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{{Infobox writer <!-- for more information see ] --> | ||
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| name = J. K. Rowling | ||
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| image= Jk-rowling-crop.JPG | ||
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| birthname = Joanne<!--Her name does NOT contain "Kathleen"; see the section "Name"--> Rowling | ||
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| birthdate = {{Birth date and age|1965|7|31|df=yes}} | ||
| | birthplace = ], ], ] | |||
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| notableworks = '']'' series | ||
| |influences = <!-- Influences derived from cited examples at wiki page Harry Potter influences and analogues. Please provide a citation for any new additions. -->]<br>]<br>]<br>]<br>]<br>]<br>]<br>] | |||
| |jnfkufndft < ;!-- Infkufndft dfqjwfd fqpn djufd fybnpkft bu wjkj pbhf Hbqqy Ppuufq jnfkufndft bnd bnbkphuft. Pkfbtf pqpwjdf b djubujpn fpq bny nfw bddjujpnt. --?\\Jbnf Autufn\\;bq?\\Gfpffqfy Chbudfq\\;bq?\\Ekjzbbfuh Gpudhf\\;bq?\\C. S. Lfwjt\\;bq?\\Jfttjdb Mjufpqd\\;bq?\\E. Nftbju\\;bq?\\Wjkkjbn Shbkftpfbqf\\;bq?\\T. H. Whjuf\\ | |||
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| website = http://www.jkrowling.com | ||
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'''Joanne <!--Her name does NOT contain "Kathleen"; see the section "Name"--> "Jo" Murray''', ] '''Rowling''' ]<ref> . ]. ] ]. Accessed ] ].</ref> (born ] ]),<ref>. Scholastic.com. Accessed ] ].</ref> who writes under the ] '''J. K. Rowling''',<ref name="darkmark-bbc" /> is a ] <!--do not change to "English" or "Scottish" until issue is resolved --> ] and author of the '']'' ] series. The ''Potter'' books have gained worldwide attention, won multiple awards, and sold nearly 400 million copies.<ref>Booth, Jenny. {{cite web|title=J.K. Rowling publishes Harry Potter spin-off|date=|work=]|author=|url=http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/books/article2784397.ece|}} ] ]. Accessed ] ].</ref> The 2007 '']'' estimated Rowling's fortune at £545 million ($1.07 billion), ranking her as the 136th richest person and the 13th richest woman in Britain.<!-- | ||
| There are two links in that ref: one lists her ranking as a person, one lists her ranking as a woman. | |||
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--><ref>; . '']''. Accessed ] ].</ref> '']'' has named Rowling the second-richest female entertainer in the world,<ref> . Contact Music. Accessed ] ].</ref> and ranked her as the 48th most powerful celebrity of 2007.<ref>. '']''. ], ]. Accessed ] ].</ref> '']'' named Rowling as a runner up for their 2007 ] noting the social, moral, and ] she has given ].<ref>. '']''. ] ]. Accessed ] ].</ref> She has become a notable ], supporting such charities as ], the ] and ]. | ||
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''Harry Potter'' is now a global brand worth an estimated £7 billion (]15 billion),<ref>. Advertising Age. Accessed ] ]</ref> and the last four ''Harry Potter'' books have consecutively set records as the fastest-selling books in history.<ref>Pauli, Michelle. "". '']''; "". ]. Accessed ] ].</ref><ref name="sales">. ]. ] ]. Accessed on ] ].</ref> The series, totalling 4,195 pages,<ref>Sawyer, Jenny. . '']''. ] ]. Accessed ] ].</ref> has been translated, in whole or in part, into 65 languages.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boston.com/business/globe/articles/2007/06/29/final_harry_potter_is_expected_to_set_record/|title= Final Harry Potter is expected to set record|work=]}} ] ]. Accessed ] ].</ref> | ||
| ==Name== | |||
| <<Nbnf<< | |||
| Although she writes under the ] "J. K. Rowling", pronounced ''rolling'' ({{IPAEng|ˈroʊlɪŋ}}),<ref name=bio> J. K. Rowling. Originally from jkrowling.com; reprinted by cliphoto.com. Accessed ] ]</ref> she actually has no middle name, hence her full name when her first ''Harry Potter'' book was published was simply "Joanne Rowling". Before publishing her first book, her publisher ] feared that the target audience of young boys might be reluctant to buy books written by a female author. It requested that Rowling use two initials, rather than reveal her first name. As she had no middle name, she chose ''K''. for Kathleen as the second initial of her pseudonym, from her paternal grandmother. The name Kathleen has never been part of her real name.<ref name="darkmark-bbc" /> Following her marriage, her legal name is ''Joanne Murray''.<ref name=david> . '']''. ] ]. Accessed ] ].</ref> She calls herself "Jo" and says, "No one ever called me 'Joanne' when I was young, unless they were angry."<ref>Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. . ''The Hogwarts Express''. ] ]. Accessed ] ].</ref> | |||
| ==Early life== | |||
| <<Ebqky kjff<< | |||
| Rowling was born to Peter James Rowling and Anne Rowling (née Volant) on ] ] in ], <!--Her birth certificate places her birth in Yate, not Chipping Sodbury, although the two towns are continuous--> ], ] {{convert|10|mi|km|+1}} northeast of ].<ref name="rowling-bio">. J.K. Rowling's Official Site. Accessed ] ].</ref> Her sister Dianne (Di) was born at their home when Rowling was 23 months old.<ref name="rowling-bio" /> The family moved to the nearby village ] when Rowling was four. She attended ],<ref>''Winterbourne Family History Online,'' - Rowling listed as admission No.305. Accessed ] ].</ref> a school founded almost 200 years ago by famed ] ]<ref>Bowyer, Jerry. . ]. ] ]. Accessed ] ].</ref> and education reformer ]. Her elderly headmaster at St. Michaels, Alfred Dunn, was claimed as the inspiration for the ''Harry Potter'' character ].<ref>. winterbourne.freeuk.com. Accessed ] ].</ref><ref>. Southlos.gov.uk. Accessed ] ].</ref> | |||
| As a child, Rowling enjoyed writing fantasy stories, which she often read to her sister. "I can still remember me telling her a story in which she fell down a rabbit hole and was fed strawberries by the rabbit family inside it," she recalls, "Certainly the first story I ever wrote down (when I was five or six) was about a rabbit called Rabbit. He got the measles and was visited by his friends, including a giant bee called Miss Bee."<ref name=bio /> | |||
| At the age of nine, Rowling moved to the Gloucestershire village of ], close to ], ].<ref name="rowling-bio" /> When she was a young teen, her great aunt, who Rowling said "taught classics and approved of a thirst for knowledge, even of a questionable kind",<ref name=hons>Rowling, JK. . '']''. ] ]. Accessed ] ].</ref> gave her a very old copy of ]'s autobiography, ''].''<ref name=hons /> Mitford became Rowling's heroine, and Rowling subsequently read all of her books.<ref name=harryandme>Fraser, Lindsey. . '']''. ] ]: interview with Rowling, edited excerpt from ''Conversations with J.K. Rowling''. </ref> | |||
| She attended secondary school at ]. Rowling has said of her adolescence, "] is loosely based on me. She's a caricature of me when I was 11, which I'm not particularly proud of."<ref>Feldman, Roxanne. , ''School Library Journal'', September 1999.</ref> Sean Harris, her best friend in the ] owned a turquoise ], which she says inspired the one in her books. "Ron Weasley isn't a living portrait of Sean, but he really is very Sean-ish."<ref>Fraser, Lindsey. ''Conversations with J.K. Rowling'', pg 19–20, Scholastic.</ref> Of her musical tastes of the time, she said "My favourite group in the world is ]. And when I was going through a punky phase, it was ]."<ref>Fraser, Lindsey. ''Conversations with J.K. Rowling,'' pg 29 Scholastic.</ref> Rowling read for a BA in ] and ] at the ], which she says was a "bit of a shock" as she "was expecting to be amongst lots of similar people– thinking radical thoughts."<ref name="fraser34"/> Once she made friends with "some like-minded people" she says she began to enjoy herself.<ref name=fraser34>Fraser, Lindsey. ''Conversations with J.K. Rowling'', pg 34 Scholastic.</ref> With a year of study in ], Rowling moved to ] to work as a researcher and bilingual secretary for ].<ref>Norman-Culp, Sheila. . Associated Press. 1998. Accessed ] ].</ref> | |||
| In |
In 1990, while she was on a four-hour-delayed train trip from ] to London, the idea for a story of a young boy attending a school of wizardry "came fully formed" into her mind.<ref name=loer/> "I really don't know where the idea came from", she told the '']'', "It started with Harry, then all these characters and situations came flooding into my head."<ref name=loer>Loer, Stephanie. . '']''. ] ]. Accessed ] ].</ref><ref name="rowling-bio" /> When she had reached her ] flat, she began to write immediately.<ref name="rowling-bio" /><ref> . BBC Christmas Special. ] ]. Accessed ] ].</ref> | ||
| However, in December of that year, Rowling’s mother succumbed to a 10-year battle with ].<ref name="rowling-bio"/> Rowling commented, "I was writing ''Harry Potter'' at the moment my mother died. I had never told her about ''Harry Potter''."<ref name=tatler>Greig, Geordie. . '']''. ] ]. Accessed ] ]. in '']''.</ref> Rowling said this death heavily affected her writing<ref>J.K. Rowling's Official Site, . Accessed ] ].</ref><ref name=tatler /> and that she introduced much more detail about Harry's loss in the first book, because she knew about how it felt.<ref> . '']'', Channel Four Corporation (UK). ],]. Accessed ] ].</ref> | |||
| Rowling then moved to ], ] to teach English as a foreign language.<ref name=harryandme /> While there, on ] ], she married Portuguese television journalist Jorge Arantes.<ref name="Scotsman" /> Their one child, Jessica Isabel Rowling Arantes (named after Jessica Mitford), was born on ] ] in Portugal.<ref name="Scotsman" /> They separated in November 1993.<ref name="Scotsman" /><ref> Weeks, Linton. . '']''. ] ]. Accessed ] ].</ref> In December 1994, Rowling and her daughter moved to be near her sister in ], ].<ref name="rowling-bio" /> During this period Rowling was diagnosed with clinical depression, and contemplated suicide.<ref name="cnn23mar08"> . CNN. ] ]. Accessed ] ].</ref> It was the feeling of her illness which brought her the idea of ], soulless creatures featured in ''Harry Potter''.<ref>. ]. ], ]. Accessed ] ].</ref> | |||
| Unemployed and living on state benefits, Rowling completed her first novel in numerous cafés (e.g. Nicolson's Café and Elephant House Café), whenever she could get Jessica to fall asleep.<ref name="rowling-bio" /><ref name="hpandme"> . BBC Christmas Special. ] ]. Transcribed by "Marvelous Marvolo" and Jimmi Thøgersen. ''Quick Quotes Quill.org''. Accessed ] ].</ref> In a 2001 BBC interview, Rowling denied the rumour that she wrote in local cafés to escape from her unheated flat, remarking, "I am not stupid enough to rent an unheated flat in Edinburgh in midwinter. It had heating."<ref name="hpandme"/> Instead, as she stated on the American TV program '']'', one of the reasons she wrote in cafés was because taking her baby out for a walk was the best way to make her fall asleep.<ref name="hpandme" /> | |||
| ==''Harry Potter''== | |||
| ===''Harry Potter'' books=== | |||
| {{ |
{{main|Harry Potter}} | ||
| <!--Please note: the three booklets Rowling composed for charity are listed in the "Charity" section--> | |||
| In 1995, |
In 1995, Rowling finished her manuscript for '']'' on an old manual typewriter.<ref>Riccio, Heather. . ''Hilary Magazine''. Accessed ] ].</ref> Upon the enthusiastic response of Bryony Evans, a reader who had been asked to review the book’s first three chapters, the Fulham-based ] agreed to represent Rowling in her quest for a publisher. The book was submitted to twelve publishing houses, all of which rejected the manuscript.<ref name="Scotsman">McGinty, Stephen. . '']''. ] ]. Accessed ] ].</ref> A year later she was finally given the green light (and a £1500 advance) by editor Barry Cunningham from ], a small British publishing house in London, England.<ref>. ]. Accessed ] ].</ref><ref name="Scotsman" /> The decision to publish Rowling's book apparently owes much to Alice Newton, the eight-year-old daughter of Bloomsbury’s chairman, who was given the first chapter to review by her father and immediately demanded the next.<ref name="Eight year old saves Potter">Lawless, John. . '']''. ] ]. Accessed ] ].</ref> Although Bloomsbury agreed to publish the book, Cunningham says that he advised Rowling to get a day job, since she had little chance of making money in children’s books.<ref>Blais, Jacqueline. . wkyc.com. ] ]. Accessed ] ].</ref> Soon after, in 1997, Rowling received an £8000 grant from the ] to enable her to continue writing.<ref>. hpna.com. ] ]. Accessed ] ].</ref> The following spring, an auction was held in the United States for the rights to publish the novel, and was won by ], for $105,000. Rowling has said she “nearly died” when she heard the news.<ref>Reynolds, Nigel. . '']''. ] ]. Accessed ] ].</ref> | ||
| In |
In June 1997, Bloomsbury published ''Philosopher’s<!-- DO NOT change to Sorceror--> Stone'' with an initial print-run of one thousand copies, five hundred of which were distributed to libraries. Today, such copies are valued between £16,000 and £25,000.<ref>Kleffel, Rick. . metroactive.com. ] ]. Accessed ] ].</ref> Five months later, the book won its first award, a ]. In February, the novel won the prestigious ] for Children’s Book of the Year, and later, the Children’s Book Award. In October 1998, Scholastic published ''Philosopher’s<!-- DO NOT change to Sorceror--> Stone'' in the US under the title of ''Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone'': a change Rowling claims she now regrets and would have fought if she had been in a better position at the time.<ref name="darkmark-bbc"> . ]. March 2001. Accessed ] ].</ref> | ||
| In |
In December 1999, the third novel, '']'', won the Smarties Prize, making Rowling the first person to win the award three times running.<ref>. ]. ] ]. Accessed ] ].</ref> She later withdrew the fourth ''Harry Potter'' novel from contention to allow other books a fair chance. In January 2000, ''Prisoner of Azkaban'' won the inaugural ], though it lost the Book of the Year prize to ]’s translation of '']''.<ref>Gibbons, Fiachra. . '']''. ] ]. Accessed ] ].</ref> | ||
| The fourth book, ''],'' was released simultaneously in the UK and the US on ], ], and broke sales records in both countries. Some 372,775 copies of the book were sold in its first day in the UK, almost equalling the number ''Prisoner of Azkaban'' sold during its first year.<ref name= culture> . Reuters/PRNewswire. ] ]. Accessed ] ].</ref> In the US, the book sold three million copies in its first 48 hours, smashing all literary sales records.<ref name= culture /> Rowling admitted that she had had a moment of crisis while writing the novel; "Halfway through writing Four, I realised there was a serious fault with the plot ... I've had some of my blackest moments with this book ... One chapter I rewrote 13 times, though no-one who has read it can spot which one or know the pain it caused me."<ref>Johnstone, Anne. . '']''. ] ]. Accessed ] ].</ref> Rowling was named author of the year in the 2000 British Book Awards.<ref>{{cite web|title=British Book Awards: Previous Winners & Shortlists|url=http://www.britishbookawards.co.uk/pnbb_previouswinners.asp?}} Accessed: ] ]</ref> | |||
| A |
A wait of three years occurred between the release of ''Goblet of Fire'' and the fifth ''Harry Potter'' novel, '']''. This gap led to press speculation that Rowling had developed ], speculations she fervently denied.<ref> . ]. ] ]. Accessed ] ].</ref> Rowling later admitted that writing the book was a chore. "I think Phoenix could have been shorter", she told ], "I knew that, and I ran out of time and energy toward the end."<ref>Grossman, Lev. . '']''. ] ]. Accessed ], ].</ref> | ||
| The sixth book, '']'', was released on ], ]. It too broke all sales records, selling nine million copies in its first 24 hours of release.<ref>. ]. ] ]. Accessed ] ].</ref> While writing, she told a fan online, "Book six has been planned for years, but before I started writing seriously I spend two months re-visiting the plan and making absolutely sure I knew what I was doing."<ref>. ] ]. ]. Accessed ], ].</ref> She noted on her website that the opening chapter of book six, which features a conversation between the ] and the British Prime Minister, had been intended as the first chapter first for ''Philosopher's Stone'', then ''Chamber of Secrets'' then ''Prisoner of Azkaban''.<ref> J. K. Rowling's Official Site. Accessed ], ].</ref> In 2006, ''Half-Blood Prince'' received the ] prize at the ].<ref name="bba">{{cite web|url=http://www.britishbookawards.co.uk/pnbb_shortlist2006.asp?|title=Winners & Shortlists 2006|publisher=Publishing News}}Accessed ] ].</ref> | |||
| The title of the seventh and final ''Harry Potter'' book was revealed ] ] to be '']''.<ref>Press Release. . ]. ] ]. Accessed ] ].</ref> On ] ] Rowling wrote on a bust in her hotel room at the Balmoral Hotel in ] that she had written the seventh book in that room on ] ].<ref>Cornwell, Tim.. '']''. ] ]. Accessed ] ].</ref> ''Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows'' was released on ] ] (0:00 ]) and broke its predecessor's record as the fastest-selling book of all time.<ref name="sales" /> It sold 11 million copies in the first day of release in the United Kingdom and United States.<ref name="sales"/> She has said that the last chapter of the book was written "in something like 1990", as part of her earliest work on the entire series.<ref name="last chapter">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/5119836.stm|title=Rowling to kill two in final book|publisher=]}}] ]. Accessed ] ].</ref> During a year period when Rowling was completing the last book, she allowed herself to be filmed for a documentary which aired in Britain on ] on ] ]. It was entitled ''J K Rowling... A Year In The Life'' and showed her returning to her old Edinburgh tenement flat where she lived, and completed the first ''Harry Potter'' book.<ref name="returns">Hastings, Chris. . '']''. ] ]. Accessed ] ].</ref> Re-visiting the flat for the first time reduced her to tears, saying it was "really where I turned my life around completely."<ref name="returns"/> | |||
| The ''Harry Potter'' books have also gained recognition for sparking an interest in reading among the young at a time when children were thought to be abandoning the book for the computer and the television,<ref>. Scholastic. ] ]. Accessed ] ].</ref> although the series' overall impact on children's reading habits has been questioned.<ref>Mehegan, David. {{cite web|url=http://www.boston.com/ae/books/articles/2007/07/09/in_end_potter_magic_extends_only_so_far/?page=1|title= In end, Potter magic extends only so far|work=]}} ], ]. Accessed ], ].</ref> | |||
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| === ''Harry Potter'' films === | |||
| {{ |
{{main|Harry Potter film series}} | ||
| In |
In October 1998, ] purchased the film rights to the first two novels for a seven-figure sum.<ref>Walker, Andrew. . '']''. ]]. Accessed ] ].</ref> A film version of '']''<!-- DO NOT change to Sorceror--> was released on ] ], and '']'' on ] ].<ref name=mojo>. Box Office Mojo. Accessed ], ].</ref> Both were directed by ]. ] ] saw the release of the film version of '']'', directed by ].<ref name=mojo /> The fourth film, '']'', was directed by yet another new director, ], and released on ] ].<ref name=mojo /> The film of '']'' was released on ] ].<ref name=mojo /> ] was its director, and ] its screenwriter, having taken over the position from ]. '']'' is in production,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.the-leaky-cauldron.org/2007/9/19/half-blood-prince-filming-news-threat-of-strike-to-affect-harry-potter-six|title="Half-Blood Prince" Filming News: Threat of Strike to Affect Harry Potter Six?|accessdate=|date=|publisher=The Leaky Cauldron}}] ]. Accessed ] ].</ref> scheduled for release on ] ].<ref name=mojo /> David Yates will direct again, and Kloves will return to screenwrite it.<ref>Fienberg, Daniel. . '']''. ] ]. Accessed ] ]; Spelling, Ian. . Sci Fi Wire. ] ].</ref> In March 2008, Warner Bros. announced that the final installment of the series, '']'', would be filmed in two segments, with part one released in November 2010 and part two released in May 2011. Yates would again return to direct both films.<ref>{{cite web|title=Final 'Harry Potter' book will be split into two movies|work=Los Angeles Times|Jeff Boucher|date=March 13, 2008|url=http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/news/la-et-potter13mar13,1,5626063.story|accessdate=2008-03-13}}</ref> | ||
| Warner Bros took considerable notice of Rowling's desires and thoughts when drafting her contract. One of her principal stipulations was the films be shot in Britain with an all-British cast, which has been adhered to strictly.<ref>Treneman, Ann. . '']''. ] ]. Accessed ] ].</ref> In an unprecedented move, Rowling also demanded that ], the victor in the race to ] their products to the film series, donate $18 million to the American charity ], as well as a number of community charity programs.<ref> . ]. ] ]. Accessed ] ].</ref> | |||
| The first four films were scripted by Steve Kloves; Rowling assisted him in the writing process, ensuring that his scripts did not contradict future books in the series. She has said that she told him more about the later books than anybody else (prior to their release), but not everything.<ref>Mzimba, Lizo, moderator. . BBC Newsround. February 2003. Accessed ] ].</ref> She has also said that she told ] (]) and ] (]) certain secrets about their characters before they were revealed in the books.<ref>. ''CBBC Newsround''. ] ]. Accessed ] ].</ref> She was also asked by ] (]) if Harry died and Rowling answered him by saying, "You have a death scene", thereby not explicitly answering the question.<ref>. '']''. ], ]. Accessed ], ].</ref> ] was approached to direct the first film, but dropped out. The press has repeatedly claimed that Rowling played a role in his departure, but Rowling stated that she has no say in who directs the films and would not have vetoed Spielberg if she had.<ref> . J. K. Rowling's official site. Accessed ] ].</ref> Rowling's first choice for the director had been ] member ], as she is a fan of his work. Warner Bros. wanted a more family friendly film, and eventually they settled on ].<ref>. Wizard News. ], ]. Accessed ] ].</ref> | |||
| ===After ''Harry Potter''=== | |||
| <!-- | |||
| NOTE: |
NOTE: The Tales of Beedle the Bard is mentioned in the Philanthropy section | ||
| -- |
--> | ||
| Rowling has stated that she plans to continue writing after the publication of the final ''Harry Potter'' book, '']'', and that she will most likely not use a new pen name as the press would quickly discover her identity.<ref>. Radio 4. ] ]. Accessed ] ].</ref> In 2006, Rowling revealed that she had finished writing a few short stories and another children's book (a "political fairy story") about a monster, aimed at a younger audience than ''Harry Potter'' readers.<ref> . in.rediff.com. ] ]. Accessed ] ].</ref> | |||
| She is not planning to write an eighth ''Harry Potter'' book, stating, "I can't say I'll never write another book about that world just because I think, what do I know, in ten years' time I might want to return to it but I think it's unlikely."<ref>. ], ]. Accessed ] ].</ref> However, Rowling has said she will be writing an encyclopedia of ''Harry Potter'''s ] consisting of various unpublished material and notes.<ref>Brown, Jen. . ]. ] ]. Accessed ] ].</ref> Any profits from such a book would be given to charity.<ref>. J. K. Rowling official site. Accessed ] ].</ref> During a news conference at Hollywood's ] in 2007, Rowling, when asked how the encyclopedia was coming along, said, "It's not coming along, and I haven't started writing it. I never said it was the next thing I'd do."<ref>{{cite web|title=J.K. Rowling brings magic touch to U.S.|url=http://www.calendarlive.com/books/la-et-rowling16oct16,0,5110522.story?coll=cl-books-features| | |||
| author=David L. Ulin|work=]|accessdate=}} ], ]. Accessed ] ].</ref> As of the end of 2007, Rowling has said that the encyclopedia could take up to ten years to complete, stating "There is no point in doing it unless it is amazing. The last thing I want to do is to rush something out".<ref name="returns"/> | |||
| In |
In July 2007, Rowling said that she wants to dedicate "lots" of her time to her family, but is currently "sort of writing two things", one for children and the other for adults.<ref name=USAToday200707>Memmott, Carol. . '']''. ] ]. Accessed ] ].</ref> She did not give any details about the two projects but did state that she was excited because the two book situation reminded her of writing the ''Philosopher's Stone'', explaining how she was then writing two books until Harry took over.<ref>. '']''. ] ]. Accessed ] ].</ref> She stated in October 2007 that her future work was unlikely to be in the fantasy genre, explaining, "I think probably I've done my fantasy....it would be incredibly difficult to go out and create another world that didn't in some way overlap with Harry's or maybe borrow a little too much from Harry."<ref>Topel, Fred. {{cite web|title='Harry Potter' Author J.K. Rowling Enchants Readers on Her U.S. Book Tour|work=]|url=http://www.nypost.com/entertainment/movies/news/n13576.htm|year=2007}} Accessed ] ].</ref> In November 2007, Rowling said that she was working on another book, a "half-finished book for children that I think will probably be the next thing I publish."<ref>{{cite web|title=Rowling completes post-Harry Potter book|work=Associated Press|date=|url=http://omg.yahoo.com/rowling-completes-post-harry-potter-book/news/3619}} ] ]. Accessed ] ]</ref> In March 2008, Rowling confirmed that her "political fairy tale" for children was nearing completion. <ref>{{cite news | first= | last= | coauthors= | title=JK Rowling in court over photo of son | date=] | publisher= | url =http://news.scotsman.com/entertainment/JK-Rowling-in-court-over.3861605.jp | work =The Scotsman | pages = | accessdate = 2008-03-18 | language = }}</ref> | ||
| In |
In March 2008, Rowling revealed in interview that she had returned to writing in Edinburgh cafes, intent on composing a new novel for children. "I will continue writing for children because that's what I enjoy," she told '']''. "I am very good at finding a suitable cafe; I blend into the crowd and, of course, I don't sit in the middle of the bar staring all around me."<ref>{{cite web|title=New adventure is child's play for Jo|author=Richard Eden|work=]|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/opinion/main.jhtml?xml=/opinion/2008/03/02/dp0201.xml | ||
| | |
|accessdate=}} ] ]. Accessed ] ].</ref> | ||
| ==Personal life== | |||
| <<Pfqtpnbk kjff<< | |||
| '' |
''Forbes'' has named Rowling as the first person to become a U.S.-dollar billionaire by writing books,<ref>Watson, Julie and Kellner, Tomas. . '']''. ] ]. Accessed ] ].</ref> and ranked her as the 1,062nd richest person in the world.<ref>. ]. Accessed ]].</ref> When first listed as a billionaire by ''Forbes'' in 2004, Rowling disputed the calculations and said she had plenty of money, but was not a billionaire.<ref>. ]. Accessed ], ].</ref> In 2001, Rowling purchased a luxurious 19th-century ], ], on the banks of the ], near ], in ], Scotland.<ref>Nichols, Michelle. . '']''. ], ]. Accessed ] ].</ref> Rowling also owns a home in ], Edinburgh, and a £4.5 million ($9 million) ] house in ], West London,<ref name=dailymail>Boshoff, Alison. . '']''. ] ]. Accessed ] ].</ref> on a street with 24-hour security.<ref>Collinson, Patrick. . '']''. ] ]. Accessed ] ].</ref> | ||
| On |
On ] ], Rowling married Neil Michael Murray (born ] ]), an ], in a private ceremony at her Aberfeldy home.<ref> . ]. ], ]. Accessed ] ].</ref> This was a second marriage for both Rowling and Murray, as Murray had previously been married to Dr. Fiona Duncan in 1996. Murray and Duncan separated in 1999 and divorced in the summer of 2001. Rowling and Murray's son David Gordon Rowling Murray was born on ] ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/2883095.stm|title=Baby joy for JK Rowling|work= ]}} ], ]. Accessed ] ]</ref> Shortly after Rowling began writing ''Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince'' she took a break from working on the novel to care for him in his early infancy.<ref>J.K. Rowling's Official Site, . ] ]. Accessed ] ].</ref> Rowling's youngest child, daughter Mackenzie Jean Rowling Murray, to whom she dedicated '']'', was born ] ].<ref> J.K. Rowling's Official Site, . Accessed ] ].</ref> | ||
| Rowling is a member of the ]. She once said, "I believe in God, not magic."<ref>Nelson, Michael. . '']''. ], ]. Accessed ] ].</ref> Early on she felt that if readers knew of her ] beliefs, they would be able to "guess what is coming in the books."<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.accio-quote.org/articles/2000/1000-vancouversun-wyman.htm|title='You can lead a fool to a book but you can't make them think'|newspaper=Vancouver Sun|last=Wyman|first=Max|date=|accessdate=}} ] ]. Accessed ] ].</ref> Rowling has stated that she struggles with her own beliefs. In an interview with the '']'' in July 2007, she said, "...until we reached Book Seven, views of what happens after death and so on...would give away a lot of what was coming. So … yes, my belief and my struggling with religious belief and so on I think is quite apparent in this book."<ref>Viera, Meredith.. ]. Accessed ] ].</ref> | |||
| Rowling commented on her political views when she discussed the ] with the Spanish-language newspaper '']''. She said she is "obsessed with the United States elections" because "it will have a profound effect on the rest of the world". As of February 2008, she has said that both ] and ] would be "extraordinary" in the White House. In the same interview, she also said her hero was ].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.elpais.com/articulo/cultura/Ser/invisible/seria/elpepicul/20080208elpepicul_1/Tes|title=Ser invisible... eso sería lo más|date=|accessdate=|last=Cruz|first=Juan|publisher=]}}] ]. Accessed ] ].</ref> | |||
| Rpwkjnh dpnnfnufd pn hfq ppkjujdbk wjfwt whfn thf djtduttfd uhf \\Unjufd Subuft pqftjdfnujbk fkfdujpn, 2998|2998 Unjufd Subuft pqftjdfnujbk fkfdujpn\\ wjuh uhf Spbnjth-kbnhubhf nfwtpbpfq ''\\Ek Pbít\\''. Shf tbjd thf jt "pbtfttfd wjuh uhf Unjufd Subuft fkfdujpnt" bfdbutf "ju wjkk hbwf b pqpfpund ffffdu pn uhf qftu pf uhf wpqkd". At pf Ffbqubqy 2998, thf hbt tbjd uhbu bpuh \\Bbqbdk Obbnb\\ bnd \\Hjkkbqy Ckjnupn\\ wpukd bf "fyuqbpqdjnbqy" jn uhf Whjuf Hputf. In uhf tbnf jnufqwjfw, thf bktp tbjd hfq hfqp wbt \\Rpbfqu F. Kfnnfdy\\.;qff?{{djuf nfwt|uqk<huup://www.fkpbjt.dpn/bqujdukp/dukuuqb/Sfq/jnwjtjbkf/tfqjb/fkpfpjduk/29989298fkpfpjduk_1/Tft|ujukf<Sfq jnwjtjbkf... ftp tfqíb kp nát|dbuf<|bddfttdbuf<|kbtu<Cquz|fjqtu<Jubn|pubkjthfq<\\Ek Pbít\\}}\\8 Ffbqubqy\\ \\2998\\. Addfttfd \\8 Ffbqubqy\\ \\2998\\.;/qff? | |||
| ==Relationship with the press== | |||
| <<Rfkbujpnthjp wjuh uhf pqftt<< | |||
| Rowling has had a difficult relationship with the press. She admits to being "thin-skinned" and dislikes the fickle nature of reporting.<ref name=Treneman/> "They went in one day from saying, 'She’s got writer’s block' to saying, 'She's been self-indulgent'", she told ''The Times'' in 2003, "And I thought, well, what a difference 24 hours makes."<ref name=Treneman>Treneman, Ann. . '']''. ], ]. Accessed ] ].</ref> However, Rowling disputes her reputation as a recluse who hates to be interviewed.<ref name=Treneman /> In 2001, the Press Complaints Commission upheld a complaint by Rowling over a series of unauthorised photographs of her with her daughter on the beach in ] published in '']''.<ref>. pcc.org.uk. 2001. Accessed ] ].</ref> In 2007 Rowling lost a court fight to ban publication of a photograph of her young son.<ref name=david /> The photo, taken by a photographer using a long-range lens, was subsequently published in a '']'' article featuring Rowling's family life and motherhood.<ref name=david /> | |||
| Rowling has said she particularly dislikes the British tabloid '']'', which made references to a stalker Rowling insists does not exist, and conducted interviews with her estranged ex-husband.<ref name=vernon /> As one journalist noted, "Harry's ] is a grotesque philistine of violent tendencies and remarkably little brain. It is not difficult to guess which newspaper Rowling gives him to read ."<ref name=vernon>Lockerbie, Catherine. {{cite web|title="All aboard the Hogwarts Express"|author=|work=]|url=http://www.accio-quote.org/articles/2000/0700-scotsman-lockerbie.html}} ] ]. Accessed ] ].</ref> | |||
| Rpwkjnh hbt tbjd thf pbqujdukbqky djtkjkft uhf Bqjujth ubbkpjd ''\\Thf Dbjky Mbjk\\'', whjdh nbdf qfffqfndft up b tubkkfq Rpwkjnh jntjtut dpft npu fyjtu, bnd dpndudufd jnufqwjfwt wjuh hfq ftuqbnhfd fy-hutbbnd.;qff nbnf<wfqnpn /? At pnf jpuqnbkjtu npufd, "Hbqqy't \\Vfqnpn Duqtkfy|Undkf Vfqnpn\\ jt b hqpuftquf phjkjtujnf pf wjpkfnu ufndfndjft bnd qfnbqkbbky kjuukf bqbjn. Iu jt npu djffjduku up huftt whjdh nfwtpbpfq Rpwkjnh hjwft hjn up qfbd \jn ''Gpbkfu pf Fjqf''\.";qff nbnf<wfqnpn?Lpdkfqbjf, Cbuhfqjnf. {{djuf wfb|ujukf<"Akk bbpbqd uhf Hphwbqut Eypqftt"|buuhpq<|wpqk<\\Thf Sdputnbn\\|uqk<huup://www.bddjp-qupuf.pqh/bqujdkft/2999/9799-tdputnbn-kpdkfqbjf.hunk}} \\11 Juky\\ \\2999\\. Addfttfd \\39 Odupbfq\\ \\2997\\.;/qff? | |||
| Some have speculated that Rowling's fraught relationship with the press was the inspiration behind the character ]. However, Rowling noted in 2000 that the character actually predates her rise to fame: "People have asked me whether Rita Skeeter was invented , but in fact she was always planned."<ref>{{cite web|title="About the Books: transcript of J.K. Rowling's live interview on Scholastic.com"|url=http://www.scholastic.com/harrypotter/books/author/interview2.htm|}} ] ]. Accessed ] ].</ref> "I tried to put Rita in ''Philosopher's Stone''- you know when Harry walks into the Leaky Cauldron for the first time and everyone says, "Mr Potter you're back!", I wanted to put a journalist in there. She wasn't called Rita then but she was a woman. And then I thought, as I looked at the plot overall, I thought, that's not really where she fits best, she fits best in Four when Harry's supposed to come to terms with his fame."<ref>. ''BBC Newsround''. 2000. Accessed ] ].</ref> | |||
| == Philanthropy == | |||
| << Phjkbnuhqppy << | |||
| In |
In 2000, Rowling established the Volant Charitable Trust, which uses its annual budget of £5.1 million to aid women and children, and to combat ] and social inequality. The fund also gives to organizations that aid children, one parent families, and multiple sclerosis research.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Volant Charitable Trust (UK and overseas)|work=Merseyside Funding|year=|url=http://www.mfip.org.uk/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1085&Itemid=27|}} Accessed ] ].</ref> Rowling said, "I think you have a moral responsibility when you've been given far more than you need, to do wise things with it and give intelligently."<ref name=USAToday200707 /> | ||
| Rowling, once a single parent herself, is now president of the charity ], having already become their first Ambassador in 2000.<ref name="OPF">{{cite web|url=http://www.oneparentfamilies.org.uk/|title=One Parent Families Gingerbread|work=OneParentFamilies|}}. Accessed ] ].</ref><ref> . oneparentfamilies.org. ], ]. Accessed ] ].</ref> Rowling collaborated with ], wife of British Prime Minister ], to write a book of children's stories to aid One Parent Families.<ref> . '']''. ], ]. Accessed ] ].</ref> | |||
| In |
In 2001, the UK anti-poverty fundraiser ] asked three bestselling British authors – cookery writer and TV presenter ], ] creator ], and Rowling – to submit booklets related to their most famous works for publication.<ref>Goodson, Rory and Chittenden, Maurice. . '']''. ], ]. Accessed ] ].</ref> Rowling's two booklets, '']'' and '']'', are ostensibly facsimiles of books found in the ] library. Since going on sale in March, 2001, the books have raised £15.7 million ($30 million) for the fund. The £10.8 million ($20 million) they have raised outside the UK have been channeled into a newly created International Fund for Children and Young People in Crisis.<ref>. Comic Relief. Accessed ] ].</ref> | ||
| In |
In 2005, to improve the lot of vulnerable children in eastern Europe, Rowling and ] ] founded the Children's High Level Group.<ref>{{cite web|title=Children's High Level Group|url=http://www.chlg.org/who-we-are.asp|publisher=The Children's Voice}} Accessed ] ].</ref> In January 2006, Rowling went to ] to highlight the use of caged beds in children's mental institutions.<ref> . J.K. Rowling's Official Site. Accessed ] ].</ref> To further support the CHLG, Rowling auctioned one of seven handwritten and illustrated copies of '']'', a series of fairy tales referred to in ''Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows''. The book was purchased for £1.95 million by on-line bookseller ] on ] ].<ref name="fetches">. ]. ] ]. Accessed ] ].</ref><ref>. MSNBC. ] ]. Accessed ] ].</ref><ref>. ]. Accessed ] ].</ref> Rowling commented "This will mean so much to children in desperate need of help. It means Christmas has come early to me."<ref name="fetches"/><ref>Majendie, Paul. . ]. ], ]. Accessed ], ].</ref> Rowling will give away the remaining six copies to those who have a close connection with the ''Harry Potter'' books.<ref name="fetches"/> | ||
| Rowling has contributed money and support for research and treatment of ], from which her mother died in 1990. In 2006, Rowling contributed a substantial sum toward the creation of a new Centre for Regenerative Medicine at ].<ref>MS Society, Scotland . ''Edinburgh Research and Innovation, University of Edinburgh''. ] ]. Accessed ] ].</ref> On ] and ] ] she read alongside ] and ] at ] in New York City. Profits from the event were donated to the Haven Foundation, a charity that aids artists and performers left uninsurable and unable to work, and the medical ] ].<ref>. Scholastic. 2006. Accessed ] ].</ref> In May 2007, Rowling gave $495,000 to a reward fund of over $4.5 million for the safe return of a young British girl, ], who disappeared in Portugal.<ref>. ]. ] ]. Accessed ] ].</ref><ref name="safe">. ]. ] ]. Accessed ] ].</ref> Rowling, along with ], ], and ], wrote an introduction to a collection of Gordon Brown's speeches, the proceeds of which are donated to the Jennifer Brown Research Laboratory.<ref> . ]. ] ]. Accessed ] ].</ref> | |||
| ==Publications== | |||
| <<Pubkjdbujpnt<< | |||
| ;Harry Potter series | |||
| ;Hbqqy Ppuufq tfqjft | |||
| # '']'' (] ]) | |||
| # '']'' (] ]) | |||
| # '']'' (] ]) | |||
| # '']'' (] ]) | |||
| #'']'' (] ]) | |||
| # '']'' (] ]) | |||
| # '']'' (] ]) | |||
| ;Other books | |||
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| * '' |
* '']'' (supplement to the Potter series) (2001) | ||
| * '' |
* '']'' (supplement to the Potter series) (2001) | ||
| * '' |
* '']'' (never published, but publicly displayed by Amazon.com) (2007) | ||
| ;Articles | |||
| ;Aqujdkft | |||
| * " |
* "The First It Girl: J.K. Rowling reviews ''Decca: the Letters of ]'' ed by Peter Y Sussman", '']'' ] ] | ||
| * |
* Introduction to "Ending Child Poverty" in ''Moving Britain Forward. Selected Speeches 1997-2006'' by ], Bloomsbury (2006) | ||
| * |
* Foreword to the anthology ''Magic'', edited by Gil McNeil and ], Bloomsbury (2002) | ||
| ==References== | |||
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| {{ |
{{Reflist|2}} | ||
| <!-- Dead note "film6-imdb": {{imdb title|id=0417741|title=Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince}} : not actually cited at the moment, but there just in case--> | |||
| ==External links== | |||
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* (]-heavy, with ]s; ) | ||
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* : Rowling's article on Jessica Mitford for ''The Telegraph'' | ||
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| <!-- Metadata: see ] --> | |||
| {{Persondata | |||
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| |NAME |
|NAME=Joanne Rowling | ||
| |ALTERNATIVE NAMES |
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES=Jo Rowling | ||
| |PSEUDONYM |
|PSEUDONYM=J. K. Rowling | ||
| |SHORT DESCRIPTION |
|SHORT DESCRIPTION=English writer. Author of the ] series | ||
| |DATE OF BIRTH |
|DATE OF BIRTH={{Birth date and age|1965|7|31|mf=y}} | ||
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|PLACE OF BIRTH=], ], ] | ||
| |DATE OF DEATH |
|DATE OF DEATH= | ||
| |PLACE OF DEATH |
|PLACE OF DEATH= | ||
| }} | }} | ||
| {{DEFAULTSORT: |
{{DEFAULTSORT:Rowling, J. K.}} | ||
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Revision as of 13:25, 11 April 2008
| J. K. Rowling | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Occupation | Novelist |
| Nationality | British |
| Notable works | Harry Potter series |
| Website | |
| http://www.jkrowling.com | |
Joanne "Jo" Murray, née Rowling OBE (born 31 July 1965), who writes under the pen name J. K. Rowling, is a British writer and author of the Harry Potter fantasy series. The Potter books have gained worldwide attention, won multiple awards, and sold nearly 400 million copies. The 2007 Sunday Times Rich List estimated Rowling's fortune at £545 million ($1.07 billion), ranking her as the 136th richest person and the 13th richest woman in Britain. Forbes has named Rowling the second-richest female entertainer in the world, and ranked her as the 48th most powerful celebrity of 2007. Time magazine named Rowling as a runner up for their 2007 Person of the Year noting the social, moral, and political inspiration she has given her fandom. She has become a notable philanthropist, supporting such charities as Comic Relief, the Multiple Sclerosis Society of Great Britain and One Parent Families.
Harry Potter is now a global brand worth an estimated £7 billion ($15 billion), and the last four Harry Potter books have consecutively set records as the fastest-selling books in history. The series, totalling 4,195 pages, has been translated, in whole or in part, into 65 languages.
Name
Although she writes under the pen name "J. K. Rowling", pronounced rolling (Template:IPAEng), she actually has no middle name, hence her full name when her first Harry Potter book was published was simply "Joanne Rowling". Before publishing her first book, her publisher Bloomsbury feared that the target audience of young boys might be reluctant to buy books written by a female author. It requested that Rowling use two initials, rather than reveal her first name. As she had no middle name, she chose K. for Kathleen as the second initial of her pseudonym, from her paternal grandmother. The name Kathleen has never been part of her real name. Following her marriage, her legal name is Joanne Murray. She calls herself "Jo" and says, "No one ever called me 'Joanne' when I was young, unless they were angry."
Early life
Rowling was born to Peter James Rowling and Anne Rowling (née Volant) on 31 July 1965 in Yate, Gloucestershire, England 10 miles (16.1 km) northeast of Bristol. Her sister Dianne (Di) was born at their home when Rowling was 23 months old. The family moved to the nearby village Winterbourne when Rowling was four. She attended St Michael's Primary School, a school founded almost 200 years ago by famed abolitionist William Wilberforce and education reformer Hannah More. Her elderly headmaster at St. Michaels, Alfred Dunn, was claimed as the inspiration for the Harry Potter character Albus Dumbledore.
As a child, Rowling enjoyed writing fantasy stories, which she often read to her sister. "I can still remember me telling her a story in which she fell down a rabbit hole and was fed strawberries by the rabbit family inside it," she recalls, "Certainly the first story I ever wrote down (when I was five or six) was about a rabbit called Rabbit. He got the measles and was visited by his friends, including a giant bee called Miss Bee."
At the age of nine, Rowling moved to the Gloucestershire village of Tutshill, close to Chepstow, South Wales. When she was a young teen, her great aunt, who Rowling said "taught classics and approved of a thirst for knowledge, even of a questionable kind", gave her a very old copy of Jessica Mitford's autobiography, Hons and Rebels. Mitford became Rowling's heroine, and Rowling subsequently read all of her books.
She attended secondary school at Wyedean School and College. Rowling has said of her adolescence, "Hermione is loosely based on me. She's a caricature of me when I was 11, which I'm not particularly proud of." Sean Harris, her best friend in the Upper Sixth owned a turquoise Ford Anglia, which she says inspired the one in her books. "Ron Weasley isn't a living portrait of Sean, but he really is very Sean-ish." Of her musical tastes of the time, she said "My favourite group in the world is The Smiths. And when I was going through a punky phase, it was The Clash." Rowling read for a BA in French and Classics at the University of Exeter, which she says was a "bit of a shock" as she "was expecting to be amongst lots of similar people– thinking radical thoughts." Once she made friends with "some like-minded people" she says she began to enjoy herself. With a year of study in Paris, Rowling moved to London to work as a researcher and bilingual secretary for Amnesty International.
In 1990, while she was on a four-hour-delayed train trip from Manchester to London, the idea for a story of a young boy attending a school of wizardry "came fully formed" into her mind. "I really don't know where the idea came from", she told the Boston Globe, "It started with Harry, then all these characters and situations came flooding into my head." When she had reached her Clapham Junction flat, she began to write immediately.
However, in December of that year, Rowling’s mother succumbed to a 10-year battle with multiple sclerosis. Rowling commented, "I was writing Harry Potter at the moment my mother died. I had never told her about Harry Potter." Rowling said this death heavily affected her writing and that she introduced much more detail about Harry's loss in the first book, because she knew about how it felt.
Rowling then moved to Porto, Portugal to teach English as a foreign language. While there, on 16 October 1992, she married Portuguese television journalist Jorge Arantes. Their one child, Jessica Isabel Rowling Arantes (named after Jessica Mitford), was born on 27 July 1993 in Portugal. They separated in November 1993. In December 1994, Rowling and her daughter moved to be near her sister in Edinburgh, Scotland. During this period Rowling was diagnosed with clinical depression, and contemplated suicide. It was the feeling of her illness which brought her the idea of Dementors, soulless creatures featured in Harry Potter.
Unemployed and living on state benefits, Rowling completed her first novel in numerous cafés (e.g. Nicolson's Café and Elephant House Café), whenever she could get Jessica to fall asleep. In a 2001 BBC interview, Rowling denied the rumour that she wrote in local cafés to escape from her unheated flat, remarking, "I am not stupid enough to rent an unheated flat in Edinburgh in midwinter. It had heating." Instead, as she stated on the American TV program A&E Biography, one of the reasons she wrote in cafés was because taking her baby out for a walk was the best way to make her fall asleep.
Harry Potter
Harry Potter books
Main article: Harry PotterIn 1995, Rowling finished her manuscript for Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone on an old manual typewriter. Upon the enthusiastic response of Bryony Evans, a reader who had been asked to review the book’s first three chapters, the Fulham-based Christopher Little Literary Agents agreed to represent Rowling in her quest for a publisher. The book was submitted to twelve publishing houses, all of which rejected the manuscript. A year later she was finally given the green light (and a £1500 advance) by editor Barry Cunningham from Bloomsbury, a small British publishing house in London, England. The decision to publish Rowling's book apparently owes much to Alice Newton, the eight-year-old daughter of Bloomsbury’s chairman, who was given the first chapter to review by her father and immediately demanded the next. Although Bloomsbury agreed to publish the book, Cunningham says that he advised Rowling to get a day job, since she had little chance of making money in children’s books. Soon after, in 1997, Rowling received an £8000 grant from the Scottish Arts Council to enable her to continue writing. The following spring, an auction was held in the United States for the rights to publish the novel, and was won by Scholastic Inc., for $105,000. Rowling has said she “nearly died” when she heard the news.
In June 1997, Bloomsbury published Philosopher’s Stone with an initial print-run of one thousand copies, five hundred of which were distributed to libraries. Today, such copies are valued between £16,000 and £25,000. Five months later, the book won its first award, a Nestlé Smarties Book Prize. In February, the novel won the prestigious British Book Award for Children’s Book of the Year, and later, the Children’s Book Award. In October 1998, Scholastic published Philosopher’s Stone in the US under the title of Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone: a change Rowling claims she now regrets and would have fought if she had been in a better position at the time.
In December 1999, the third novel, Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban, won the Smarties Prize, making Rowling the first person to win the award three times running. She later withdrew the fourth Harry Potter novel from contention to allow other books a fair chance. In January 2000, Prisoner of Azkaban won the inaugural Whitbread Children’s Book of the Year award, though it lost the Book of the Year prize to Seamus Heaney’s translation of Beowulf.
The fourth book, Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, was released simultaneously in the UK and the US on 8 July, 2000, and broke sales records in both countries. Some 372,775 copies of the book were sold in its first day in the UK, almost equalling the number Prisoner of Azkaban sold during its first year. In the US, the book sold three million copies in its first 48 hours, smashing all literary sales records. Rowling admitted that she had had a moment of crisis while writing the novel; "Halfway through writing Four, I realised there was a serious fault with the plot ... I've had some of my blackest moments with this book ... One chapter I rewrote 13 times, though no-one who has read it can spot which one or know the pain it caused me." Rowling was named author of the year in the 2000 British Book Awards.
A wait of three years occurred between the release of Goblet of Fire and the fifth Harry Potter novel, Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix. This gap led to press speculation that Rowling had developed writer's block, speculations she fervently denied. Rowling later admitted that writing the book was a chore. "I think Phoenix could have been shorter", she told Lev Grossman, "I knew that, and I ran out of time and energy toward the end."
The sixth book, Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince, was released on July 16, 2005. It too broke all sales records, selling nine million copies in its first 24 hours of release. While writing, she told a fan online, "Book six has been planned for years, but before I started writing seriously I spend two months re-visiting the plan and making absolutely sure I knew what I was doing." She noted on her website that the opening chapter of book six, which features a conversation between the Minister of Magic and the British Prime Minister, had been intended as the first chapter first for Philosopher's Stone, then Chamber of Secrets then Prisoner of Azkaban. In 2006, Half-Blood Prince received the Book of the Year prize at the British Book Awards.
The title of the seventh and final Harry Potter book was revealed 21 December 2006 to be Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows. On 1 February 2007 Rowling wrote on a bust in her hotel room at the Balmoral Hotel in Edinburgh that she had written the seventh book in that room on 11 January 2007. Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows was released on 21 July 2007 (0:00 BST) and broke its predecessor's record as the fastest-selling book of all time. It sold 11 million copies in the first day of release in the United Kingdom and United States. She has said that the last chapter of the book was written "in something like 1990", as part of her earliest work on the entire series. During a year period when Rowling was completing the last book, she allowed herself to be filmed for a documentary which aired in Britain on ITV on 30 December 2007. It was entitled J K Rowling... A Year In The Life and showed her returning to her old Edinburgh tenement flat where she lived, and completed the first Harry Potter book. Re-visiting the flat for the first time reduced her to tears, saying it was "really where I turned my life around completely."
The Harry Potter books have also gained recognition for sparking an interest in reading among the young at a time when children were thought to be abandoning the book for the computer and the television, although the series' overall impact on children's reading habits has been questioned.
Harry Potter films
Main article: Harry Potter film seriesIn October 1998, Warner Bros. purchased the film rights to the first two novels for a seven-figure sum. A film version of Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone was released on 16 November 2001, and Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets on 15 November 2002. Both were directed by Chris Columbus. 4 June 2004 saw the release of the film version of Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban, directed by Alfonso Cuarón. The fourth film, Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, was directed by yet another new director, Mike Newell, and released on 18 November 2005. The film of Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix was released on 11 July 2007. David Yates was its director, and Michael Goldenberg its screenwriter, having taken over the position from Steven Kloves. Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince is in production, scheduled for release on 21 November 2008. David Yates will direct again, and Kloves will return to screenwrite it. In March 2008, Warner Bros. announced that the final installment of the series, Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, would be filmed in two segments, with part one released in November 2010 and part two released in May 2011. Yates would again return to direct both films.
Warner Bros took considerable notice of Rowling's desires and thoughts when drafting her contract. One of her principal stipulations was the films be shot in Britain with an all-British cast, which has been adhered to strictly. In an unprecedented move, Rowling also demanded that Coca-Cola, the victor in the race to tie-in their products to the film series, donate $18 million to the American charity Reading is Fundamental, as well as a number of community charity programs.
The first four films were scripted by Steve Kloves; Rowling assisted him in the writing process, ensuring that his scripts did not contradict future books in the series. She has said that she told him more about the later books than anybody else (prior to their release), but not everything. She has also said that she told Alan Rickman (Snape) and Robbie Coltrane (Hagrid) certain secrets about their characters before they were revealed in the books. She was also asked by Daniel Radcliffe (Harry Potter) if Harry died and Rowling answered him by saying, "You have a death scene", thereby not explicitly answering the question. Steven Spielberg was approached to direct the first film, but dropped out. The press has repeatedly claimed that Rowling played a role in his departure, but Rowling stated that she has no say in who directs the films and would not have vetoed Spielberg if she had. Rowling's first choice for the director had been Monty Python member Terry Gilliam, as she is a fan of his work. Warner Bros. wanted a more family friendly film, and eventually they settled on Chris Columbus.
After Harry Potter
Rowling has stated that she plans to continue writing after the publication of the final Harry Potter book, Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, and that she will most likely not use a new pen name as the press would quickly discover her identity. In 2006, Rowling revealed that she had finished writing a few short stories and another children's book (a "political fairy story") about a monster, aimed at a younger audience than Harry Potter readers.
She is not planning to write an eighth Harry Potter book, stating, "I can't say I'll never write another book about that world just because I think, what do I know, in ten years' time I might want to return to it but I think it's unlikely." However, Rowling has said she will be writing an encyclopedia of Harry Potter's wizarding world consisting of various unpublished material and notes. Any profits from such a book would be given to charity. During a news conference at Hollywood's Kodak Theatre in 2007, Rowling, when asked how the encyclopedia was coming along, said, "It's not coming along, and I haven't started writing it. I never said it was the next thing I'd do." As of the end of 2007, Rowling has said that the encyclopedia could take up to ten years to complete, stating "There is no point in doing it unless it is amazing. The last thing I want to do is to rush something out".
In July 2007, Rowling said that she wants to dedicate "lots" of her time to her family, but is currently "sort of writing two things", one for children and the other for adults. She did not give any details about the two projects but did state that she was excited because the two book situation reminded her of writing the Philosopher's Stone, explaining how she was then writing two books until Harry took over. She stated in October 2007 that her future work was unlikely to be in the fantasy genre, explaining, "I think probably I've done my fantasy....it would be incredibly difficult to go out and create another world that didn't in some way overlap with Harry's or maybe borrow a little too much from Harry." In November 2007, Rowling said that she was working on another book, a "half-finished book for children that I think will probably be the next thing I publish." In March 2008, Rowling confirmed that her "political fairy tale" for children was nearing completion.
In March 2008, Rowling revealed in interview that she had returned to writing in Edinburgh cafes, intent on composing a new novel for children. "I will continue writing for children because that's what I enjoy," she told The Daily Telegraph. "I am very good at finding a suitable cafe; I blend into the crowd and, of course, I don't sit in the middle of the bar staring all around me."
Personal life
Forbes has named Rowling as the first person to become a U.S.-dollar billionaire by writing books, and ranked her as the 1,062nd richest person in the world. When first listed as a billionaire by Forbes in 2004, Rowling disputed the calculations and said she had plenty of money, but was not a billionaire. In 2001, Rowling purchased a luxurious 19th-century estate house, Killiechassie House, on the banks of the River Tay, near Aberfeldy, in Perth and Kinross, Scotland. Rowling also owns a home in Merchiston, Edinburgh, and a £4.5 million ($9 million) Georgian house in Kensington, West London, on a street with 24-hour security.
On 26 December 2001, Rowling married Neil Michael Murray (born 30 June 1971), an anaesthetist, in a private ceremony at her Aberfeldy home. This was a second marriage for both Rowling and Murray, as Murray had previously been married to Dr. Fiona Duncan in 1996. Murray and Duncan separated in 1999 and divorced in the summer of 2001. Rowling and Murray's son David Gordon Rowling Murray was born on 24 March 2003. Shortly after Rowling began writing Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince she took a break from working on the novel to care for him in his early infancy. Rowling's youngest child, daughter Mackenzie Jean Rowling Murray, to whom she dedicated Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince, was born 23 January 2005.
Rowling is a member of the Church of Scotland. She once said, "I believe in God, not magic." Early on she felt that if readers knew of her Christian beliefs, they would be able to "guess what is coming in the books." Rowling has stated that she struggles with her own beliefs. In an interview with the Today Show in July 2007, she said, "...until we reached Book Seven, views of what happens after death and so on...would give away a lot of what was coming. So … yes, my belief and my struggling with religious belief and so on I think is quite apparent in this book."
Rowling commented on her political views when she discussed the 2008 United States presidential election with the Spanish-language newspaper El País. She said she is "obsessed with the United States elections" because "it will have a profound effect on the rest of the world". As of February 2008, she has said that both Barack Obama and Hillary Clinton would be "extraordinary" in the White House. In the same interview, she also said her hero was Robert F. Kennedy.
Relationship with the press
Rowling has had a difficult relationship with the press. She admits to being "thin-skinned" and dislikes the fickle nature of reporting. "They went in one day from saying, 'She’s got writer’s block' to saying, 'She's been self-indulgent'", she told The Times in 2003, "And I thought, well, what a difference 24 hours makes." However, Rowling disputes her reputation as a recluse who hates to be interviewed. In 2001, the Press Complaints Commission upheld a complaint by Rowling over a series of unauthorised photographs of her with her daughter on the beach in Mauritius published in OK! Magazine. In 2007 Rowling lost a court fight to ban publication of a photograph of her young son. The photo, taken by a photographer using a long-range lens, was subsequently published in a Sunday Express article featuring Rowling's family life and motherhood.
Rowling has said she particularly dislikes the British tabloid The Daily Mail, which made references to a stalker Rowling insists does not exist, and conducted interviews with her estranged ex-husband. As one journalist noted, "Harry's Uncle Vernon is a grotesque philistine of violent tendencies and remarkably little brain. It is not difficult to guess which newspaper Rowling gives him to read ."
Some have speculated that Rowling's fraught relationship with the press was the inspiration behind the character Rita Skeeter. However, Rowling noted in 2000 that the character actually predates her rise to fame: "People have asked me whether Rita Skeeter was invented , but in fact she was always planned." "I tried to put Rita in Philosopher's Stone- you know when Harry walks into the Leaky Cauldron for the first time and everyone says, "Mr Potter you're back!", I wanted to put a journalist in there. She wasn't called Rita then but she was a woman. And then I thought, as I looked at the plot overall, I thought, that's not really where she fits best, she fits best in Four when Harry's supposed to come to terms with his fame."
Philanthropy
In 2000, Rowling established the Volant Charitable Trust, which uses its annual budget of £5.1 million to aid women and children, and to combat poverty and social inequality. The fund also gives to organizations that aid children, one parent families, and multiple sclerosis research. Rowling said, "I think you have a moral responsibility when you've been given far more than you need, to do wise things with it and give intelligently."
Rowling, once a single parent herself, is now president of the charity One Parent Families, having already become their first Ambassador in 2000. Rowling collaborated with Sarah Brown, wife of British Prime Minister Gordon Brown, to write a book of children's stories to aid One Parent Families.
In 2001, the UK anti-poverty fundraiser Comic Relief asked three bestselling British authors – cookery writer and TV presenter Delia Smith, Bridget Jones creator Helen Fielding, and Rowling – to submit booklets related to their most famous works for publication. Rowling's two booklets, Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them and Quidditch Through the Ages, are ostensibly facsimiles of books found in the Hogwarts library. Since going on sale in March, 2001, the books have raised £15.7 million ($30 million) for the fund. The £10.8 million ($20 million) they have raised outside the UK have been channeled into a newly created International Fund for Children and Young People in Crisis.
In 2005, to improve the lot of vulnerable children in eastern Europe, Rowling and MEP Emma Nicholson founded the Children's High Level Group. In January 2006, Rowling went to Bucharest to highlight the use of caged beds in children's mental institutions. To further support the CHLG, Rowling auctioned one of seven handwritten and illustrated copies of The Tales of Beedle the Bard, a series of fairy tales referred to in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows. The book was purchased for £1.95 million by on-line bookseller Amazon.com on 13 December 2007. Rowling commented "This will mean so much to children in desperate need of help. It means Christmas has come early to me." Rowling will give away the remaining six copies to those who have a close connection with the Harry Potter books.
Rowling has contributed money and support for research and treatment of multiple sclerosis, from which her mother died in 1990. In 2006, Rowling contributed a substantial sum toward the creation of a new Centre for Regenerative Medicine at Edinburgh University. On 1 August and 2 August 2006 she read alongside Stephen King and John Irving at Radio City Music Hall in New York City. Profits from the event were donated to the Haven Foundation, a charity that aids artists and performers left uninsurable and unable to work, and the medical NGO Médecins Sans Frontières. In May 2007, Rowling gave $495,000 to a reward fund of over $4.5 million for the safe return of a young British girl, Madeleine McCann, who disappeared in Portugal. Rowling, along with Nelson Mandela, Al Gore, and Alan Greenspan, wrote an introduction to a collection of Gordon Brown's speeches, the proceeds of which are donated to the Jennifer Brown Research Laboratory.
Publications
- Harry Potter series
- Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (26 June 1997)
- Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (2 July 1998)
- Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (8 July 1999)
- Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (8 July 2000)
- Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (21 June 2003)
- Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (16 July 2005)
- Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows (21 July 2007)
- Other books
- Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them (supplement to the Potter series) (2001)
- Quidditch Through the Ages (supplement to the Potter series) (2001)
- The Tales of Beedle the Bard (never published, but publicly displayed by Amazon.com) (2007)
- Articles
- "The First It Girl: J.K. Rowling reviews Decca: the Letters of Jessica Mitford ed by Peter Y Sussman", The Daily Telegraph 26 July 2006
- Introduction to "Ending Child Poverty" in Moving Britain Forward. Selected Speeches 1997-2006 by Gordon Brown, Bloomsbury (2006)
- Foreword to the anthology Magic, edited by Gil McNeil and Sarah Brown, Bloomsbury (2002)
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- "JK Rowling in court over photo of son". The Scotsman. 2008-03-10. Retrieved 2008-03-18.
{{cite news}}: Check date values in:|date=(help); Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - Richard Eden. "New adventure is child's play for Jo". The Daily Telegraph. 2 March 2008. Accessed 3 March 2008.
- Watson, Julie and Kellner, Tomas. "J.K. Rowling And The Billion-Dollar Empire". Forbes.com. 26 February 2004. Accessed 19 March 2006.
- #1062 Joanne (JK) Rowling. Forbes.com. Accessed 16 March2008.
- J.K. Rowling, the author with the magic touch. MSN. Accessed 9 August, 2007.
- Nichols, Michelle. Hogwarts hideaway for Potter author. The Scotsman. 22 November, 2001. Accessed 25 October 2007.
- Boshoff, Alison. What does JK Rowling do with her money. Daily Mail. August 24 2006. Accessed 20 October 2007.
- Collinson, Patrick. "Rub shoulders with Brucie for £4.3m, or Tony for £7,250". Guardian Unlimited. 26 April 2005. Accessed 29 October 2007.
- Christmas wedding for Rowling. BBC News. 30 December, 2001. Accessed 25 October 2007.
- "Baby joy for JK Rowling". BBC News. 24 March, 2003. Accessed 25 May 2007
- J.K. Rowling's Official Site, "Progress on Book Six". 15 March 2004. Accessed 22 March 2006.
- J.K. Rowling's Official Site, "JKR gives Birth to Baby Girl". Accessed 25 January 2005.
- Nelson, Michael. Fantasia: The Gospel According to C.S. Lewis. The American Prospect. February 25, 2002. Accessed 20 October 2007.
- Wyman, Max, "'You can lead a fool to a book but you can't make them think'", Vancouver Sun 26 October 2000. Accessed 29 October 2007.
- Viera, Meredith."Harry Potter: The final chapter". MSNBC. Accessed 30 July 2007.
- Cruz, Juan. "Ser invisible... eso sería lo más". El País.8 February 2008. Accessed 8 February 2008.
- ^ Treneman, Ann. "I'm not writing for the money: It's for me and out of loyalty to fans.". The Times. June 20, 2003. Accessed 25 October 2007.
- {Press Complaints Commission: JK Rowling. pcc.org.uk. 2001. Accessed 8 December 2007.
- ^ Lockerbie, Catherine. ""All aboard the Hogwarts Express"". The Scotsman. 11 July 2000. Accessed 30 October 2007.
- ""About the Books: transcript of J.K. Rowling's live interview on Scholastic.com"".
{{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|1=(help) 16 October 2000. Accessed 30 October 2007. - Transcript of interview with J.K. Rowling. BBC Newsround. 2000. Accessed 25 October 2007.
- "The Volant Charitable Trust (UK and overseas)". Merseyside Funding.
{{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|1=(help) Accessed 19 January 2008. - "One Parent Families Gingerbread". OneParentFamilies.
{{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|1=(help). Accessed 11 July 2007. - J K Rowling becomes President of One Parent Families. oneparentfamilies.org. 16 November, 2004. Accessed 20 October 2007.
- Gordon's Women. Guardian Unlimited. 13 May, 2007. Accessed 20 October 2007.
- Goodson, Rory and Chittenden, Maurice. "Rowling casts a spell that will give charities millions". The Sunday Times. 7 January, 2001. Accessed 25 October 2007.
- The Money. Comic Relief. Accessed 25 October 2007.
- "Children's High Level Group". The Children's Voice. Accessed 1 November 2007.
- Launch of the Children's High Level Group. J.K. Rowling's Official Site. Accessed 20 October 2007.
- ^ Rare JK Rowling book fetches £2m. BBC News. 13 December 2007. Accessed 13 December 2007.
- Hand-written Rowling book sells for $3.9 mil. MSNBC. 13 December 2007. Accessed 13 December 2007.
- Amazon purchase book. Amazon.co.uk. Accessed 14 December 2007.
- Majendie, Paul. Rowling says goodbye to Potter with fairy tales. Reuters. 1 November, 2007. Accessed 1 November, 2007.
- MS Society, Scotland JK Rowling funds new MS centre. Edinburgh Research and Innovation, University of Edinburgh. 21 April 2006. Accessed 10 June 2006.
- Harry, Carrie, Garp. Scholastic. 2006. Accessed 25 October 2007.
- Potter Author Adds to U.K. Reward Fund. Fox News. 13 May 2007. Accessed 14 May 2007.
- Madeleine father sure she is safe. BBC News. 14 May 2007. Accessed 14 May 2007.
- Brown publishes greatest speeches. BBC News. 5 April 2006. Accessed 20 October 2007.
External links
- J._K._Rowling on Harry Potter Wiki, an external wiki
- English section of J.K. Rowling's official personal site (Macromedia Flash-heavy, with pop-ups; text-only version)
- The first It Girl: Rowling's article on Jessica Mitford for The Telegraph
- Rowling's foreword to the anthology Magic
- J. K. Rowling at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database
- J.K. Rowling at IMDb
- J.K. Rowling at the Internet Book List
Template:Link FA Template:Link FA
Categories:- English children's writers
- English fantasy writers
- English novelists
- Writers of young adult literature
- British Book Awards
- Hugo Award winning authors
- English philanthropists
- Alumni of the University of Exeter
- Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
- Civil Parish of Winterbourne
- Officers of the Order of the British Empire
- British billionaires
- Female authors who wrote under male or gender-neutral pseudonyms
- 1965 births
- Living people
- Real people associated with the Harry Potter books
- Fellows of the Royal Society of Literature