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| {{Infobox Settlement | |||
| | official_name = Tighina (Bender) | |||
| | nickname = | |||
| | motto = | |||
| | image_skyline = Preobrajenskii sobor v Benderah.jpg | |||
| | image_flag = Tighina-flag.jpg | |||
| | image_seal = Tighina-coat.jpg | |||
| |image_map = Bendery location ru.png | |||
| | map_caption = Location of Tighina in ] | |||
| |subdivision_type = ] | |||
| |subdivision_type1 = Autonomous Region | |||
| |subdivision_type2 = | |||
| |subdivision_name = ] | |||
| |subdivision_name1 = ] | |||
| |subdivision_name2 = | |||
| | established_title = Founded | |||
| | established_date = ] | |||
| | established_title2 = | |||
| | established_date2 = | |||
| | government_type = | |||
| | leader_title = Mayor | |||
| | leader_name = Vyacheslav Kogut | |||
| | area_magnitude = | |||
| | area_total_sq_mi = | |||
| | area_total_km2 = 97.29 | |||
| | area_land_sq_mi = | |||
| | area_land_km2 = | |||
| | area_water_sq_mi = | |||
| | area_water_km2 = | |||
| | area_urban_sq_mi = | |||
| | area_urban_km2 = | |||
| | area_metro_km2 = | |||
| | area_metro_sq_mi = | |||
| | population_as_of=2004 | |||
| | population_footnotes = | |||
| | population_total = 97027 | |||
| | population_urban = | |||
| | population_metro = | |||
| | population_density_sq_mi = | |||
| | population_density_km2 = | |||
| | timezone = ] | |||
| | utc_offset = +2 | |||
| | timezone_DST = | |||
| | utc_offset_DST = | |||
| | latd = 46| latm = 50| lats = | latNS = N | |||
| | longd = 29| longm = 29 | longs = | longEW = W | |||
| | elevation_footnotes= | |||
| | elevation_ft = | |||
| | elevation_m = | |||
| | website = | |||
| | footnotes = | |||
| }} | |||
| '''Tighina''' or '''Bender''' (] (]): ''Tighina'' or ''Bender'', ]: ''Тигина'' or ''Бендер''; ]: ''Бендéры''/''Bendery''; ]: ''Бендéри''/''Bendery'') is a city controlled by the authorities of ], the breakaway region of ], although geographically on the right bank of the river ]. Together with the village of ], the city forms a municipality, which Moldova considers separate from Transnistria. Tighina is located in the ] established at the end of the ]. While the ] has overriding powers, Transnistria has '']'' administrative control over the city and both Moldova and breakaway Transnistria have small police forces in the city. | |||
| ==Name== | |||
| Known in the middle ages as ''Tighina'' (in Romanian sources) and ''Bender'' (in Turkish sources), it was called ''Bender'' for the most part of the time the city belonged to the ] (]-]) and ]s (1812-]), and as ''Tighina'' when it belonged to the ] (before 1538), in the early part of the Russian Empire (1812-), and during the time the city belonged to Romania (]-]). During the ] period the city was known in the ] as ''Бендер (Bender)'' in ] written then with the ], and as ''Бендéры (Bendery)'' in ]. Moldova kept the name Bender after it became independent in ].<ref>, Monitorul Oficial al Republicii Moldova, no. 16/53, December 29, 2001 (subsequent modifications taken into account)</ref> <!--However, the city is more widely known as ''Tighina''. - This was before, I only changed "but" to "however". Commenting out for now.--> The breakaway authorities of Transnistria (which currently have control over the city) use the names ''Бендер/Bender'', ''Бендéры/Bendery'', and ''Бендéри/Bendery'' in Moldovan, Russian, and Ukrainian, respectively. | |||
| ==Population== | |||
| {| | |||
| |Year||Population||Moldovans||Russians||Ukrainians||Others | |||
| |- | |||
| |17 September 1979||101,000 || || || | |||
| |- | |||
| |12 January 1989||130,000 || || || | |||
| |- | |||
| |5 October 2004||97,027 || 24,500 || 41,500 || 17,000 || 14,000 | |||
| |- | |||
| | | |||
| | || 25.5% || 42.8% || 17.4% || 14.6% | |||
| |- | |||
| |} | |||
| ==Administration== | |||
| Vyacheslav Kogut is the city's current ]. | |||
| ==History== | |||
| ] | |||
| ].]] | |||
| Tighina was first mentioned as an important customs post in a commerce grant issued by the Moldavian '']'' ] the merchants of ] on ] ]. The document is written in ], and the place is named ''Тягянакача ''. The name "Tighina" is found in documents from the second half of the 15th century. The town was the main Moldavian custom point on the commercial road linking the country to ]' ].<ref>], ''Istoria Basarabiei'', Cernăuţi, 1923, reprint Chişinău, Cartea Moldovenească, 1991, p.76</ref> | |||
| In ], the ] sultan ] conquered the town from Moldavia, and renamed it ''Bender''. The fortress was re-built under the supervison of the Turkish architect ], and was renamed the Bender Fortress (cf. ]: ''Bender'', Gate). The Ottomans used it to keep the pressure on Moldavia.<ref>Ion Nistor, Ibidem</ref> | |||
| In the 18th century, the fort's area was expanded and modernized by the prince of Moldavia ], who carried out these works under Ottoman supervision. | |||
| In ], the fortress, the town, and the neighboring village Varniţa were the site of a couple skirmishes ('']'') between ], who had taken refuge there with the ] ] ] after their defeat in the ], and Turks who wished to take the Swedish king hostage and exploit the political difficulties of central Europe.<ref>Charles XII of Sweden first took refuge in a Moldavian house in the twon, then moved to a house specially built for him in Varniţa. cf. ''Ion Nistor, Ibidem, p.140''</ref> | |||
| During the second half of the 18th century, the fortress fell three times to the Russians during the ] (in ], ], and finally in ] without a fight). | |||
| Along with ], the city was annexed to the ] in ], and remained part of the Russian ] of Bessarabia until ]. | |||
| As a part of Bessarabia, Tighina belonged to the ] (]-]), and ] (]-], ]-]). | |||
| Along with Bessarabia, the city was ] by the ] on ], ], following an ultimatum. In the course of ], it was retaken by Romania in July ], and again by the ] in August ]. | |||
| In 1940-41, and 1941-1991 it was one of the four "republican cities" (i.e. insubordinated to a district) of the ], one of the 15 republics of the ]. Since ], the city is part of the independent ]. | |||
| During the ] (]), because of the city's key strategic location on the right bank of ] river, 10 km from left-bank ], it was the biggest of the three battlefields of that war.<ref>The other two were ] and ].</ref> | |||
| Since ], Tighina is formally in the ] established at the end of the conflict, but is de facto controlled by Transnistrian authorities. Moldovan authorities control the village of ], which fringes the city to the north. | |||
| ==Famous natives== | |||
| ] | |||
| Famous people born in the city include: | |||
| *Two ] ]s known as ] | |||
| *], Jewish Soviet zoologist and geographer | |||
| *], Romanian actress | |||
| *], former President of ] | |||
| *], dramatist, writer | |||
| *], Russian geophysicist | |||
| *], Polish statistician | |||
| *], British economic historian | |||
| *], singer | |||
| *], artist | |||
| ==References== | |||
| {{reflist|2}} | |||
| == External links == | |||
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| <br/> | |||
| {{Municipality of Tighina, Moldova}} | |||
| {{Administrative divisions of Moldova}} | |||
| {{Geography of Transnistrian conflict}} | |||
| {{coor title dm|46|50|N|29|29|E|region:TR_type:city}} | |||
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Revision as of 12:21, 7 April 2008
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