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| '''Annelies Marie "Anne" Frank''' (], ] – February/March ]) was a ] ]ish girl who wrote a ] while in hiding with her family and four friends in ] during the ] of the ] during ]. Her family had moved to the Netherlands after the Nazis gained power in their home country Germany. The Netherlands was occupied by Nazi forces in May, 1940, and due to the increasing persecution of Jews, the family went into hiding in July, 1942 on the third floor of Otto Frank's office building. After two years in hiding, the group was betrayed, along with the Van Pels family and a dentist, Fritz Pfeiffer who had been hiding with them. They were transported to ]s where Anne died of ] in Bergen-Belsen within days of her sister, Margot, in March, 1945. At the end of the war her father, Otto, who survived, returned to Amsterdam to find that Anne's diary had been saved by Miep Gies, their beloved friend who had helped provide them food and other necessities while in hiding. Convinced that the diary was a unique record he took action to have it ]. | |||
| The diary was given to Anne for her thirteenth birthday and chronicles the events of her life from ], ] until its final entry of ], ]. It was eventually translated from its original ] into many languages and became one of the world's most widely read books. There have also been many ] productions, and an ], based on the diary. Described as the work of a mature and insightful mind, it provides an intimate examination of daily life under Nazi occupation; through her writing, Anne Frank has become one of the most renowned and discussed of the ] victims. | |||
| ==Early life== | |||
| ] | |||
| Anne Frank was born on (] ] in ], ], the second daughter of ] (] ]–] ]) and Edith Holländer (] ]–] ]). Margot Betti Frank (] ]–March ]) was her sister. | |||
| The family lived in an ] community of Jewish and non-Jewish citizens, and the children grew up with ], ], and Jewish friends. The Franks were ], observing many of the traditions of ]. Edith Frank was the more devout parent, while Otto Frank was interested in scholarly pursuits and had an extensive library; both parents encouraged the children to read. | |||
| On ], ], elections were held in Frankfurt for the municipal council, and ]'s ] won. ] demonstrations occurred almost immediately, and the Franks began to fear what would happen to them if they remained in Germany. Later in the year, Edith and the children went to ], where they stayed with Edith's mother, Rosa Holländer. Otto Frank remained in Frankfurt, but after receiving an offer to start a company in Amsterdam, he moved there to organise the business and to arrange accommodation for his family. | |||
| Otto Frank began working at the Opekta Works, a company which sold the fruit extract ], and found an apartment on the Merwedeplein (Merwede Square) in an Amsterdam suburb. By February ], Edith and the children had arrived in Amsterdam, and the two girls were enrolled in the ]. Margot demonstrated ability in ], and Anne showed aptitude for reading and writing. They were also recognised as highly distinct personalities, Margot being well mannered, reserved, and studious, while Anne was outspoken, energetic, and extroverted. | |||
| In ], Otto Frank started a second company in partnership with Hermann van Pels, a ], who had fled ] in Germany with his family. In ] Edith's mother came to live with the Franks, and remained with them until her death in January ]. In ] ], Germany invaded the Netherlands, and the occupation government began to persecute Jews by the implementation of restrictive and discriminatory laws, and the mandatory registration and segregation of Jews soon followed. Margot and Anne were excelling in their studies and had a large number of friends, but with the introduction of a decree that Jewish children could only attend Jewish schools, they were enrolled at the Jewish ]. | |||
| ==The period chronicled in the diary== | |||
| ===Before going into hiding=== | |||
| ] | |||
| For her thirteenth birthday on ] ], Anne received a small notebook which she had pointed out to her father in a shop window a few days earlier. Although it was an ] book, bound with red-and-green checkered cloth and with a small lock on the front, Anne had already decided she would use it as a diary. She began writing in it almost immediately, and described herself and her family and her daily life at home and at school, prefacing her entries with the salutation "Dear Kitty". She wrote about her school grades, her friends, boys she flirted with and the places she liked to visit in her neighbourhood. While these early entries demonstrate that in many ways her life was that of a typical schoolgirl, she also refers to changes that had taken place since the German occupation. Some references are seemingly casual and not emphasised, however in some entries she provides more detail of the oppression that was steadily increasing. She wrote about the ] all Jews were forced to wear in public, and she listed some of the restrictions and ]s that had encroached into the lives of Amsterdam's Jewish population. | |||
| In July 1942, Margot Frank received a call-up notice ordering her to report for relocation to a work camp. Anne was then told of a plan that Otto had formulated with his most trusted employees, and which Edith and Margot had been aware of for a short time. The family was to go into hiding in rooms above and behind the company's premises on the '']'', a street along one of Amsterdam's ]s. | |||
| ===Life in the ''achterhuis''=== | |||
| ] of the Opekta building on the ''Prinsengracht'' in 2002. Otto Frank's offices were in the front of the building, with the ''achterhuis'' in the rear.]] | |||
| On ] ], the family moved into the hiding place. Their apartment was left in a state of disarray to create the impression that they had left suddenly, and Otto Frank left a note that hinted they were going to ]. As Jews were not allowed to use ] they walked several kilometres from their home, with each of them wearing several layers of clothing as they did not dare to be seen carrying luggage. The ''achterhuis'' (a Dutch word denoting the rear part of a house) was a three-story space at the rear of the building that was entered from a landing above the Opekta offices. Two small rooms, with an adjoining ] and ], were on the first level, and above that a large open room, with a small room beside it. From this smaller room, a ladder led to the ]. The door to the ''achterhuis'' was later covered by a bookcase to ensure it remained undiscovered. Anne would later refer to it in her diary as the "Secret Annexe". The main building, situated a block from the ], was nondescript, old and typical of buildings in the western quarters of Amsterdam. | |||
| ], ], ] and ] were the only employees who knew of the people in hiding, and with Gies' husband ] and Voskuijl's father Johannes Hendrik Voskuijl, were their "helpers" for the duration of their confinement. They provided the only contact between the outside world and the occupants of the house, and they kept them informed of war news and political developments. They catered for all of their needs, ensured their safety and supplied them with food, a task that grew more difficult with the passage of time. Anne wrote of their dedication and of their efforts to boost morale within the household during the most dangerous of times. All were aware that if caught they could face the ] for sheltering Jews. | |||
| In late July, they were joined by the van Pels family: Hermann, Auguste, and 16-year-old Peter, and then in November by Fritz Pfeffer, a ] and friend of the family. Anne wrote of her pleasure at having new people to talk to, but tensions quickly developed within the group forced to live in such confined conditions. After sharing her room with Pfeffer she found him to be insufferable, and she clashed with Auguste van Pels, whom she regarded as foolish. Her relationship with her mother became strained and Anne wrote that they had little in common as her mother was too remote. Although she sometimes argued with Margot, she wrote of an unexpected bond that had developed between them, but she remained closest emotionally to her father. Some time later, after first dismissing the shy and awkward Peter van Pels, she recognised a kinship with him and the two entered a ]. | |||
| Anne spent most of her time reading and studying, while continuing to write and edit her diary. In addition to providing a narrative of events as they occurred, she also wrote about her feelings, beliefs and ambitions, subjects she felt she could not discuss with anyone. As her confidence in her writing grew, and as she began to mature, she wrote of more abstract subjects such as her belief in ], and how she defined ]. She continued writing regularly until her final entry of ], ]. | |||
| ==Arrest and concentration camps== | |||
| On the morning of ], ], the ''achterhuis'' was stormed by the ''Grüne Polizei'' following a tip-off from an informer who was never identified . Led by ] Sergeant ] of the ], the group included at least three members of the Security Police. The occupants were loaded into trucks and taken for interrogation. Victor Kugler and Johannes Kleiman were taken away and subsequently jailed, but Miep Gies and Bep Voskuijl were allowed to go. They later returned to the ''achterhuis'', where they found Anne's papers strewn on the floor. They collected them, as well as several family photograph albums, and Gies resolved to return them to Anne after the war. | |||
| The members of the household were taken to the camp at ]. Ostensibly a transit camp, by this time more than 100,000 Jews had passed through it, and on ], the group was deported on what would be the last transport from Westerbork to the ]. They arrived after a three days' journey, and were separated by gender, with the men and women never to see each other again. Of the 1019 passengers, 549 people – including all children under the age of 15 years – were selected and sent directly to the ]s where they were killed. Anne had turned 15 three months earlier and was spared, and although everyone from the ''achterhuis'' survived this selection, Anne believed her father had been killed. | |||
| ] | |||
| With the other females not selected for immediate death, Anne was forced to strip naked to be disinfected, had her head shaved and was ]ed with an identifying number on her arm. By day the women were used as ], and by night were crowded into freezing barracks. Disease was rampant and before long Anne's skin became badly infected by ]. | |||
| On ], selections began for women to be relocated to ]. More than 8,000 women, including Anne and Margot Frank and Auguste van Pels, were transported, but Edith Frank was left behind. Tents were erected to accommodate the influx of prisoners, Anne and Margot among them, and as the population rose, the death toll due to disease increased rapidly. Anne was briefly reunited with two friends, Hanneli Goslar (named "Lies" in the diary) and Nanette Blitz, who both survived the war. They said that Anne, naked but for a piece of blanket, explained she was infested with ] and had thrown her clothes away. They described her as bald, emaciated and shivering but although ill herself, she told them that she was more concerned about Margot, whose illness seemed to be more severe. Goslar and Blitz did not see Margot who remained in her bunk, too weak to walk. Anne said they were alone as both of their parents were dead. | |||
| In March ], a ] ] spread through the camp killing an estimated 17,000 prisoners. Witnesses later testified that Margot fell from her bunk in her weakened state and was killed by the shock, and that a few days later Anne also died. They estimated that this occurred a few weeks before the camp was liberated by ] on ], 1945, and although the exact dates were not recorded, it is generally accepted to have been between the end of February and the middle of March. | |||
| After the war, it was estimated that of the 110,000 ]s deported from the Netherlands during the Nazi occupation, only 5,000 survived. | |||
| The individual fates of the other occupants of the ''achterhuis'', their helpers, and other people associated with Anne Frank, are discussed further. ''See article: ]''. | |||
| ==''The Diary of a Young Girl''== | |||
| ===Publication of the diary=== | |||
| Otto Frank survived and returned to Amsterdam. He was informed that his wife had died, but he also learnt that his daughters had been transferred to Bergen-Belsen, and he remained hopeful that they had survived. In July 1945, the ] confirmed the deaths of Anne and Margot and it was only then that Miep Gies gave him the diary. He read it and later commented that he had not realised Anne had kept such an accurate and well-written record of their time together. Moved by her repeated wish to be an author, he began to consider having it published. When asked many years later to recall his first reaction he said simply, "I never knew my little Anne was so deep". | |||
| Anne's diary began as a private expression of her thoughts and she wrote several times that she would never allow anyone to read it. She candidly described her life, her family and companions, and their situation, while beginning to recognise her ambition to write fiction for publication. In the spring of 1944, she heard a radio broadcast by ]—a member of the Dutch ]—who said that when the war ended, he would create a public record of the Dutch people's oppression under German occupation. He mentioned the publication of letters and diaries, and Anne decided to submit her work when the time came. She began editing her writing, removing sections and rewriting others, with the view to publication. Her original notebook was supplemented by additional notebooks and loose-leaf sheets of paper. She created ]s for the members of the household and the helpers. The van Pels family became Hermann, Petronella, and Peter van Daan, and Fritz Pfeffer became Albert Düssell. Otto Frank used her original diary, known as "version A", and her edited version, known as "version B", to produce the first version for publication. He removed certain passages, most notably those which referred to his wife in unflattering terms, and sections that discussed Anne's growing ]. Although he restored the true identities of his own family, he retained all of the other pseudonyms. | |||
| He gave the diary to the historian Anne Romein, who tried unsuccessfully to have it published. She then gave it to her husband ], who wrote an article about it, titled "Kinderstem" ("A Child's Voice"), published in the newspaper '']'' on ], ]. He wrote that the diary "stammered out in a child's voice, embodies all the hideousness of ], more so than all the evidence at ] put together" . His article attracted attention from publishers, and the diary was published in ], followed by a second run in ]. The first ] edition was published in ] under the title '']''. A play based upon the diary, by ], premiered in ] on ], ], and later won a ]. It was followed by the ] '']'', which was a critical and commercial success. Over the years the popularity of the diary grew, and in many schools, particularly in the United States, it was included as part of the ], introducing Anne Frank to new generations of readers. | |||
| In ], a critical edition of the diary was published . It compared her original entries with her father's edited versions, and included discussion relating its authentication, and historical information relating to the family. | |||
| In ], Cornelis Suijk—a former director of the Anne Frank Foundation and president of the U.S. ]—announced that he was in the possession of five pages that had been removed by Otto Frank from the diary prior to publication; Suijk claimed that Otto Frank gave these pages to him shortly before his death in ]. The missing diary entries contain critical remarks by Anne Frank about her parents' strained marriage, and show Anne's lack of affection for her mother . Some controversy ensued when Suijk claimed publishing rights over the five pages and intended to sell them to raise money for his U.S. Foundation. The Netherlands Institute for War Documentation, the formal owner of the manuscript, demanded the pages to be handed over. In ] the Dutch Ministry of Education, Culture and Science agreed to donate ]300,000 to Suijk's Foundation, and the pages were returned in ] . Since then, they have been included in new editions of the diary. | |||
| ===Praise for Anne Frank and the Diary=== | |||
| In her introduction to the diary's first American edition, ] described it as "one of the wisest and most moving commentaries on war and its impact on human beings that I have ever read". The ] writer ] later said: "one voice speaks for six million—the voice not of a sage or a poet but of an ordinary little girl." As Anne Frank's stature as both a writer and ] has grown, she has been discussed specifically as a symbol of the Holocaust and more broadly as a representative of persecution. ], in her acceptance speech for an ] in ], read from Anne Frank's diary and spoke of her "awakening us to the folly of indifference and the terrible toll it takes on our young," which Clinton related to contemporary events in ], ] and ] . After receiving a humanitarian award from the Anne Frank Foundation in 1994, ] addressed a crowd in ], saying he had read Anne Frank's diary while in prison and "derived much encouragement from it." He likened her struggle against Nazism to his struggle against ], drawing a parallel between the two philosophies with the comment "because these beliefs are patently false, and because they were, and will always be, challenged by the likes of Anne Frank, they are bound to fail." | |||
| ] | |||
| In her closing message in Melissa Müller's biography of Anne Frank, Miep Gies attempted to dispel what she felt was a growing misconception that "Anne symbolizes the six million victims of the Holocaust", writing: "Anne's life and death were her own individual fate, an individual fate that happened six million times over. Anne cannot, and should not, stand for the many individuals whom the Nazis robbed of their lives... But her fate helps us grasp the immense loss the world suffered because of the Holocaust." | |||
| The diary has also been praised for its literary merits. Commenting on Anne Frank's writing style, the ]tist ] – who worked with Otto Frank on a dramatisation of the diary shortly after its publication – praised it for "sustaining the tension of a well-constructed novel" , while the ] ] wrote that it was a unique depiction, not merely of adolescence but of "the mysterious, fundamental process of a child becoming an adult as it is actually happening" . Her biographer Melissa Müller said that she wrote "in a precise, confident, economical style stunning in its honesty". Her writing is largely a study of characters, and she examines every person in her circle with a shrewd, uncompromising eye. She is occasionally cruel and often biased, particularly in her depictions of Fritz Pfeffer and of her own mother, and Müller explains that she channelled the "normal mood swings of adolescence" into her writing. Her examination of herself and her surroundings is sustained over a lengthy period of time in an introspective, analytical and highly self critical manner, and in moments of frustration she relates the battle being fought within herself between the "good Anne" she wants to be, and the "bad Anne" she believes herself to be. Otto Frank recalled his publisher explaining why he thought the diary has been so widely read, with the comment "he said that the diary encompasses so many areas of life that each reader can find something that moves him personally". | |||
| ===Challenges by Holocaust deniers and legal action=== | |||
| Efforts have been made to discredit the diary since its publication, and since the mid ] ] ] has been consistent in his assertion that the diary is not genuine . Continued public statements made by such Holocaust deniers prompted Teresien da Silva to comment on behalf of Anne Frank House in ], "for many ] ]s (Anne) proves to be an obstacle. Her personal testimony of the persecution of the Jews and her death in a concentration camp are blocking the way to a rehabilitation of ]". | |||
| Since the ] Holocaust denial has been a criminal offence in a few European countries, and the law has been used to prevent a rise in ] activity. In ] Otto Frank took legal action in ] against Lothar Stielau, a school teacher and former ] member who published a school paper that described the diary as a forgery. The court examined the diary, and in ] found it to be genuine. Stielau recanted his earlier statement, and Otto Frank did not pursue the case any further. | |||
| In ], ] was challenged by a group of protesters at a performance of ''The Diary of Anne Frank'' in ] who asserted that Anne Frank had never existed, and who told Wiesenthal to prove her existence by finding the man who had arrested her. He began searching for ] and found him in ]. When interviewed, Silberbauer readily admitted his role, and identifed Anne Frank from a photograph as one of the people arrested. He provided a full account of events and recalled emptying a briefcase full of papers onto the floor. His statement corroborated the version of events that had previously been presented by witnesses such as Otto Frank. | |||
| In ] Otto Frank took action against Heinz Roth of Frankfurt, who published pamphlets stating the diary was a forgery. The judge ruled that if he published further statements he would be subjected to a 500,000 ] fine and a six months' jail sentence. Two cases were dismissed by German courts in ] and ] on the grounds of ], as the complaint was not filed by an "injured party". The court ruled in each case that if a further complaint was made by an injured party, such as Otto Frank, a charge of ] could follow. | |||
| The controversy reached its peak in ] with the arrest and trial of two neo-Nazis, Ernst Römer and Edgar Geiss, who were tried and found guilty of producing and distributing literature denouncing the diary as a forgery, following a complaint by Otto Frank. During their appeal, a team of historians examined the documents in consultation with Otto Frank, and determined them to be genuine. | |||
| With Otto Frank's death in 1980, the original diary, including letters and loose sheets, were willed to the ], who commissioned a ] study of the diary through the Netherlands Ministry of Justice in ]. They examined the ] against known exemplars and found that they matched, and determined that the paper, glue and ink were readily available during the time the diary was said to have been written. Their final determination was that the diary is authentic. On ], ], the ] Regional Court confirmed its authenticity. | |||
| ==Legacy== | |||
| ] in Amsterdam.]] | |||
| On ], ], a group of citizens including Otto Frank established the Anne Frank Foundation in an effort to save the Prinsengracht building from demolition and to make it accessible to the public. Otto Frank insisted that the aim of the foundation would be to foster contact and communication between young people of different cultures, religions or racial backgrounds, and to oppose intolerance and ]. | |||
| The Anne Frank House opened on ], ]. It consists of the Opekta warehouse and offices and the ''achterhuis'', all unfurnished so that visitors can walk freely through the rooms. Some personal relics of the former occupants remain, such as ] photographs glued by Anne to a wall, a section of wallpaper on which Otto Frank marked the height of his growing daughters, and a map on the wall where he recorded the advance of the ], all now protected behind Perspex sheets. From the small room which was once home to Peter van Pels, a walkway connects the building to its neighbours, also purchased by the Foundation. These other buildings are used to house the diary, as well as changing exhibits that chronicle different aspects of the Holocaust and more contemporary examinations of racial intolerance in various parts of the world. It has become one of Amsterdam's main ]s, and is visited by more than half a million people each year. | |||
| In ], Otto Frank and his second wife Fritzi set up the Anne Frank Fonds as a ], based in ], ]. The Fonds raises money to donate to causes "as it sees fit". Upon his death, Otto willed the diary's ] to the Fonds, on the proviso that the first 80,000 ]s in income each year was to be distributed to his heirs, and any income above this figure was to be retained by the Fonds to use for whatever projects its administrators considered worthy. It provides funding for the medical treatment of the ] on a yearly basis. It has aimed to educate young people against racism and has loaned some of Anne Frank's papers to the ] in ] for an exhibition in ]. Its annual report of the same year gave some indication of its effort to contribute on a global level, with its support of projects in Germany, ], ], Switzerland, the ] and the United States . | |||
| ==Related topics== | |||
| ===Holocaust and World War II related=== | |||
| * ] — a documentary film made in 1995 about the life of Anne Frank | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] — a Jewish woman who kept a diary during the war | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] — a Russian girl who recorded the deaths of her family over a six month period during the ] | |||
| ===Anne Frank in popular culture=== | |||
| ] taken by the ]]] | |||
| * ] — an asteroid named after Anne Frank | |||
| * ] — US ] band whose 1998 album '']'' was inspired by the the lead singer, Jeff Mangum's affection for Anne Frank. It includes the songs, ''Holland 1945'' ('The only girl I ever loved/ Was born with roses in her eyes/ And then they buried her/ Alive, one evening 1945/ With just her sister at her side/ And only weeks before the guns all came and rained on everyone') and ''Oh Comely'' ('I know they buried her body with others/ Her sister and mother and five hundred families/ And would she remember me fifty years later/ I wish I could save her/ In some sort of time machine') | |||
| * In response to hearing a Born-again Christian's insistence that Anne Frank's virtues alone would not gain her a place in ], ] wrote and performed ''Did Anne Frank Find Jesus?'', a hidden track on her live album '']'' ('Did Jesus find Buddha? Let's all just find each other. I wanna find Anne Frank before I bite it.') | |||
| * ]'s character in the movie ] is asked by ]'s character what she wishes for, to which she replies, 'I wish I'd known Anne Frank.' | |||
| * ] — US novelist whose novel '']'' imagines a living, vengeful Anne Frank, surviving the war and quietly in the United States. | |||
| * ] — illustrated a limited edition of The Diary of Anne Frank. | |||
| * ] — US ] band whose track ''So Fresh, So Clean'' from their album '']'', makes a knowing reference to Anne Frank('I love who you are/ I love who you ain't/ You're so Anne Frank/ Let's hit the attic and hide out for two weeks'). | |||
| * ''Anne Frank Conquers the Moon Nazis'', a tongue-in-cheek ] by Bill Mudron, about a resurrected Anne Frank rebuilt cybernetically to defend the Earth from an extra-terrestrial Nazi assault, ran online until 2003. | |||
| * ]'s novel ] features an elderly Anne Frank as a passenger on the ] | |||
| * In 2004 ] composed a twenty-minute musical work for choir and string orchestra entitled ] which commemorated Anne Frank's life with settings of three Psalms in Hebrew. | |||
| == See also == | |||
| * ] | |||
| ==References== | |||
| * Anne Frank Fonds (2003). . Retrieved February 9, 2005. | |||
| * Barnouw, David & van der Stroom, Gerrold (2003). ''Netherlands Institute for War Documentation''. Retrieved February 8, 2005. | |||
| * Clinton, Hillary Rodham (April 14, 1994). "". Speech. Retrieved January 30, 2005. | |||
| * Edward, Silvia (undated). "". Retrieved January 30, 2005. | |||
| * Frank, Anne; Massotty, Susan (translation); Frank, Otto H. & Pressler, Mirjam (editors) (1995). ''The Diary of a Young Girl - The Definitive Edition''. ]. ISBN 0553296981 | |||
| * Irving, David (1988). . ''Institute for Historical Review''. Retrieved January 30, 2005. | |||
| * Lee, Carol Ann (2000). ''The Biography of Anne Frank - Roses from the Earth''. Viking. ISBN 0708991742. | |||
| * Michaelsen, Jacob B. (1997). "". ''findarticle.com''. Retrieved January 30, 2005. | |||
| * Müller, Melissa; Kimber, Rita & Kimber, Robert (translators); With a note from Miep Gies (2000). ''Anne Frank - The Biography''. Metropolitan books. ISBN 0747545235. | |||
| * Mandela, Nelson (August 15, 1994). . Speech. Retrieved January 30, 2005. | |||
| * van der Rol, Ruud; Verhoeven, Rian (for the Anne Frank House); Quindlen, Anna (Introduction); Langham, Tony & Peters, Plym (translation) (1995). ''Anne Frank - Beyond the Diary - A Photographic Remembrance''. Puffin. ISBN 0140369260. | |||
| * Romein, Jan (April 3, 1946). . Retrieved January 30, 2005 | |||
| * da Silva, Theresien (for the Anne Frank House) (1999). . Retrieved February 5, 2005. | |||
| ==Further reading== | |||
| * ''Diary of a Young Girl'', Anne Frank, introduction by ], translated by B. M. Mooyaart, Bantam, mass market paperback, 304 pages, ISBN 0553296981 | |||
| * ''The Diary of Anne Frank: The Revised Critical Edition'', Anne Frank, edited by David Barnouw and Gerrold Van der Stroom, translated by Arnold J. Pomerans, compiled by H. J. J. Hardy, second edition, Doubleday 2003, hardcover, 736 pages, ISBN 0385508476. Prepared by the Netherlands State Institute for War Documentation. Compares three versions of the diary; the original notes, the version revised by Anne Frank, and the final edition as it appeared in English. Includes an extensive study of its authenticity, biographies of the Frank family and their associates, and commentaries on Anne Frank's cultural legacy. | |||
| * ''Anne Frank's Tales From the Secret Annexe'', Anne Frank, translated by Michel Mok and Ralph Manheim, Washington Square Press, copyright 1949 and 1960 by Otto Frank and in 1982 by Anne-Frank Fonds, English translation copyright 1952 and 1959 by Otto Frank and 1983 by Doubleday and Company, edition of September 1983, paperback, 156 pages, ISBN 0671458574. Relates short works of fiction by Anne Frank, as well as short essays by the same author. | |||
| * ''Roses from the Earth: the Biography of Anne Frank'', Carol Ann Lee, foreword by Buddy Elias, Penguin 1999, 297 pages, ISBN 0670881406. Exhaustively researched biography of Anne Frank written with the approval of her surviving family. | |||
| * ''Anne Frank: the Biography'', Melissa Muller, foreword by Miep Gies, translated by Rita and Robert Kimber, Bloomsbury 1999, 330 pages, ISBN 0747543720. | |||
| * ''The Footsteps of Anne Frank'', Ernst Schnabel, Pan 1988, 158 pages, ISBN 0330029967. Considered a source for Anne Frank's later biographers, this was the first biography published about her (in German, 1958). Notable for its interviews with all of those who hid the Frank and van Pels families, the widow of Fritz Pfeffer, Otto Frank, neighbours and friends of Anne Frank, and several survivors who met them in the death camps. | |||
| * ''The Hidden Life of Otto Frank'', Carol Ann Lee, Penguin 2002, 364 pages, ISBN 0670913316. Biography of Anne Frank's father, drawing on many previously unpublished sources and venturing a new suspect as the betrayer. | |||
| * ''The Last Seven Months of Anne Frank'', Willy Lindwer, translated by Alison Meersschaert, Pantheon 1991, 204 pages, ISBN 0679401458. The testimonies of six women who were witness to the last months of Anne Frank's life in the Nazi concentration camps, including Hannah Goslar, who knew Anne Frank before she went into hiding, and Janny Brilleslijper who buried her in Bergen-Belsen. | |||
| * ''Anne Frank Remembered'', ], with Alison Leslie Gold, Simon and Schuster 1987, 252 pages, ISBN 0671662341. Autobiography of one of the Frank family's protectors, detailing the two years in hiding, the arrest, and its aftermath. | |||
| * ''A Friend Called Anne'', Jaqueline Van Maarsen, with Carole Ann Lee, Penguin 2004, 130 pages, ISBN 0141317248. The war memories of one of Anne Frank's friends. | |||
| * ''Hannah Goslar Remembers'', Alison Leslie Gold, Bloomsbury 1998, 135 pages, ISBN 0747540276. Biography of the girl who knew Anne Frank for ten years, and latterly met her in Bergen-Belsen shortly before her death. | |||
| * ''The Roommate of Anne Frank'', Nanda Van Der Zee, Apsekt 2003, 94 pages, ISBN 905911096x. Short biography of Fritz Pfeffer based on the discovered letters and photo albums of his widow. | |||
| * ''Eva's Story'', Eva Schloss, with Evelyn Julia Kent, WH Allen 1988, 224 pages. Memoir by a neighbour of Anne Frank, whose mother married Otto Frank in 1953. Describes their persecution and incarceration in Auschwitz. | |||
| * ''Searching for Anne Frank: Letters from Amsterdam to Iowa'', Susan Goldman Rubin, Abrams 2003, ISBN 0810945142. Biography of two U.S sisters who conducted a pre-war correspondance with Anne and Margot Frank. | |||
| * ''The Story of Anne Frank'', Ruud van der Rol, translated by Arnold J Pomerans, Anne Frank House 2004, ISBN 9072972872. Comprehensive visual biography of Anne Frank, using high resolution images of Anne Frank's manuscripts and reproductions of hundreds of family photographs. | |||
| * ''Anne Frank: Reflections on her life and legacy'', edited by Hyman A Enzer and Sandra Solotaroff-Enzer, University of Illinois Press 2000, 265 pages, ISBN 0252068238. Anthology of interviews, essays and articles surveying the life and cultural impact of Anne Frank. | |||
| * ''Anne Frank and Etty Hillesum: Inscribing Spirituality and Sexuality'', Denise De Costa, Rutgers University Press 1998, ISBN 0813525500. Joint psychological study of the Jewish Dutch War diarists, examining their motivation to write, spiritual beliefs and sexuality. | |||
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