Misplaced Pages

Revision as of 19:00, 4 July 2008

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Ethnic groups in Europe" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (Learn how and when to remove this message)

This article deals with the European people as an ethnic group or ethnic groups. For information about residents or nationals of Europe, see Demography of Europe. For information on other uses please see disambiguation page: European

The European peoples are the various nations and ethnic groups of Europe.

European Ethnology is the field of anthropology focusing on Europe.

Ethnic groups of Europe

see Category:Ethnic groups in Europe

Of the total population of Europe of some 730 million (as of 2005), some 85% or 630 million fall within three large ethno-linguistic super-groups, viz., Slavic, Latin (Romance) and Germanic. The largest groups that do not fall within either of these are the Greeks and the Hungarians (about 13 million each). About 20-25 million residents are members of diasporas of non-European origin. The population of the European Union, with some 500 million residents, accounts for two thirds of the European population.

The largest ethnic groups of Europe are the Russians (with some 90 million settling in the European parts of Russia), followed by the Germans (76 million), Italians (58 million), French (49 million), English (45 million), Spanish (42 million), Poles (42 million) and the Ukrainians (41 million).

Inasmuch as ethnic Jews are considered a separate ethnicity, Europe has a population of about 2 million ethnic Jews (mostly also counted as part of the ethnic group of their respective home countries):

• Ashkenazi Jews (about 1.4 million)
• Sephardi Jews (about 0.3 million, mostly French)
• Mizrahi Jews (about 0.3 million, mostly French)
• Bené Roma (some 50,000, mostly Italian)
• Romaniotes (some 6,000, mostly Greek)

Depending on what parts of the Caucasus are considered part of Europe, various peoples of the Caucasus may also be considered "European peoples":

• Armenians: approx. 4.5 million
• Georgians: approx. 4 million
• Chechens: approx. 2 million
• Ossetians: approx. 600,000

Indigeneity

Prehistoric populations

The Basques are assumed to descend from the populations of the Atlantic Bronze Age directly. The Indo-European groups of Europe (the Centum groups plus Balto-Slavic and Albanian) are assumed to have developed in situ by admixture of early Indo-European groups arriving in Europe by the Bronze Age (Corded ware, Beaker people). The Finnic peoples are indigenous to northeastern Europe.

Reconstructed languages of Iron Age Europe include Proto-Celtic, Proto-Italic and Proto-Germanic, all of these Indo-European languages of the centum group, and Proto-Slavic and Proto-Baltic, of the satem group. A group of Tyrrhenian languages appears to have included Etruscan, Rhaetian and perhaps also Eteocretan and Eteocypriot. A pre-Roman stage of Proto-Basque can only be reconstructed with great uncertainty.

Regarding the European Bronze Age, the only secure reconstruction is that of Proto-Greek (ca. 2000 BC). A Proto-Italo-Celtic ancestor of both Italic and Celtic (assumed for the Bell beaker period), and a Proto-Balto-Slavic language (assumed for roughly the Corded Ware horizon) has been postulated with less confidence. Old European hydronymy has been taken as indicating an early (Bronze Age) Indo-European predecessor of the later centum languages.

Historical populations

Iron Age (pre-Great Migrations) populations of Europe known from Greco-Roman historiography, notably Herodotus, Pliny, Ptolemy and Tacitus:

• Aegean: Greek tribes, Pelasgians/Tyrrhenians.
• Balkans: Illyrians (list of Illyrian tribes), Dacians, Thracians.
• Italian peninsula: Italic peoples, Etruscans, Adriatic Veneti, Ligurians.
• Western/Central Europe: Celts (list of peoples of Gaul), Rhaetians.
• Iberian peninsula: Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula (Iberians, Lusitani, Aquitani, Celtiberians).
• British Isles: Celtic tribes in Britain and Ireland, Picts/Priteni.
• Northern Europe: Germanic peoples (list of Germanic peoples).
• Eastern Europe: Scythians, Sarmatians, Vistula Veneti, Lugii.

Historical immigration

Ethno-linguistic groups that arrived from outside Europe during historical times are:

• Phoenician colonies in the Mediterranean, from about 1200 BC (Lisbon) to the fall of Carthage after the Third Punic War in 146 BC.
• Iranian influence: Achaemenid control of Thrace (512-343 BC) and the Bosporan Kingdom, Cimmerians, Scythians, Sarmatians, Alans, Ossetes.
• the Jewish diaspora reached Europe in the Roman Empire period, the Bené Roma community in Italy dating to before AD 70 and records of Jews settling Central Europe (Gaul) from the 5th century (see History of the Jews in Europe).
• The Hunnic Empire (5th century), converged with the Slavic migrations, contributing to the formation of the First Bulgarian Empire
• Avar Khaganate (c.560s-800), fused into the South Slavic states from the 9th century.
• the Magyars, an Ugric people, and the Turkic Pechenegs and Khazars, arrived in Europe in about the 8th century.
• Al-Andalus (711-1492), left significant "Moorish" cultural influence in the Iberian peninsula
• Emirate of Sicily (831-1072).
• Abbasid conquest of Malta (870-1127)
• the western Kipchaks known as Cumans entered the lands of present-day Ukraine in the 11th century.
• the Mongol/Tatar invasions (1223-1480), and Ottoman control of the Balkans (1389-1878). These medieval incursions account for the presence of European Turks and Tatars.
• the Romani people arrived during the Late Middle Ages
• the Kalmyks arrived in Kalmykia in the 17th century.

Indigenous minorities

In a more narrow sense of "indigenous peoples", ethnic minorities marginalized by historical expansion of their neighbour populations, Europe's present-day indigenous populations are relatively few, mainly confined to northern and far-eastern reaches of this Eurasian peninsula. Whilst there are numerous ethnic minorities distributed within European countries, few of these still maintain traditional subsistence cultures and are recognized as indigenous peoples, per se. The following groups can be considered "indigenous peoples" of Europe in this narrow sense:

• the northern indigenous peoples of Russia, marginalized by Russian expansion, mostly Finno-Ugric peoples such as the Komi and Mordvins of the western Urals, and Samoyedic peoples of the northern Russian Federation such as the Nenets.
• the Sami and the Kvens of northern Scandinavia (marginalized by Finnish and North Germanic expansion)
• the Basque people of France and Spain (marginalized by Latin/Western Romance expansion)

Physical appearance and genetic origins

There has been human habitation (Homo erectus, Homo neanderthalensis) in Europe for over a million years, but human remains with a recognisably modern anatomy have only been dated back to 40,000 years ago, with the Cro magnon settlement. It is probable that the origins of Cro Magnon man can be traced back ultimately to ancestors in East Africa. There also remains a possibility of limited interbreeding of Cro-Magnon and Neanderthals during the Upper Paleolithic.

Over the prehistoric period there was continual immigration to Europe, notably with the neolithic revolution.

The vast majority of Europe’s inhabitants are of the European (or Caucasoid) geographic race, characterized by white or lightly pigmented skins and variability in eye and hair colour and by a number of biochemical similarities. .

Genetically, the main substructure within European populations is between the Atlantic ("Basque"), the Balkans ("Near East") and the Northern ("Finnic") poles. The main components in the European genomes appear to derive from ancestors whose features were similar to those of modern Basques and Near Easterners. The lowest degree of either Basque or Near Eastern admixture is found in Finland, whereas the highest values are, respectively, 70% ("Basque") in Spain and more than 60% ("Near Eastern") in the Balkans.

A 2007 study using samples exclusively from Europe found an unusually high degree of European homogeneity: "there is low apparent diversity in Europe with the entire continent-wide samples only marginally more dispersed than single population samples elsewhere in the world." The main component of genetic differentiation in Europe was found to occur on a line from the north to the south-east (northern Europe to the Balkans), with another east-west axis of differentiation across Europe.

Haplogroups

There are three major Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups which largely account for most of Europe's present-day population. Such haplogroups indicate that individuals share one male ancestor (they do not mean that individuals do not share ancestors with individuals with other haplogroups, only that such ancestry cannot be traced using currently available methods).

• R1b is common on the western Atlantic coast of Europe, from the Iberian Peninsula (comprising Spain and Portugal) to Ireland, Wales, England and Scotland, and Jutland.
• I is common across Germany, the Netherlands, Austria, and up into Scandinavia (I1), as well as the western Balkans (I2).
• R1a is common in Eastern Europe (and has also spread across into Central Asia and as far as the Indian subcontinent).

Bryan Sykes in The Seven Daughters of Eve discusses seven mitochondrial haplogroups prevalent in Europe, Haplogroup U, Haplogroup X, Haplogroup H, Haplogroup V, Haplogroup T, Haplogroup K and Haplogroup J. Other mitochondrial groups found in Europe include I, M and W. A recent paper re-mapped European haplogroups as H, J, K, N1, T, U4, U5, V, X and W.

European identity and culture

The culture of Europe might better be described as a series of overlapping cultures. Whether it is a question of West as opposed to East; Christianity as opposed to Islam; many have claimed to identify cultural fault lines across the continent.

European culture also has a broad influence beyond the continent of Europe due to the legacy of colonialism. European culture has been significantly influenced by cultures from overseas. For example popular European foods made from, Irish potatoes or French fries are derived from products that aren't actually European, but are indigenous to South America. Nearly all of the Americas and all of Africa were European colonies at one time or another. However, in previous times, many European nations were colonies of other European nations or even Non-Europeans. For example, North African Moors did colonize the Iberian peninsula leaving a significant Arabic influence on the Spanish language.

Various parts of the Americas are also considered overseas territories of France which are considered integral parts of the French Republic. A large proportion of the population of the Americas are descendants of European immigrants who left harsh economic times and oppressive regimes in Europe in search of a better a life. As a consequence most people in the Americas speak languages that are to varying degrees, derived from European languages. These include Latin American Spanish, American English, Caribbean English, Brazilian Portuguese, Haitian Kreyol and Papiamento. In addition, there are still significant cultural, economic and political ties between the former European colonial nations (Spain, Britain, the Netherlands, Portugal, Belgium and France) and the former colonies around the world.

Pan-European identity refers to both the sense of personal identification with Europe, and to the identity possessed by 'Europe' as a whole. 'Europe' is widely used as a synonym for the European Union even though there are millions of people living on the European continent in non-EU states. The prefix pan implies that the identity applies throughout Europe, and especially in an EU context, 'pan-European' is often contrasted with national.

Religion

Since the High Middle Ages, most of Europe has been dominated by Christianity. There are three major denominations, Roman Catholic, Protestant and Eastern Orthodox, with Protestantism restricted mostly to Germanic regions, and Orthodoxy to Slavic regions, Greece and Georgia. Catholicism, while centered in the Latin parts, has a significant following also in Germanic, Slavic and Celtic regions.

Islam has some tradition in the Balkans (the European dominions of the Ottoman Empire in the 16th to 19th centuries), in Albania, Former Yugoslavia, Bulgaria and Turkish East Thrace. European Russia has the largest Muslim community, including the Tatars of the Middle Volga and multiple groups in the Caucasus, including Chechens, Avars, Ingush and others. With 20th century migrations, Muslims in Western Europe have become a noticeable minority.

Judaism has a long history in Europe, but is a small minority religion, with France (1%) the only European country with a Jewish population in excess of 0.5%. The Jewish population of Europe is comprised primarily of two groups, the Ashkenazi and the Sephardi. Ashkenazi Jews migrated to Europe as early as the 8th century, while Sephardi Jews established themselves in Spain and Portugal at least one thousand years before that. Jewish European history was notably affected by the Holocaust and resulting emigration in the 20th century.

In modern times, significant secularization has taken place, notably in laicist France in the 19th century and in Communist Eastern Europe in the 20th century. Currently, distribution of theism in Europe is very heterogeneous, with more than 95% in Poland, and less than 20% in the Czech Republic. On average, the 2005 Eurobarometer poll found that 52% of the citizens of EU member state that they believe in God.

Immigration

Populations of non-European origin in Europe (approx. 25 - 30+ million, or approx. 3% to 4% , out of a total population of approx. 730 million):

• Middle East
  • Armenians (sometimes considered European, see above): approx. 1.5 million
  • Kurds: approx. 1.5 million, mostly in Germany and Sweden
  • Aramean-Syriac people: approx. 130,000, mostly in Sweden
  • Lebanese diaspora: especially in France, Netherlands, Germany, Cyprus and the UK.
• Africa
  • North Africans (Arabs and Berbers): approx. 5 million, mostly in France, Italy, the Netherlands and Sweden
  • Horn Africans: approx. 200,000 Somalis, mostly in the Netherlands, Scandinavia and the UK
  • Sub-Saharan Africans (many ethnicities including Afro-Caribbeans and others by descent): approx. 5 million, mostly in the UK, France, the Netherlands and Germany
• Latin Americans (mainly Mestizos): approx. 2.2 million, with the largest groups in Spain and Italy
  • Plus Latin American Britons number around 1 million and are of European, African, Native South American and many other races
• South Asians (many ethnicities): approx. 3 million, mostly in the UK
  • Pakistanis: approx. 1,000,000, mostly in the UK
  • Tamils: approx. 250,000
• East Asia
  • Chinese: approx. 1 million, mostly in France, the UK and the Netherlands
  • Filipinos: approx. 500,000, mostly in the UK, France, Germany and Italy
  • Japanese: ca. 100,000, mostly in the UK

European diasporas

Nations and regions outside of Europe with significant populations of European ancestry :

• Africa (see Whites in Africa)
  • South Africa (Whites in South Africa) - 9.6% of the population
  • Namibia - 6% of the population
  • Réunion (Franco-Réunionnaise) approx. 25% of the population
  • Zimbabwe (Whites in Zimbabwe)
  • Kenya (Whites in Kenya)
  • Algeria (Pied-noir)
  • Mauritius (Franco-Mauritian)
  • Canary Islands (Spaniards)
  • Tristan da Cunha
  • Swaziland - 3% of the population
  • Tunisia

• Asia
  • India (Anglo-Indian)
  • Sri Lanka (Burghers)
  • Siberia (Russians)
  • Kazakhstan (Russians in Kazakhstan, Germans of Kazakhstan) - 30% of the population
  • Uzbekistan - 5.5% of the population
  • Kyrgyzstan - 13.5% of the population
  • Turkmenistan - 4% of the population
  • Tajikistan
  • Hong Kong
  • Macau (Macanese people)
  • China (Ethnic Russians in China)
  • The Philippines (Filipinos of American descent)
  • Singapore (Eurasians in Singapore)
  • Indonesia (Indo people)

• The Middle East
  • Israel (Ashkenazim, Sephardim)
  • Lebanon (Lebanese people)

• North America, including Central America and the Caribbean
  • Greenland - 12% of the population
  • Canada - 80% of the population
  • United States of America (European American) - 75.1% of the population, including Hispanic/Non-Hispanic Whites
  • Mexico (White Mexican) - 9-15% of the population
  • Bahamas - 12% of the population
  • Barbados (White Barbadian) - 4% of the population
  • Bermuda - 34.1% of the population
  • Cayman Islands - 20% of the population
  • Costa Rica - 94% of the population, including mestizos
  • Cuba - (White Cuban) 37%, or 65.5% of the population
  • Dominican Republic - 16% of the population and 73% mixed
  • El Salvador - 9% of the population and 90% mestizo
  • Jamaica approx. 0.2% of the population
  • Martinique - 5% of the population
  • Nicaragua - 17% of the population and 69% mestizo
  • Panama 10% of the population and 70% mestizo
  • Puerto Rico approx. 80% of the population
  • Trinidad and Tobago approx. 0.6% of the population
  • Saint-Pierre and Miquelon

• South America (see White Latin Americans)
  • Argentina 97% of the population (both white and mestizo)
  • Bolivia - 15% of the population and 30% mestizo
  • Brazil (White Brazilian) - 49.7% and 42.6% Mixed
  • Chile - 30% and 65% as mestizos
  • Colombia - 20% of the population and 72% multiracial
  • Ecuador - 7% of the population and 65% mestizo
  • French Guiana - 12% of the population
  • Peru - 15% of the population and 37% mestizo
  • Suriname - 5% of the population and 31% partial
  • Venezuela - 21% of the population and 67% multiracial
  • Uruguay - 88% of the population and 8% mestizo
  • Falkland Islands

• Oceania (see Europeans in Oceania)
  • Australia - 89.3% of the population
  • New Zealand (New Zealand European) - 78% of the population
  • New Caledonia (Caldoche) - 34.5% of the population
  • French Polynesia - 10% of the population
  • Hawaii - 41.26% of the population
  • Guam - 6.9% of the population
  • Norfolk Island

National diasporas:

Column-generating template families

The templates listed here are not interchangeable. For example, using {{col-float}} with {{col-end}} instead of {{col-float-end}} would leave a <div>...</div> open, potentially harming any subsequent formatting.

Can template handle the basic wiki markup {| | || |- |} used to create tables? If not, special templates that produce these elements (such as {{(!}}, {{!}}, {{!!}}, {{!-}}, {{!)}})—or HTML tags (<table>...</table>, <tr>...</tr>, etc.)—need to be used instead.

References

1. Recensement officiel de l'Insee
2. CIA - The World Factbook - Switzerland
3. CIA factbook. Turkey is a transcontinentalc country, with 80% of its population Turkish and 20% Kurdish.
4. CIA factbook Statistics for Germany.
5. Turkish Statistical Institute
6. As a transcontinental country, Georgia may be considered to be in Asia and/or Europe. The UN classification of world regions places Georgia in Western Asia; the CIA World Factbook , National Geographic, and Encyclopædia Britannica also place Georgia in Asia. Conversely, numerous sources place Georgia in Europe such as the BBC , Oxford Reference Online , Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary, and www.worldatlas.com.
7. My Jewish Learning - European Origins
8. see also Definitions and identity of indigenous peoples.
9. Georgian Homo Erectus Published by Angela M.H. Schuster. Archaeology May 2000
10. The million year old tooth from Atapuerca, Spain, found in June 2007
11. The Genographic Project, National Geographic
12. Encyclopædia Britannica, s.v. "Europe : The people".
13. Europe, Encyclopædia Britannica Online
14. In 2006, an autosomal analysis comparing samples from various European populations concluded that “there is a consistent and reproducible distinction between ‘northern’ and ‘southern’ European population groups”.
15. Measuring European Population Stratification using Microarray Genotype Data
16. DNA Heritage
17. Semino et al (2000),The Genetic Legacy of Paleolithic Homo sapiens sapiens in Extant Europeans, Science Vol 290. Note: Haplogroup names are different in this article. For ex: Haplogroup I is referred as M170
18. mtDNA (Mitochondria) Tests Interpretation
19. description of paper entitled Disuniting Uniformity: A Pied Cladistic Canvas of mtDNA haplogroup H in Eurasia
20. ReportDGResearchSocialValuesEN2.PDF
21. Youths bring violence from a war-torn land
22. France's blacks stand up to be counted
23. Latin American Immigration to Southern Europe
24. Ethnic groups by country. Statistics (where available) from CIA Factbook.
25. South Africa: People: Ethnic Groups. World Factbook of CIA
26. Namibia: People: Ethnic Groups. World Factbook of CIA
27. Réunion Island
28. Swaziland: People: Ethnic Groups. World Factbook of CIA
29. Tunisia: People: Ethnic Groups. World Factbook of CIA
30. Fiona Hill, Russia — Coming In From the Cold?, The Globalist, 23 February 2004
31. Robert Greenall, Russians left behind in Central Asia, BBC News, 23 November 2005.
32. Uzbekistan: People: Ethnic Groups. World Factbook of CIA
33. Kyrgyzstan: People: Ethnic Groups. World Factbook of CIA
34. Turkmenistan: People: Ethnic Groups. World Factbook of CIA
35. HK Census. "HK Census." Statistical Table. Retrieved on 2007-03-08.
36. Greenland
37. North America - Britannica Concise Encyclopedia - The online encyclopedia you can trust!
38. Mexico :: Ethnic groups - Britannica Online Encyclopedia
39. Mexico: People: Ethnic Groups. World Factbook of CIA
40. Bahamas: People: Ethnic Groups. World Factbook of CIA
41. Barbados: People: Ethnic Groups. World Factbook of CIA
42. Bermuda: People: Ethnic Groups. World Factbook of CIA
43. Cayman Islands: People: Ethnic Groups. The World Factbook of CIA
44. "Cuba; People; Ethnic groups". CIA World Factbook. Retrieved 2007-11-21. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
45. World Factbook of CIA
46. Dominican Republic: People: Ethnic groups. World Factbook of CIA
47. El Salvador: People: Ethnic Groups. World Factbook of CIA
48. Martinique: People: Ethnic Groups. World Factbook of CIA
49. "Nicaragua: People; Ethnic groups". CIA World Factbook. Retrieved 2007-11-15. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
50. "Panama; People; Ethnic groups". CIA World Factbook. Retrieved 2007-11-21. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
51. Puerto Rico: People: Ethnic Groups World Factbook of CIA
52. Argentina: People: Ethnic Groups. World Factbook of CIA
53. Bolivia: People: Ethnic Groups. World Factbook of CIA
54. "PNAD" (PDF) (in Portuguese). 2006. pp. Table 1.2. Retrieved 2007-09-14.
55. Elementos de Salud Pública
56. Colombia: People: Ethnic Groups. World Factbook of CIA
57. "Ecuador: People; Ethnic groups". CIA World Factbook. Retrieved 2007-11-26.
58. French Guiana: People: Ethnic Groups. World Factbook of CIA
59. Peru: People: Ethnic Groups. World Factbook of CIA
60. Venezuela
61. Uruguay: People: Ethnic Groups. World Factbook of CIA
62. French Polynesia: People: Ethnic Groups. World Factbook of CIA
63. Brazil: People: Ethnic Groups. World Factbook of CIA

Bibliography

• Andrews, Peter A.; Benninghaus, Rüdiger (2002), Ethnic Groups in the Republic of Turkey, Reichert, ISBN 3895003255
• Marcus Banks, Ethnicity: Anthropological Constructions, Routledge (1996).
• Cole, J. W., Wolf, E. R., The Hidden Frontier: Ecology and Ethnicity in an Alpine Valley, University of California Press; (1999), ISBN 978-0520216815.
• Dow, R. R., Bockhorn, O., The Study of European Ethnology in Austria, Progress in European Ethnology, Ashgate Publishing (2004), ISBN 978-0754617471.
• Eberhardt, Piotr; Owsinski, Jan (2003), Ethnic Groups and Population Changes in Twentieth-century Central Eastern Europe, M.E. Sharpe, ISBN 0765606658
• Gresham, D.; et al. (2001), "Origins and divergence of the Roma (Gypsies)", American Journal of Human Genetics, 69 (6): 1314–1331 {{citation}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |first= (help) Online article
• Jordan, T. G., The European culture area: A systematic geography (2nd ed.). New York: Harper and Row (1988).
• Latham, Robert Gordon (1854), The Native Races of the Russian Empire, Hippolyte Baillière (London) Full text on google books
• Gross, Manfred (2004), Romansh: Facts & Figures, Lia Rumantscha, ISBN 3039000373 Online version
• Levinson, David (1998), Ethnic groups worldwide: a ready reference handbook, Greenwood Publishing Group, ISBN 1573560197
• E. J. Hobsbawm and David J. Kertzer, "Ethnicity and Nationalism in Europe Today", Anthropology Today, Vol. 8, No. 1 (Feb., 1992), pp. 3-8.
• Olson, James Stuart; Pappas, Lee Brigance; Pappas, Nicholas Charles (1994), An Ethnohistorical Dictionary of the Russian and Soviet Empire, Greenwood, ISBN 0313274975
• Panayi, Panikos (1999), An Ethnic History of Europe Since 1945: Nations, States and Minorities, Longman, ISBN 0582381355
• Parman, S. (ed.), Europe in the Anthropological Imagination, Prentice Hall (1998).
• Stephens (1976), Linguistic Minorities in Western Europe, Gomer Press, ISBN 0608187593 {{citation}}: Unknown parameter |fist= ignored (help)
• Stone, Gerald (1972), The Smallest Slavonic Nation: The Sorbs of Lusatia, Athlene Press, ISBN 0485111292

External links

• Ron Balsdon, The Cultural Mosaic of the European Union: Why National Boundaries and the Cultures Inside Still Matter
• Migration Policy Institute - Country and Comparative Data

See also

• Pan-European identity
• Genetic history of Europe
• Caucasoid
• White people
• White African
• White American
• White British
• White Latin American
• Peoples of the Caucasus
• List of ethnic groups
• Y-DNA haplogroups by ethnic groups

• Europe
• European people
• Ethnic groups in Europe
• Indigenous peoples of Europe