.<ref name="LanguagesOfTheWorld">Katzner</ref> The characteristic features of Turkish, such as ], ], and lack of ], are universal within the Turkic family and the Altaic languages.<ref name="LanguagesOfTheWorld"/> There is a high degree of ] between Turkish and the other Oghuz languages, including ], ], ], and ].<ref name="Language Materials Project">{{cite web|publisher=] International Institute, Center for World Languages|url=http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?LangID=67&menu=004|title=Language Materials Project: Turkish|accessdate=2007-04-26|date=February 2007}}</ref>

==History==
{{seealso|Turkic peoples|History of the Turkic peoples}}

] inscription with the ] (c. 8th century). ], ]]]

The first records of the ] date back to some time between 732 and 735, when two monumental inscriptions were erected in the ] in honour of the ] prince ] and his brother Emperor ]. After the discovery and excavation of the monuments and associated stone slabs in the wider area by ]n archaeologists between 1889–93, it became established that the language on the inscriptions was the ] written using the ], which has also been referred to as "Turkic runes" or "runiform" due to an external similarity to the ] ]s.<ref name="Ishjatms">Ishjatms</ref> With the ] during ] (c. ]–]), peoples speaking Turkic languages spread across ], covering a vast geographical region stretching from ] to ] and the ]. The ] of the ], in particular, brought their language, ], the direct ancestor of today's Turkish language, into ] during the ].<ref name="Findley">Findley</ref>. Also during the ], an early ] of the Turkic languages, ] from the ], published the first comprehensive dictionary of Turkic languages, the ''Compendium of the Turkic Dialects'' (Ottoman Turkish: ''Divânü Lügati't-Türk''), which also included the first known map of the geographical distribution of Turkic speakers.<ref name="Soucek">Soucek</ref>

===Ottoman Turkish===
{{Main|Ottoman Turkish language}}
Following the adoption of ] c. 950 by the ] and the ], regarded as the cultural ancestors of the ], the administrative language of these states acquired a rather large collection of loanwords from ] and ]. ] during the Ottoman period, in particular ], was heavily influenced by Persian, including the adoption of poetic meters and a great quantity of borrowings. During the course of over six hundred years of the ] (c. 1299–1922), the literary and official language of the empire was a mixture of Turkish, Persian and Arabic, which differed considerably from everyday spoken Turkish of the time, and is termed ].

===Language reform and modern Turkish===
The literacy rates rose to 48.4% among males and 20.7% among females in 1950.<ref name=popindex>{{cite journal |last=Taeuber|first=Irene B.|year=1958|month=April|title=Population and Modernization in Turkey|journal=Population Index|volume=24|issue=2|pages=110|id={{OCLC|41483131}}|accessdate=2007-04-27|url=http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0032-4701%28195804%2924%3A2%3C101%3APAMIT%3E2.0.CO%3B2-Z|laysummary=http://www.jstor.org/journals/00324701.html|laysource=JSTOR}}|thumb|right|300px]]</ref>
After the foundation of the ], and following the ], the ] (TDK) was established under the patronage of ] in ], with the aim of conducting research on Turkish. One of the tasks of the newly established association was to initiate a ] to replace loanwords of Arabic and Persian origin with Turkish equivalents.<ref>See Lewis (2002) for a thorough treatment of the Turkish language reform.</ref> By banning the usage of replaced loanwords in the press, the association succeeded in removing several hundred foreign words from the language. While most of the words introduced to the language by the TDK were newly derived from ] roots, it also opted for reviving Old Turkish words which had not been used for centuries.<ref name="TDK History"/>

Due to this sudden change in the language, older and younger people in Turkey started to differ in vocabularies they used. While the generations born before the ] tend to use the older terms of Arabic or Persian origin, the younger generations favor new expressions. It is particularly ironic that Atatürk himself, in his ] to the new ] in 1927, used a style of Ottoman diction which today sounds so alien that it has had to be "translated" twice into modern Turkish: first in 1963, then again in 1986.<ref>Lewis (2002): 2–3.</ref> There is also a political dimension to the language debate, with conservative groups tending to use more archaic words in the press or everyday language.

The past few decades have seen the continuing work of the TDK to coin new Turkish words to express new concepts and technologies as they enter the language, mostly from ]. Many of these new words, particularly ] terms, have received widespread acceptance, but the TDK is occasionally criticized for coining words which sound contrived and artificial. Some earlier coinages, too, such as ''bölem'' (to replace ''fırka'', "political party"), failed to meet with popular approval. In fact ''fırka'' has been replaced by the French loanword ''parti''. Some words restored from ] have taken on specialized meanings: for example ''betik'' (originally meaning "book") is now used to mean '']'' in ].

Many of the words derived by TDK coexist with their older counterparts. This usually happens when a loanword changes its original meaning. For instance ''dert'', derived from the Persian word ''dard'' (درد "pain"), is used in Turkish to mean "problem" or "trouble"; whereas the native Turkish word ''ağrı'' is used for physical pain. Sometimes the loanword has a slightly different meaning from the native Turkish word, giving rise to a situation similar to the coexistence of ] and ] words in English (see ]). Among some of the old words that were replaced are terms in ], ], some months' names and many nouns and adjectives. Some examples of modern Turkish words and the old loanwords are:
{| class = "wikitable"
|-
! align=left | Ottoman Turkish
! align=left | Modern Turkish
! align=left | English translation
! align=left | Comments
|- valign=top
|-
|müselles || ''üçgen'' || triangle || Compound of the noun ''üç'' ("three") and the very old Turkic noun ''gen'' ("tension", "side")
|-
|tayyare || ''uçak'' || airplane || Derived from the verb ''uçmak'' ("to fly")
|-
|nispet || ''oran'' || ratio || The old word is still used in the language today together with the new one. Modern word is from ] verb ''or-'' (to cut).
|-
|şimal || ''kuzey'' || north || Derived from the ] noun ''kuz'' ("cold and dark place", "shadow"). The word is restored from ] usage<ref>Mütercim Asım, "'']''", İstanbul 1799.</ref>.
|-
|Teşrini-evvel || ''Ekim'' || October || The noun ''ekim'' means "the action of planting", referring to the planting of cereal seeds in autumn, which is widespread in Turkey
|}
{{mainlist|List of replaced loanwords in Turkish}}

==Geographic distribution==
{{seealso|Turkish diaspora}}

<!--NOTICE: Please do not remove/change the following image (Image:TurkishRoadSign-WelcomeToEurope Modified.jpg) as it is referred from within the text to illustrate some linguistic concepts-->] into Europe in ]. Photo taken during the 28th ] in 2006]]

Turkish is natively spoken by the ] in Turkey and by the ] in some 30 other countries. In particular, Turkish speaking minorities exist in countries that formerly (in whole or part) belonged to the ], such as ], ], ] (primarily in ]), the ], ], and ].<ref name="Ethnologue Turkish">{{cite web|author=Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.)|authorlink=Ethnologue|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=tur|title=Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Fifteenth edition. Report for language code:tur (Turkish)|accessdate=2007-03-18|date=2005}}</ref> More than two million Turkish speakers live in ], and there are significant Turkish speaking communities in ], the ], ], ], ] and the ].<ref name="Turks in the European Union">{{cite web|author=, ]|publisher=Turkish Industrialists' and Businessmen's Association|url=http://www.tusiad.org/haberler/basin/ab/9.pdf|title=The European Turks: Gross Domestic Product, Working Population, Entrepreneurs and Household Data|format=PDF|accessdate=2007-01-06|date=2003}}</ref> But due to the ] of Turkish immigrants in host countries, not all ethnic Turkish immigrants speak the language with native fluency.

The number of native speakers in Turkey is about 60–67 million, corresponding to about 90–93 percent of the population, and 65–73 million native speakers exist worldwide.<ref name="LanguagesOfTheWorld"/><ref name="Eurobarometer">{{Citation|author=|publisher=] Directorate of General Press and Communication|url=http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_243_en.pdf|title=Special Eurobarometer 243 / Wave 64.3: Europeans and their Languages|format=PDF|accessdate=2007-03-28|date=February 2006}}</ref> Turkish is spoken as a first or second language by almost all of Turkey's residents, with ] making up most of the remainder (about 3,950,000 as estimated in 1980).<ref name="Ethnologue Kurdish">{{cite web|author=Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.)|authorlink=Ethnologue|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=kmr|title=Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Fifteenth edition. Report for language code:kmr (Kurdish)|accessdate=2007-03-18|date=2005}}</ref> However, most linguistic minorities in Turkey are bilingual, speaking Turkish as a second language to levels of native fluency.

===Official status===
Turkish is the official language of ], and is one of the official languages of ]. It also has official (but not primary) status in the ] of ] as well as several municipalities of ], depending on the concentration of Turkish-speaking local population.

In Turkey, the regulatory body for Turkish is the ] (''Türk Dil Kurumu'' or TDK), which was founded in 1932 under the name ''Türk Dili Tetkik Cemiyeti'' ("Society for Research on the Turkish Language"). The Turkish Language Association was influenced by the ] ideology and one of its primary tasks was the replacement of loanwords and foreign grammatical constructions with equivalents of Turkish origin,<ref>The name TDK itself exemplifies this process. The words ''tetkik'' and ''cemiyet'' in the original name are both Arabic loanwords (the final ''-i'' of ''cemiyeti'' being a Turkish possessive suffix); ''kurum'' is a native Turkish word based on the verb ''kurmak'', "set up, found".</ref> which, together with the adoption of the new ] in 1928, shaped the modern Turkish language spoken today (see ]). TDK became an independent body in 1951, with the lifting of the requirement that it should be presided over by the Minister of Education. This status continued until August, 1983, when it was again made into a governmental body in the ] following the military ].<ref name="TDK History">{{cite web|author=Turkish Language Association|authorlink=Turkish Language Association|url=http://www.tdk.gov.tr/TR/BelgeGoster.aspx?F6E10F8892433CFFAAF6AA849816B2EF2858DA18F4388CDD|title=Türk Dil Kurumu - Tarihçe (History of the Turkish Language Association)|accessdate=2007-03-18|}}{{tr icon}}</ref>

===Dialects===
]

] Turkish is established as the official ] of Turkey. In spite of the ] influence of the standard used in ] and ] since the ], dialectal variation persists.<ref name="Johanson">{{cite paper|author=Johanson, Lars|title=Discoveries on the Turkic linguistic map|publisher=Swedish Research Institute in Istanbul|date=2001|url=http://www.srii.org/Map.pdf|format=PDF|accessdate=2007-03-18}}</ref> Academically, researchers from Turkey often refer to Turkish dialects as ''ağız'' or ''şive'', leading to an ambiguity with the linguistic concept of ], which is also covered with these same words. Projects investigating Turkish dialects are being carried out by several universities, as well as a dedicated work group of the ] and work is currently in progress for the compilation and publication of the research as a comprehensive dialect ] of the Turkish language.<ref name="Dialects Workshop">Özsoy</ref><ref name="Dialects TDK">{{cite journal|last=Akalın|first=Şükrü Haluk|title=Türk Dil Kurumu'nun 2002 yılı çalışmaları (Turkish Language Association progress report for 2002)|journal=Türk Dili|issn= 1301-465X|volume=85|issue=613|url=http://www.tdk.gov.tr/TR/dosyagoster.aspx?DIL=1&BELGEANAH=2693&DOSYAISIM=calismalar2002.pdf|format=PDF|accessdate=2007-03-18|year=2003|month=January}}{{tr icon}}</ref>

The standard dialect of the Turkish language is ''İstanbul''. ''Rumelice'' is spoken by ] from ], and includes the distinct dialects of ], Dinler and Adakale influenced by the theoretized ]. ''Kıbrıs'' is the name for ], and is spoken by the ]. ''Edirne'' is the dialect of ]. ''Ege'' is spoken in the ] region, with its usage extending to ]. The nomadic ] tribes of the Mediterranean Region and the ] also have their own dialect of Turkish.

''Güneydoğu'' is spoken in the southeast, to the east of ]. ''Doğu'', a dialect in ], has a ] with ], particularly with ] dialects in some areas. The ] region speaks ''Orta Anadolu''. ''Karadeniz'', spoken in the Eastern ] and represented primarily by the ] dialect, exhibits ] influence from ] in ] and ].<ref name="Brendemoen">{{Citation|last=Brendemoen|first=B.|contribution=Phonological Aspects of Greek-Turkish Language Contact in Trabzon|date=1996|title=Conference on Turkish in Contact, Netherlands Institute for Advanced Study (NIAS) in the Humanities and Social Sciences, Wassenaar, 5–6 February, 1996}}</ref> ''Kastamonu'' is spoken in ] and its surrounding areas. The ], known as ''Hemşince'', is spoken by the western group of ] around ], influenced by ].<ref name="Hamshenis">{{cite paper|author=]|title=Hemshinli: The Forgotten Black Sea Armenians|publisher=]|url=http://www.uwm.edu/~vaux/hamshen.pdf|format=PDF|accessdate=2007-04-24|year=2001}}</ref> ''Karamanlıca'' is spoken in ], where it is also named ''Kαραμανλήδικα'' (Karamanlidika). It is the literary standard for ].

==Sounds==
{{IPA notice}}
{{main|Turkish phonology}}
{{dablink|See ] for a pronunciation guide}}

===Consonants===
{| class="wikitable"
|+ '''Consonant phonemes of Standard Turkish'''
|-
!
! colspan="2" | ]
! colspan="2" | ]-</br>]
! colspan="2" | ]
! colspan="2" | ]
! colspan="2" | ]-</br>]
! colspan="2" | ]
! colspan="2" | ]
! colspan="2" | ]
|- align=center
|]s
| {{IPA|p}}
| {{IPA|b}}
| colspan="2" |
| {{IPA|t}}
| {{IPA|d}}
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| {{IPA|c}}
| {{IPA|ɟ}}
| {{IPA|k}}
| {{IPA|ɡ}}
| colspan="2" |
|- align=center
|]
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|m}}
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|n}}
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|- align=center
|]s
| colspan="2" |
| {{IPA|f}}
| {{IPA|v}}
| {{IPA|s}}
| {{IPA|z}}
| colspan="2" |
| {{IPA|ʃ}}
| {{IPA|ʒ}}
| colspan="2" |
|
| {{IPA|ɣ}}
| {{IPA|h}}
|
|- align=center
|]s
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| {{IPA|tʃ}}
| {{IPA|dʒ}}
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|- align=center
|]
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|ɾ}}
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|- align=center
|]
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|j}}
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|- align=center
| Lateral</br>approximants
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|ɫ}}
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|l}}
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|}

The phoneme {{IPA|/ɣ/}} usually referred to as ''yumuşak g'' ("soft g"), '']'' in Turkish ], actually represents a rather weak front-velar or palatal approximant between front vowels. It never occurs at the beginning of a word, but always follows a vowel. When word-final or preceding another consonant, it lengthens the preceding vowel.<ref name="IPA 1999" />

The sounds {{IPA|}}, {{IPA|}} and {{IPA|}} are in ] with {{IPA|}}, {{IPA|}} and {{IPA|}}, the former occurring with front vowels and the latter with back vowels. These ]s are not distinguished in the orthography, in which both series are written <k>, <g> and <l>. When a vowel is added to nouns ending with postvocalic <k>, the <k> becomes <ğ> by consonant ].<ref>This rule does not apply to monosyllabic nouns. Lewis (2001):10.</ref>

===Vowels===
{| align="right"
!align="right"|IPA chart for Turkish vowels
|-
|]
|}

The vowels of the Turkish language are, in their alphabetical order, ''a'', ''e'', ], ], ''o'', ''ö'', ''u'', ''ü''. There are no ] in Turkish and when two vowels come together, which occurs rarely and only with ]s, each vowel retains its individual sound.

]

===Vowel harmony===
{{Details|Vowel harmony}}

The Turkish vowel system can be considered as being two-dimensional, where vowels are characterised by two features: ] and ]. Vowel harmony is the principle by which a native Turkish word incorporates either exclusively ]s (''a'', ''ı'', ''o'', ''u'') or exclusively ]s (''e'', ''i'', ''ö'', ''ü''). The pattern of vowels is shown in the table below.<ref>Note that this table is essentially the same as the IPA vowel chart shown above: both table and chart indicate the physical location and quality of each vowel.</ref>

{| align="right" class="wikitable" style="margin-left: 1em"
|+ Turkish vowels
|-
! || colspan="2" | Front || colspan="2" | Back
|-
! || Unrounded || Rounded || Unrounded || Rounded
|-
! High
| ''i'' || ''ü'' || ''ı'' || ''u''
|-
! Low
| ''e'' || ''ö'' || ''a'' || ''o''
|-
|}

Grammatical ]es have "a ]-like quality",<ref>Lewis (1953):21</ref> and obey one of the following patterns of vowel harmony:
*'''twofold (''-e/-a'')''':<ref>For the terms ''twofold'' and ''fourfold'', as well as the superscript notation, see Lewis (1953):21–22. In his more recent works Lewis prefers to omit the superscripts, on the grounds that "there is no need for this once the principle has been grasped" (Lewis :18).</ref> the ] suffix, for example, is ''-de'' after front vowels and ''-da'' after back vowels. The notation ''-de''<sup>2</sup> is a convenient shorthand for this pattern.
*'''fourfold (''-i/-ı/-ü/-u'')''': the ] suffix, for example, is ''-in'' or ''-ın'' after unrounded vowels (front or back respectively); and ''-ün'' or ''-un'' after the corresponding rounded vowels. In this case the shorthand notation ''-in''<sup>4</sup> is used.

The following examples, based on the ] ''-dir''<sup>4</sup> (" is"), illustrate the principles of vowel harmony in practice: ''Türkiye''''dir''''' ("it is Turkey"), ''kapı'''dır''''' ("it is the door"), but ''gün'''dür''''' ("it is the day"), ''palto'''dur''''' ("it is the coat").

There are some exceptions to the rules of vowel harmony. In ] the vowels need not harmonize between the constituent words of the compound (thus forms like ''bu''|''gün'' ("today") or ''baş''|''kent'' ("capital") are permissible). In addition, vowel harmony does not apply in ]s and some invariant affixes, such as ''-yor'' (present tense) and ''-bil-'' (potential). Some loanwords do, however, exhibit partial or even complete vowel harmony (e.g. ''mümkün'' "possible" < Arabic ''mumkin''; and ''dürbün'' "binoculars" < Persian ''dūrbīn'').<ref>In Lewis's marvellously precise formulation, "The effect of vowel harmony extends to non-Turkish words too, bringing as many vowels as possible of a foreign borrowing into one class, or pressing a foreign borrowing whose vowels happen to be all of one class still further into Turkish form." Lewis (2001): 17.</ref> There are also a few native Turkish words that do not follow the rule, such as ''anne'' ("mother"). In such words—and in loanwords as well—suffixes harmonize with the ''final'' vowel: thus ''annedir'' ("she is a mother"). The ] above illustrates all of these features:
*a native compound which does not obey vowel harmony: ''Orta|köy'' ("middle village"—a place name)
*a loanword also violating vowel harmony: ''viyadük'' ("viaduct" < French ''viaduc'')
*the possessive suffix'' -i''<sup>4</sup> harmonizing with the final vowel (and softening the ''k'' by consonant ]): ''viyadüğü''

=== Stress ===
] is usually on the last syllable.<ref name="IPA 1999">''Handbook of the IPA'', p. 155</ref> Exceptions include some ] combinations and ]s, particularly from
] and ], as well as many proper names. While such loanwords are usually stressed on the penultimate syllable (/ɫoˈkanta/ ''lokanta'' "restaurant" or /isˈkele/ ''iskele'' "quay"), the stress of proper names is less predictable (/isˈtanbuɫ/ ''İstanbul'', /ˈaŋkaɾa/ ''Ankara'').

==Grammar==
{{main|Turkish grammar}}

Turkish is an ] and frequently uses ]es, or endings.<ref>This section draws heavily on Lewis (2001) and, to a lesser extent, Lewis (1953). Only the most important references are specifically flagged with footnotes.</ref> One word can have many affixes and these can also be used to create new words, such as creating a verb from a noun, or a noun from a verbal root (see the section on ]). Most affixes indicate the grammatical function of the word.<ref>see Lewis (2001) Ch XIV.</ref>
The only native ]es are ] intensifying syllables used with adjectives or adverbs: for example '''''sım'''sıcak'' ("boiling hot" < ''sıcak'') and '''''mas'''mavi'' ("bright blue" < ''mavi'').<ref>"The prefix, which is accented, is modelled on the first syllable of the simple adjective or adverb but with the substitution of '''m, p, r''', or '''s''' for the last consonant of that syllable." Lewis (2001):55. The prefix retains the first vowel of the base form and thus exhibits a form of reverse vowel harmony.</ref>

The extensive use of affixes can give rise to long words. It is jokingly said that the longest Turkish word is ''Çekoslovakyalılaştıramadıklarımızdanmışsınız'', meaning "You are said to be one of those that we couldn't manage to convert to a Czechoslovak". This example is of course contrived; but long words do frequently occur in normal Turkish, as in this heading of a newspaper obituary column: ''Bayramlaşamadıklarımız'' (Bayram -Recipr-Impot-Partic-Plur-PossPl1; "Those of our number with whom we cannot exchange the season's greetings").<ref>This "splendid word" appeared at the time of ''Bayram'', the festival marking the end of the month of fasting. Lewis (2001):287.</ref>


=== Nouns ===
There is no ] in Turkish, but definiteness of the object is implied when the accusative ending is used (see below). Turkish nouns decline by taking case-endings, as in ]. There are six ] in Turkish, with all the endings following vowel harmony (shown in the table using the shorthand ]. The ] marker ''-ler''<sup>2</sup> immediately follows the noun before any case or other affixes (e.g. ''köylerin'' "of the villages").

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!rowspan="2"|Case
!rowspan="2"|Ending
!colspan="2"|Examples
!rowspan="2"|Meaning
|-
!''köy'' "village"
!''ağaç'' "tree"
|-
|]
|Ø (none)
|''köy''
|''ağaç''
|(the) village/tree
|-
|]
|''-in''<sup>4</sup>
|''köyün''
|''ağa'''c'''ın''
|the village's/tree's<br/>of the village/tree
|-
|]
|''-e''<sup>2</sup>
|''köye''
|''ağa'''c'''a''
|to the village/tree
|-
|]
|''-i''<sup>4</sup>
|''köyü''
|''ağa'''c'''ı''
|the village/tree
|-
|]
|''-den''<sup>2</sup>
|''köyden''
|''ağaç'''t'''an''
|from the village/tree
|-
|]
|''-de''<sup>2</sup>
|''köyde''
|''ağaç'''t'''a''
|in the village/on the tree
|}

The accusative case marker is used only for definite objects; compare ''ağaç gördük'' "we saw '''a''' tree" with ''ağacı gördük'' "we saw '''the''' tree".<ref>Because it is also used for the indefinite accusative, Lewis uses the term "absolute case" in preference to "nominative". Lewis (2001):28.</ref> The plural marker ''-ler''<sup>2</sup> is not used when a class or category is meant: ''ağaç gördük'' can equally well mean "we saw trees "—as opposed to ''ağaçları gördük'' "we saw the trees ".

The declension of ''ağaç'' illustrates two important features of Turkish phonology: consonant ] in ]es (''ağaç'''t'''an, ağaç'''t'''a'') and ] of final consonants before vowels (''ağa'''c'''ın, ağa'''c'''a, ağa'''c'''ı'').

Additionally, nouns can take suffixes that assign ]: for example ''-imiz''<sup>4</sup>, "our". With the addition of the ] (for example ''-im''<sup>4</sup>, "I am") complete sentences can be formed. The ] particle ''mi''<sup>4</sup> immediately follows the word being questioned: ''köye mi?'' " to the village?", ''ağaç mı?'' " tree?".

{|class = "wikitable"
|-
!Turkish
!English
|-
|''ev''
|align="right"|(the) house
|-
|''evler''
|align="right"|(the) houses
|-
|''evin''
|align="right"|your house
|-
|''eviniz''
|align="right"|your (pl./formal) house
|-
|''evim''
|align="right"|my house
|-
|''evimde''
|align="right"|at my house
|-
|''evlerinizin''
|align="right"|of your houses
|-
|''Evinizdeyim.''
|align="right"|I am at your house.
|-
|''Evinizde miyim?''
|align="right"|Am I at your house?
|}

The Turkish ] in the nominative case are ''ben'' (1s), ''sen'' (2s), o (3s), biz (1pl), siz (2pl, or formal/polite 2s), and onlar (3pl). They are declined regularly with some exceptions: ''benim'' (1s gen.); ''bizim'' (1pl gen.); ''bana'' (1s dat.); ''sana'' (2s dat.); and the oblique forms of ''o'' use the root ''on''. All other pronouns (reflexive ''kendi'' and so on) are declined regularly.

=== Adjectives ===
Turkish adjectives are not ]. However most adjectives can also be used as nouns, in which case they are declined: e.g. ''güzel'' ("beautiful") → ''güzeller'' ("(the) beautiful ones / people"). Used attributively, adjectives precede the nouns they modify. The adjectives ''var'' ("existent") and ''yok'' ("non-existent") are used in many cases where English would use "there is" or "have", ''e.g.'' ''süt yok'' ("there is no milk", ''lit.'' "(the) milk (is) non-existent"); the construction "''noun 1''-GEN ''noun 2''-POSS var/yok" can be translated "''noun 1'' has/doesn't have ''noun 2''"; ''imparatorun elbisesi yok'' "the emperor has no clothes" ("(the) emperor-''of'' clothes-''his'' non-existent"); ''kedimin ayakkabıları yoktu'' ("my cat had no shoes", ''lit.'' "cat-''my''-''of'' shoe-''plur.''-''its'' non-existent-''past tense''").

===Verbs===
{{seealso|Turkish copula}}
Turkish verbs indicate ]. They can be made negative, potential ("can") or impotential ("cannot"). Furthermore, Turkish verbs show ] (], ], ], ], and ]), ] (], ], necessitative, and ]), and ]. Negation is expressed by the ] ''-me<sup>2</sup>-'' immediately following the stem.

{|class = "wikitable"
|-
!Turkish
!English
|-
|''gel-''
|align="right"|(to) come
|-
|''gelebil-''
|align="right"|(to) be able to come
|-
|''gelme-''
|align="right"|not (to) come
|-
|''geleme-''
|align="right"|(to) be unable to come
|-
|''gelememiş''
|align="right"|I gather (s)he couldn't come
|-
|''gelebilecek''
|align="right"|(s)he'll be able to come
|-
|''gelebilirsen''
|align="right"|if you can come
|-
|''gelinir''
|align="right"|(passive) one comes, people come
|}

All Turkish verbs are conjugated in the same way, except for the irregular and ] ''i-'', the ], which can be used in compound forms (the shortened form is called an ]): ''Gelememişti'' = ''Gelememiş idi'' = ''Gelememiş + i- + -di''

=== Participles ===
Turkish has several ]s, including present (with the ending ''-en''<sup>2</sup>), future (''-ecek''<sup>2</sup>), past (''-miş''<sup>4</sup>) and ] (-''er''<sup>2</sup> or -''ir''<sup>4</sup>). These forms can function as either adjectives or nouns: ''oynamayan çocuklar'' "children who do not play", ''oynamayanlar'' "those who do not play"; ''okur yazar'' "reader-writer = literate", ''okur yazarlar'' "literates".

The most important function of participles is to form modifying phrases equivalent to the ]s found in most European languages. The participles used in these constructions are the future (''-ecek''<sup>2</sup>) and an older form (-''dik''<sup>4</sup>), which covers both present and past meanings.<ref>See Lewis (2001):163–165, 260–262 for an exhaustive treatment.</ref> The use of these "personal" or "relative" participles is illustrated in the following table, in which the examples are presented according to the grammatical case which would be seen in the equivalent English relative clause.<ref>For the terms ''personal'' and ''relative'' participle see Lewis (1958):98 and Lewis (2001):163 respectively. Most of the examples are taken from Lewis (2001).</ref>

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan="2"|English equivalent
!rowspan="2"|Example
!colspan="2"|Translation
|-
!Case of relative pronoun
!Pronoun
!Literal
!Idiomatic
|-
|Nominative
|who, which/that
|''şimdi konuşan adam''
|"now speaking man"
|the man (who is) now speaking
|-
|Genitive
|whose (nom.)
|''babası şimdi konuşan adam''
|"father-his now speaking man"
|the man whose father is now speaking
|-
|
|whose (acc.)
|''babasını dün gördüğüm adam''
|"father-his-ACC yesterday seen-my man"
|the man whose father I saw yesterday
|-
|
|at whose
|''resimlerine baktığımız ressam''
|"pictures-his-to looked-our artist"
|the artist whose pictures we looked at
|-
|
|of which
|''muhtarı seçildiği köy''
|"mayor-its been-chosen-his village"
|the village of which he was elected mayor
|-
|
|of which
|''muhtarı seçilmek istediği köy''
|"mayor-its to-be-chosen wishing-his village"
|the village of which he wishes to be elected mayor
|-
|Remaining cases (incl. prepositions)
|whom, which
|''yazdığım mektup''
|"written-my letter"
|the letter (which) I wrote
|-
|
|from which
|''çıktığımız kapı''
|"emerged-our door"
|the door from which we emerged
|-
|
|on which
|''geldikleri vapur''
|"come-their ship"
|the ship they came on
|}

===Word order===
Word order in simple Turkish sentences is generally ], as in ] and ], but unlike in ]. In more complex sentences the basic rule is that the qualifier precedes the qualified: this principle includes, as an important special case, the ] discussed above. The definite precedes the indefinite: thus ''çocuğa hikâyeyi anlattı'' "she told the child the story", but ''hikâyeyi bir çocuğa anlattı'' "she told the story to a child".<ref>Lewis (2001): 239–240.</ref>

It is possible to alter the word order to stress the importance of a certain word or phrase. The main rule is that the word before the verb has the stress without exception. For example, if one wants to say "Hakan went to school" with a stress on the word "school" (''okul'', the indirect object) it would be "Hakan ''okula'' gitti". If the stress is to be placed on "Hakan" (the subject), it would be "Okula ''Hakan'' gitti" which means "it's Hakan who went to school".

==Vocabulary==
{{main|Turkish vocabulary}}

]

The 2005 edition of ''Güncel Türkçe Sözlük'', the official dictionary of the Turkish language published by ], contains 104,481 entries, of which about 14% are of foreign origin.<ref name="Dictionary">{{cite web|url=http://www.tdk.gov.tr/TR/BelgeGoster.aspx?F6E10F8892433CFFAAF6AA849816B2EFB40CE59E171C629F|title=Güncel Türkçe Sözlük|accessdate=2007-03-21|date=2005|publisher=]}}{{tr icon}}</ref> Among the most significant foreign contributors to Turkish vocabulary are ], ], ], ], ], and ].<ref name="Loanwords">{{cite web|url=http://www.tdk.gov.tr/TR/BelgeGoster.aspx?F6E10F8892433CFFAAF6AA849816B2EF1A46C5FBFA979D0C|title=Türkçe Sözlük (2005)’teki Sözlerin Kökenlerine Ait Sayısal Döküm (Numerical list on the origin of words in ''Türkçe Sözlük (2005)'')|accessdate=2007-03-21|date=2005|publisher=]}}{{tr icon}}</ref>

=== Word formation ===
Turkish extensively uses ] to ] from nouns and verbal stems. The majority of Turkish words originate from the application of derivative suffixes to a relatively small set of core vocabulary.

An example set of words derived from a substantive root:

{|class = "wikitable"
|-
!Turkish
!Components
!English
!Word class
|-
|''göz''
|''göz''
|eye
|Noun
|-
|''gözlük''
|''göz + -lük''
|eyeglasses
|Noun
|-
|''gözlükçü''
|''göz + -lük + -çü''
|optician
|Noun
|-
|''gözlükçülük''
|''göz + -lük + -çü + -lük''
|optician's trade
|Noun
|-
|''gözlem''
|''göz + -lem''
|observation
|Noun
|-
|''gözlemek''
|''göz + -le + -mek''
|to observe
|Verb
|-
|''gözlemci''
|''göz + -lem + -ci''
|observer
|Noun
|}

Another example, starting from a verbal root:

{|class = "wikitable"
|-
!Turkish
!Components
!English
!Word class
|-
|''yat-''
|''yat-''
|to lie down
|Verb
|-
|''yatık''
|''yat- + -(ı)k''
|leaning
|Adjective
|-
|''yatak''
|''yat- + -ak''
|bed, place to sleep
|Noun
|-
|''yatay''
|''yat- + -ay''
|horizontal
|Adjective
|-
|''yatkın''
|''yat- + -gın''
|inclined to; stale (from lying too long)
|Adjective
|-
|''yatır-''
|''yat- + -(ı)r-''
|to lay down
|Verb
|-
|''yatırım''
|''yat- + -(ı)r- + -(ı)m''
|laying down; deposit, investment
|Noun
|-
|''yatırımcı''
|''yat- + -(ı)r- + -(ı)m + -cı''
|depositor, investor
|Noun
|}

New words are also frequently formed by ] two existing words into a new one, as in ]. A few examples of compound words are given below:

{|class = "wikitable"
|-
!Turkish
!English
!Constituent words
!Literal meaning
|-
|''Pazartesi''
|Monday
|''Pazar'' ("Sunday") and ''ertesi'' ("after")
|after Sunday
|-
|''bilgisayar''
|computer
|''bilgi'' ("information") and ''say-'' ("to count")
|information counter
|-
|''gökdelen''
|skyscraper
|''gök'' ("sky") and ''del-'' ("to pierce")
|sky piercer
|-
|''başparmak''
|thumb
|''baş'' ("prime") and ''parmak'' ("finger")
|primary finger
|-
|''önyargı''
|prejudice
|''ön'' ("before") and ''yargı'' ("splitting; judgement")
|fore-judging
|}

==Writing system==
{{mainarticle|Turkish alphabet}}

] introducing the new ] to the people of ]. September 20, 1928. (Cover of the French ''L'Illustration'' magazine)]]

Turkish is written using a ] of the ] introduced in ] by ] to replace the ]-based ].
The Ottoman alphabet marked only three different vowels—long ''ā, ū'' and ''ī''—and included several redundant consonants such as variants of ''z'' (which were distinguished in Arabic but not in Turkish). The omission of short vowels in the Arabic script made it particularly unsuitable for Turkish, which has ].

The reform of the script was an important step in the ] of the period. The task of preparing the new alphabet and selecting the necessary modifications for sounds specific to Turkish was entrusted to a ] composed of prominent linguists, academics and writers. The introduction of the new Turkish alphabet was supported by public education centers opened throughout the country, cooperation with publishing companies, and encouragement by Atatürk himself, who toured the country teaching the new letters to the public.<ref name="Dilacar">{{cite journal|last=Dilaçar|first=Agop|authorlink=Agop Dilaçar|title=Atatürk ve Yazım|journal=Türk Dili|issn= 1301-465X|volume=35|issue=307|url= http://www.dildernegi.org.tr/TR/BelgeGoster.aspx?F6E10F8892433CFFAAF6AA849816B2EFC3C6D81741DBEB05|accessdate=2007-03-19|year=1977}}{{tr icon}}</ref>
There was a dramatic increase in literacy from its original Third World levels.<ref>Coulmas, pp. 243–244</ref>

Turkish now has an alphabet suited to the sounds of the language: the spelling is largely ], with one letter corresponding to each ]. Most of the letters are used approximately as in English, the main exceptions being <c>, which denotes {{IPA|}}, as in the English word '''''j'''ail'', and the undotted <ı>, representing the close back unrounded vowel {{IPA|}}.<ref>"Americans will recognize in it the first vowel of ''M'''i'''ssouri'' as pronounced by a native of that state." Lewis (2001):13. </ref> The letter <ğ> in principle denotes {{IPA|}}, but has the property of lengthening the preceding vowel and assimilating any subsequent vowel (e.g. ''soğuk'' "cold" is pronounced {{IPA|}}). The letters <ş> and <ç> represent {{IPA|}} and {{IPA|}} respectively, as in English '''''sh'''all'' and '''''ch'''ill''.

==Sample==
{{seealso|List of Turkish phrases}}
''Dostlar Beni Hatırlasın'' by ] (1894–1973), a ] and highly regarded poet in the ] tradition.

{| border="0" width="100%" style="font-family:serif; font-size: 115%; text-align: center;"
|-
!width="33%"|Original
!width="33%"|]
!width="33%"|Translation
|-
|Ben giderim adım kalır
|{{IPA|ben ɟideɾim adɯm kaɫɯɾ}}
|After I pass, my name remains
|-
|Dostlar beni hatırlasın
|{{IPA|dostɫaɾ beni hatɯɾɫasɯn}}
|May the friends remember me
|-
|Düğün olur bayram gelir
|{{IPA|dyɥyn oɫuɾ bajɾam ɟeliɾ}}
|Weddings happen, holidays come
|-
|Dostlar beni hatırlasın
|{{IPA|dostɫaɾ beni hatɯɾɫasɯn}}
|May the friends remember me
|-
|<br/>
|-
|Can kafeste durmaz uçar
|{{IPA|dʒan kafeste duɾmaz utʃaɾ}}
|Soul flies from the cage
|-
|Dünya bir han konan göçer
|{{IPA|dynja biɾ han konan ɟœtʃeɾ}}
|World is an inn, settlers depart
|-
|Ay dolanır yıllar geçer
|{{IPA|aj doɫanɯɾ jɯɫɫaɾ ɟetʃeɾ}}
|The moon wanders, years go by
|-
|Dostlar beni hatırlasın
|{{IPA|dostɫaɾ beni hatɯɾɫasɯn}}
|May the friends remember me
|-
|<br/>
|-
|Can bedenden ayrılacak
|{{IPA|dʒan bedenden ajɾɯɫadʒak}}
|Body will be deprived of life
|-
|Tütmez baca yanmaz ocak
|{{IPA|tytmez badʒa janmaz odʒak}}
|Hearth won't burn, smoke won't rise
|-
|Selam olsun kucak kucak
|{{IPA|selam oɫsun kudʒak kudʒak}}
|By armfuls, salutes I pass
|-
|Dostlar beni hatırlasın
|{{IPA|dostɫaɾ beni hatɯɾɫasɯn}}
|May the friends remember me
|-
|<br/>
|-
|Açar solar türlü çiçek
|{{IPA|atʃaɾ solaɾ tyɾly tʃitʃec}}
|Many blooms thrive and fade
|-
|Kimler gülmüş kim gülecek
|{{IPA|cimleɾ ɟylmyʃ cim ɟyledʒec}}
|Who had laughed, who'll be glad
|-
|Murat yalan ölüm gerçek
|{{IPA|muɾat jaɫan œlym ɟeɾtʃec}}
|Desire's lie, real is death
|-
|Dostlar beni hatırlasın
|{{IPA|dostɫaɾ beni hatɯɾɫasɯn}}
|May the friends remember me
|-
|<br/>
|-
|Gün ikindi akşam olur
|{{IPA|ɟyn icindi akʃam oɫuɾ}}
|Into evening will turn the days
|-
|Gör ki başa neler gelir
|{{IPA|ɟœɾ ki baʃa neleɾ ɟeliɾ}}
|Behold what soon will take place
|-
|Veysel gider adı kalır
|{{IPA|vejsel ɟideɾ adɯ kaɫɯɾ}}
|Veysel departs, his name remains
|-
|Dostlar beni hatırlasın
|{{IPA|dostɫaɾ beni hatɯɾɫasɯn}}
|May the friends remember me
|}

==See also==
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|2}}

== References ==
<div class="references-small">
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break|width=50%}}
'''Printed sources'''
*{{cite journal|last=Akalın|first=Şükrü Haluk|title=Türk Dil Kurumu'nun 2002 yılı çalışmaları (Turkish Language Association progress report for 2002)|journal=Türk_Dili|volume=85|issue=613|issn= 1301-465X |url= http://www.tdk.gov.tr/TR/dosyagoster.aspx?DIL=1&BELGEANAH=2693&DOSYAISIM=calismalar2002.pdf|format=PDF|accessdate=2007-03-18|year=2003|month=January}}{{tr icon}}
*{{Citation|last=Brendemoen|first=B.|contribution=Phonological Aspects of Greek-Turkish Language Contact in Trabzon|date=1996|title=Conference on Turkish in Contact, Netherlands Institute for Advanced Study (NIAS) in the Humanities and Social Sciences, Wassenaar, 5–6 February, 1996}}
*{{cite book|last=Coulmas|first=Florian|title=Writing Systems of the World||publisher=Blackwell Publishers Ltd, Oxford|year=1989|isbn=0631180281}}
*{{cite journal|last=Dilaçar|first=Agop|authorlink=Agop Dilaçar|title=Atatürk ve Yazım|journal=Türk Dili|volume=35|issue=307|url=http://www.dildernegi.org.tr/TR/BelgeGoster.aspx?F6E10F8892433CFFAAF6AA849816B2EFC3C6D81741DBEB05|accessdate=2007-03-19|year=1977|issn=1301-465X}}{{tr icon}}
*{{cite book|last=Findley|first=Carter V.|title=The Turks in World History|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2004|month=October|isbn=0-19-517726-6}}
*{{cite paper|author=Johanson, Lars|title=Discoveries on the Turkic linguistic map|publisher=Swedish Research Institute in Istanbul|date=2001|url=http://www.srii.org/Map.pdf|format=PDF|accessdate=2007-03-18}}
*{{cite book|author=International Phonetic Association|authorlink=International Phonetic Association|year=1999|title=Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|id=ISBN 0-521-65236-7 (hb); ISBN 0-521-63751-1 (pb)|chapter= Turkish|pages=155}}
*{{Citation|last=Ishjatms|first=N.|chapter=Nomads In Eastern Central Asia|title=History of civilizations of Central Asia|publisher=UNESCO Publishing|year=1996|volume=2|month=October|isbn=92-3-102846-4}}
*{{cite book|last=Katzner|first=Kenneth|title=Languages of the World, Third Edition|publisher=Routledge, an imprint of Taylor & Francis Books Ltd.|year=2002|month=March|isbn=978-0415250047}}
*{{cite book|last=Lewis|first=Geoffrey|authorlink=Geoffrey Lewis (Turkish scholar)|title=Teach Yourself Turkish|publisher=English Universities Press|year=1953|}} (2nd edition 1989)
*{{cite book|last=Lewis|first=Geoffrey|authorlink=Geoffrey Lewis (Turkish scholar)|title=Turkish Grammar|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2001|isbn=0-19-870036-9}}
*{{cite book|last=Lewis|first=Geoffrey|authorlink=Geoffrey Lewis (Turkish scholar)|title=The Turkish Language Reform: A Catastrophic Success|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2002|isbn=0-19-925669-1}}
*{{cite book|last=Nişanyan|first=Sevan|title=Sözlerin Soyağacı: Çağdaş Türkçenin Etimoloji Sözlüğü (Etymological Dictionary of Contemporary Turkish)|publisher=Adam Yayınları, Revised and Enlarged 3rd Edition|date=2007|isbn=975-418-868-4}}{{tr icon}}
*{{cite book|last=Özsoy|first=A. Sumru|coauthors=Taylan, Eser E. (eds.)|title=Türkçe’nin ağızları çalıştayı bildirileri (Workshop on the dialects of Turkish)|publisher=] Yayınevi|date=2000|isbn=9755181407}}{{tr icon}}
*{{cite book|last=Soucek|first=Svat|title=A History of Inner Asia|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2000|month=March|isbn=978-0521651691}}
*{{cite paper|author=]|title=Hemshinli: The Forgotten Black Sea Armenians|publisher=]|url=http://www.uwm.edu/~vaux/hamshen.pdf|format=PDF|accessdate=2007-04-24|year=2001}}

{{col-break|width=50%}}
'''On-line sources'''
*{{cite web|author=, ]|publisher=Turkish Industrialists' and Businessmen's Association|url=http://www.tusiad.org/haberler/basin/ab/9.pdf|title=The European Turks: Gross Domestic Product, Working Population, Entrepreneurs and Household Data|format=PDF|accessdate=2007-01-06|date=2003}}
*{{cite web|author=Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.)|authorlink=Ethnologue|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=90009|title=Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Fifteenth edition. Language Family Trees - Altaic|accessdate=2007-03-18|date=2005}}
*{{cite web|author=Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.)|authorlink=Ethnologue|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=kmr|title=Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Fifteenth edition. Report for language code:kmr (Kurdish)|accessdate=2007-03-18|date=2005}}
*{{cite web|author=Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.)|authorlink=Ethnologue|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=tur|title=Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Fifteenth edition. Report for language code:tur (Turkish)|accessdate=2007-03-18|date=2005}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.tdk.gov.tr/TR/BelgeGoster.aspx?F6E10F8892433CFFAAF6AA849816B2EFB40CE59E171C629F|title=Güncel Türkçe Sözlük|accessdate=2007-03-21|date=2005|publisher=]}}{{tr icon}}
*{{cite web|publisher=] International Institute, Center for World Languages|url=http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?LangID=67&menu=004|title=Language Materials Project: Turkish|accessdate=2007-04-26|date=February 2007}}
*{{Citation|author=|publisher=] Directorate of General Press and Communication|url=http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_243_en.pdf|title=Special Eurobarometer 243 / Wave 64.3: Europeans and their Languages|format=PDF|accessdate=2007-03-28|date=February 2006}}
*{{cite web|author=Turkish Language Association|authorlink=Turkish Language Association|url=http://www.tdk.gov.tr/TR/BelgeGoster.aspx?F6E10F8892433CFFAAF6AA849816B2EF2858DA18F4388CDD|title=Türk Dil Kurumu - Tarihçe (History of the Turkish Language Association)|accessdate=2007-03-18}}{{tr icon}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.tdk.gov.tr/TR/BelgeGoster.aspx?F6E10F8892433CFFAAF6AA849816B2EF1A46C5FBFA979D0C|title=Türkçe Sözlük (2005)’teki Sözlerin Kökenlerine Ait Sayısal Döküm (Numerical list on the origin of words in ''Türkçe Sözlük (2005)'')|accessdate=2007-03-21|date=2005|publisher=]}}{{tr icon}}

'''Further reading'''
*{{cite book|last=Eyüboğlu|first=İsmet Zeki|title=Türk Dilinin Etimoloji Sözlüğü (Etymological Dictionary of the Turkish Language)|publisher=Sosyal Yayınları, İstanbul|year=1991|isbn=975-7384-72-2}}{{tr icon}}
*{{cite book|last=Özel|first=Sevgi|coauthors=Haldun Özen and Ali Püsküllüoğlu (eds.)|title=Atatürk'ün Türk Dil Kurumu ve Sonrası (Atatürk's Turkish Language Association and its Legacy)|publisher=Bilgi Yayınevi, Ankara|year=1986|oclc=18836678}}{{tr icon}}
*{{cite book|last=Püsküllüoğlu|first=Ali|title=Arkadaş Türkçe Sözlük (Arkadaş Turkish Dictionary)|publisher=Arkadaş Yayınevi, Ankara|year=2004|isbn=975-509-053-3}}{{tr icon}}
{{col-end}}

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==External links==
{{InterWiki|code=tr}}
{{Wiktionarylang|code=tr}}
{{Wikibookspar||Turkish}}
{{Wikiquote|Turkish proverbs}}
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===Linguistics===
*{{Ethnologue|code=tur}}
* at the ] archive
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===Learning resources===
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===Turkish editions of Wikimedia projects===
*, ''Turkish Misplaced Pages''
*, ''Turkish Wikisource''
*, ''Turkish Wikiquote''
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{{Altaic languages}}
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Revision as of 21:02, 23 June 2007

THIS IS THE LANGUAGE OF FUCKING NAZI'S!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! OH MY FUCKING GODDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD

Turkish language: Difference between revisions Add topic