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| {{Infobox Person | |||
| |name = | |||
| |image = Frederick Douglass portrait.jpg | |||
| |caption = Frederick Douglass, ]1879. | |||
| |birth_date = {{birth date|1818|2|14}} | |||
| |birth_place = ], ], United States | |||
| |death_date = {{death date and age|1895|2|20|1818|2|14}} | |||
| |death_place = ],<br /> United States | |||
| |occupation = ], author, editor, diplomat | |||
| |spouse = Anna Murray (c.1839)<br />Helen Pitts (1884) | |||
| |parents = Harriet Bailey and perhaps Aaron Anthony | |||
| |children = Charles Remond Douglass<br />Rosetta Douglass<br />Lewis Henry Douglass<br />Frederick Douglass Jr.<br />Annie Douglass (died at 10) | |||
| }} | |||
| '''Frederick Douglass''' (born '''Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey''', February 14, 1818 {{ndash}} February 20, 1895) was an American ], ], ], ], ], ] and ]. Called "The Sage of ]" and "The Lion of Anacostia", Douglass is one of the most prominent figures in ] and ]. In 1872, Douglass became the very first ] nominated as a ] in the U.S., running on the ] ticket with ], the first woman to run for ]. | |||
| He was a firm believer in the ] of all people, whether ], ], ], or recent ]. He was fond of saying, "I would unite with anybody to do right and with nobody to do wrong." | |||
| == Life as a slave == | |||
| {{Slavery}} | |||
| Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey, who later became known as Frederick Douglass, was born a ] in ], ], near<ref>From a report by Amanda Barker as to the true location of Douglass' birthplace, and the difficulty of finding it.</ref> ]. He was separated from his mother, Harriet Bailey, when he was still an infant. She died when Douglass was about seven and Douglass lived with his maternal grandmother Betty Bailey. The identity of his father is obscure. Douglass originally stated that he was told his father was a ], perhaps his owner Aaron Anthony; but he later said he knew nothing of his father's identity. At age six, Douglass was separated from his grandmother and moved to the ] plantation, where Anthony worked as overseer.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hstc.org/frederickdouglass.htm|title= "Frederick Douglass: Talbot County's Native Son", The Historical Society of Talbot County, Maryland}}</ref> When Anthony died, Douglass was given to Lucretia Auld, wife of Thomas Auld. She sent Douglass to serve Thomas' brother Hugh Auld in ]. | |||
| When Douglass was about twelve, Hugh Auld's wife, Sophia, started teaching him the alphabet, thereby breaking the law against teaching slaves to read. When Sophia's husband discovered this, he strongly disapproved, saying that if a slave learned to read, he would become dissatisfied with his condition and desire freedom. Douglass later referred to this statement as the first anti-abolitionist speech he had ever heard. As detailed in his autobiography '']'' (1845), Douglass succeeded in learning to read from white children in the neighborhood and by observing the writings of men with whom he worked. | |||
| As he learned and began to read newspapers, political materials, and books of every description, the young Douglass was exposed to a new realm of thought that led him to question and then condemn the institution of slavery. In later years, Douglass would credit '']'', which he discovered at about age twelve, with clarifying and defining his views of freedom and human rights. | |||
| When he was hired out to a Mr. Freeman, Douglass taught slaves how to read the ] at a ] on the plantation. As word spread, the interest among slaves in learning to read was so great that on any week over 40 slaves would attend lessons. For about six months, their study went relatively unnoticed. While Freeman himself remained complacent about their activities, other plantation owners became incensed that their slaves were being educated. One Sunday they burst in on the gathering, armed with clubs and stones to disperse the congregation permanently. | |||
| In 1833, Thomas Auld took Douglass back from his brother after a dispute ("as a means of punishing Hugh," Douglass wrote). Dissatisfied with Douglass, Thomas Auld then sent him to work for ], a poor farmer who had a reputation as a "slave-breaker." There Douglass was whipped regularly. The sixteen-year-old Douglass was indeed nearly broken psychologically by his ordeal under Covey, but he finally rebelled against the beatings and fought back. After losing a confrontation with Douglass, Covey never tried to beat him again. | |||
| In 1837, Douglass met Anna Murray, a ], in Baltimore. They married soon after he obtained his freedom. | |||
| == From slavery to freedom == | |||
| Douglass first unsuccessfully tried to escape from Mr. Freeman, who hired him out from his owner, Colonel Lloyd. In 1836, he tried to escape from his new owner, Covey, but failed again. | |||
| On September 3, 1838, Douglass successfully escaped by boarding a ] to ], dressed in a ]'s ] and carrying identification papers provided by a free black seaman. He crossed the ] by ] at Havre de Grace, then continued by train to ], ]. From there he went by steamboat to "Quaker City" — ], ] — and eventually reached ]; the whole journey took less than 24 hours. | |||
| == Abolitionist activities == | |||
| ] of the Johnsons, where Douglass lived in New Bedford]] | |||
| Douglass continued traveling up to ]. There he joined various organizations in ], including a ], and regularly attended abolitionist meetings. He subscribed to ]'s weekly journal '']'', and in 1841 heard Garrison speak at a meeting of the Bristol Anti-Slavery Society. At one of these meetings, Douglass was unexpectedly asked to speak. After he told his story, he was encouraged to become an anti-slavery lecturer. Douglass was inspired by Garrison and later stated that "no face and form ever impressed me with such sentiments as did those of William Lloyd Garrison." Garrison was likewise impressed with Douglass and wrote of him in ''The Liberator''. Several days later, Douglass delivered his first speech at the Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society's annual convention in ]. Then 23 years old, Douglass said later that his legs were shaking but he conquered his nervousness and gave an eloquent speech about his rough life as a slave. | |||
| In 1843, Douglass participated in the ]'s Hundred Conventions project, a six-month tour of meeting halls throughout the ] and ]. He participated in the ], the birthplace of the American ], and signed its ]. | |||
| ===Autobiography=== | |||
| ] | |||
| Douglass' best-known work is his first ] ''Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave'', published in 1845. At the time, some skeptics attacked the book and questioned whether a black man could have produced such an eloquent piece of literature. Nevertheless, the book received generally positive reviews and it became an immediate ]. Within three years of its publication, the autobiography had been reprinted nine times with 11,000 copies circulating in the United States; it was also translated into ] and ] and published in Europe. | |||
| The book's success had an unfortunate side effect: Douglass' friends and mentors feared that the publicity would draw the attention of his ex-owner, Hugh Auld, who might try to get his "property" back. They encouraged Douglass to tour ], as many other former slaves had done. Douglass set sail on the ''Cambria'' for ] on August 16, 1845, and arrived in Ireland as the ] was beginning. | |||
| Douglass published three versions of his autobiography during his lifetime (and revised the third of these), each time expanding on the previous one. The 1845 ''Narrative'', which was his biggest seller, was followed by '']'' in 1855. In 1881, after the ], Douglass brought out '']'', which he revised in 1892. | |||
| ===Travels to Ireland and Great Britain=== | |||
| ], ].]] | |||
| Starting in August 1845, Douglass spent two years in ] and ] and gave many lectures, mainly in ] churches or chapels. His draw was such that some were "crowded to suffocation"; an example was his hugely popular London Reception Speech, which Douglass delivered at ] ] in May 1846. Douglass remarked that in England he was treated not "as a color, but as a man." He met and befriended the ] ]. | |||
| It was during this trip that Douglass became officially free. His speeches about slavery and his experiences roused tumultuous crowds and he met with acclaim. In 1846 he got to meet with ], one of the last survivors of those who had persuaded Great Britain to abolish slavery.<ref>Simon Schama, ''Rough Crossings: Britain, the Slaves, and the American Revolution'', New York: HarperCollins, 2006 Pbk, pp. 415-421</ref> British sympathizers led by Ellen Richardson of ]'', ''Frederick Douglass Weekly'', ''Frederick Douglass' Paper'', ''Douglass' Monthly'' and ''New National Era''. The ] of ''The North Star'' was "Right is of no Sex — Truth is of no Color — God is the Father of us all, and we are all brethren." | |||
| Douglass believed that education was key for African Americans to improve their lives. For this reason, he was an early advocate for desegregation of schools. In the 1850s, he was especially outspoken in New York. While the ratio of African American to white students there was 1 to 40, African Americans received education funding at a ratio of only 1 to 1,600. This meant that the facilities and instruction for African-American children were vastly inferior. Douglass criticized the situation and called for court action to open all schools to all children. He stated that inclusion within the educational system was a more pressing need for African Americans than political issues such as suffrage. | |||
| Douglass' work spanned the years prior to and during the ]. He was acquainted with the radical abolitionist ] but disapproved of Brown's plan to start an armed ] in the ]. Brown visited Douglass' home two months before he led the raid on the federal ] in ]. After the raid, Douglass fled for a time to Canada, fearing guilt by association and arrest as a co-conspirator. Douglass believed that the attack on federal property would enrage the American public. Douglass later shared a stage at a speaking engagement in Harpers Ferry with ], the prosecutor who successfully convicted Brown. | |||
| Douglass conferred with ] ] in 1863 on the treatment of black soldiers, and with President ] on the subject of black ]. His early collaborators were the white abolitionists William Lloyd Garrison and ]. In the early 1850s, however, Douglass split with those who supported Garrison over the issue of interpretation of the ]. He believed it provided all that was necessary to gain the freedom of African Americans and guarantee their rights. | |||
| == Civil War years == | |||
| ===Before the Civil War=== | |||
| In 1851, Douglass merged the ''North Star'' with ]'s '']'' to form '']'', which was published until 1860. Douglass came to agree with Smith and ] that the ] was an anti-slavery document. This reversed his earlier belief that it was pro-slavery. | |||
| At one time he had shared the views of ], who was concerned that support for slavery was part of the fabric of the Constitution. Garrison had publicly expressed his opinion by burning copies of the document. Further contributing to their growing separation, Garrison was worried that the ''North Star'' competed with his own '']'' and ]'s '']''. | |||
| Douglass' change of position on the Constitution was one of the most notable incidents of the division in the abolitionist movement after the publication of Spooner's book '']'' in 1846. This shift in opinion, and other political differences, created a rift between Douglass and Garrison. Douglass further angered Garrison by saying that the Constitution could and should be used as an instrument in the fight against slavery. With this, Douglass began to assert his independence from Garrison and his supporters. | |||
| In March 1860, Douglass' youngest daughter Annie died in ], while he was still in England. Douglass returned from England the following month. He took a route through Canada to avoid detection. | |||
| By the time of the ], Douglass was one of the most famous black men in the country, known for his orations on the condition of the black race and on other issues such as ]. His eloquence gathered crowds at every location. His reception by leaders in England and Ireland added to his stature. | |||
| ===Fight for emancipation=== | |||
| ] | |||
| Douglass and the abolitionists argued that because the aim of the war was to end slavery, African Americans should be allowed to engage in the fight for their freedom. Douglass publicized this view in his newspapers and several speeches. | |||
| On the night of December 31, 1862, President ] issued the ], which freed the slaves of the Confederacy while continuing slavery in Union-held areas. Douglass described the spirit of those awaiting the announcement: "We were waiting and listening as for a bolt from the sky...we were watching...by the dim light of the stars for the dawn of a new day...we were longing for the answer to the agonizing prayers of centuries."<ref name="thecivilwaryears-thefightforemancipation">{{cite web|url=http://www.history.rochester.edu/class/douglass/part4.html|title=The Fight For Emancipation|accessmonthday=April 19|accessyear=2007}}</ref> | |||
| As the North was no longer obliged to return escaped slaves to the South, Douglass fought for equality for his people. He made plans with Lincoln to move the liberated slaves out of the South. During the war, Douglass helped the Union by serving as a recruiter for the ]. His son Frederick Douglass Jr. also served as a recruiter and his other son, Lewis Douglass, fought for the 54th Massachusetts Regiment at the Battle of ]. Lincoln had expressed doubts that the war would ever end, but it did officially when the ] forces were defeated by the Union. | |||
| Emancipation and the ending of slavery was ratified by passage of the 13th Amendment, which also granted citizenship to freedmen. The Fourteenth Amendment provided for civil rights for all people and equal protection under the law. The Fifteenth Amendment protected all citizens from being discriminated against in voting because of race. | |||
| ===Lincoln's death=== | |||
| At the unveiling of the ] in Washington's Lincoln Park, Douglass was in the audience while a tribute to Lincoln was being given by a prominent lawyer. Some of the audience felt it did not do him justice and asked Douglass to speak. Reluctantly, Douglass stood up and spoke. With no preparation, he gave an eloquent tribute to the assassinated President, a speech for which he received much respect. | |||
| In the speech, Douglass spoke frankly about Lincoln, balancing the good and the bad in his account. He called Lincoln "the white man's president" and cited his tardiness in joining the cause of emancipation. He noted that Lincoln initially opposed the expansion of slavery but did not support its elimination. But Douglass also stated, "Can any colored man, or any white man friendly to the freedom of all men, ever forget the night which followed the first day of January 1863, when the world was to see if Abraham Lincoln would prove to be as good as his word?"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.teachingamericanhistory.org/library/index.asp?documentprint=39 |title=Oration in Memory of Abraham Lincoln by Frederick Douglass|publisher=Teachingamericanhistory.org |date= |accessdate=2008-09-04}}</ref> | |||
| The crowd, roused by his speech, gave him a standing ovation. A witness later said, "I have heard ] speak and many fantastic men, but never have I heard a speech as impressive as that."{{Fact|date=February 2007}} A long told anecdote claims that the widow ] gave Douglass Lincoln's favorite walking stick in appreciation. It still rests in Douglass' house known as ]. This is a testimony both to the success of Douglass' tribute and to the effect of his powerful oratory. | |||
| == Reconstruction era == | |||
| ]'', Douglass' house in Washington, D.C.]] | |||
| After the Civil War, Douglass was appointed to several important political positions. He served as President of the ]-era ]; as marshal of the ]; as minister-resident and ] to the Republic of ] (1889–1891); and as chargé d'affaires for the ]. After two years, he resigned from his ambassadorship because of disagreements with U.S. government policy. In 1872, he moved to ], after his house on South Avenue in ] burned down; arson was suspected. Also lost was a complete issue of ''The North Star''. | |||
| In ], Douglass supported the presidential campaign of ]. President Grant signed into law the ] and the second and third ]. Grant used their provisions vigorously, suspending ] in ] and sending troops there and into other states; under his leadership, over 5,000 arrests were made and the ] received a serious blow. Grant's vigor in disrupting the Klan made him unpopular among many whites, but Frederick Douglass praised him. An associate of Douglass wrote of Grant that African Americans "will ever cherish a grateful remembrance of his name, fame and great services." | |||
| In 1872, Douglass became the first African American nominated for ], as ]'s running mate on the ] ticket. He was nominated without his knowledge. During the campaign, he neither campaigned for the ticket nor acknowledged that he had been nominated. | |||
| Douglass continued his speaking engagements. On the lecture circuit, he spoke at many colleges around the country during the Reconstruction era, including ] in ] in 1873. He continued to emphasize the importance of voting rights and exercise of suffrage. | |||
| White insurgents quickly arose in the South after the war, organizing first as ] groups like the ]. They took different forms through the years, the last as powerful ] groups such as the ] and the ] during the 1870s in the Deep South. Their power grew in the South after Reconstruction, leading more than 10 years after the end of the war to white Democrats' regaining political power in every state of the former Confederacy and their reasserting white supremacy. They enforced this by a combination of violence, late 19th c. laws imposing ] and a concerted effort to ] African Americans. They passed new constitutions and statutes in the South from 1890-1908 that created requirements for voter registration and voting that effectively disfranchised most blacks and many poor whites.<ref>, accessed 10 Mar 2008</ref> This disfranchisement and segregation were enforced for more than six decades into the 20th century. | |||
| == Family life == | |||
| Douglass and Anna had five children: Charles Remond Douglass, Rosetta Douglass, Lewis Henry Douglass, Frederick Douglass Jr., and Annie Douglass (died at the age of ten). The two oldest, Charles and Rossetta, helped produce his newspapers. | |||
| Douglass was an ordained minister of the ]. | |||
| In 1877, Douglass bought his final home in ], on a hill above the ]. He named it '']'' (also spelled ''CedarHill''). He expanded the house from 14 to 21 rooms, and included a china closet. One year later, he expanded his property to 15 acres (61,000 m²) by buying adjoining lots. The home has been designated the ]. | |||
| ] with his second wife ] (sitting). The woman standing is her sister Eva Pitts.]] | |||
| After the disappointments of whites' regaining power in the South after ], many African Americans, called ]s, moved to ] to form all-black towns where they could be free. Douglass spoke out against the movement, urging blacks to stick it out. He was condemned and booed by black audiences. | |||
| In 1877, Douglass was appointed a ]. In 1881, he was appointed ] for the ]. His wife, ], died in 1882, leaving him depressed. His association with the activist ] brought meaning back into his life. | |||
| In 1884, Douglass married ], a white feminist from ]. Pitts was the daughter of ]., an abolitionist colleague and friend of Douglass. Pitts was a graduate of ] (then called Mount Holyoke Female Seminary). She had worked on a radical feminist publication named ''Alpha'' while living in Washington, D.C. The couple faced a storm of controversy with their marriage, since she was both white and nearly 20 years younger than he. Her family stopped speaking to her; his was bruised, as his children felt his marriage was a repudiation of their mother. But feminist ] congratulated the couple.<ref name="winningthevote"> at winningthevote.org. Accessed October 3, 2006.</ref> The new couple traveled to England, France, Italy, ] and ] from 1886 to 1887. | |||
| At the ], Douglass became the first African-American to receive a vote for President of the United States in a ]'s roll call vote.<ref>"." Republican Convention 2000. ]/AllPolitics.com. Accessed 2008-07-01.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&id=YSENAAAAIAAJ|title=Official Proceedings of the Republican National Convention Held at Chicago, June 19, 20, 21, 22, 23 and 25, 1888}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/08/25/dems.convention.trivia/index.html|title=CNN: Think you know your Democratic convention trivia?}}</ref> | |||
| In later life, Douglass was determined to ascertain his birthday. He adopted February 14 as his birthday because his mother Harriet Bailey used to call him her "little valentine". By his calculations, he was born in February 1817. As described below, later historians have found a record indicating his birth in February 1818. | |||
| In 1892 the Haitian government appointed Douglass as its commissioner to the ] ]. He spoke for ] and the efforts of leader ] in Ireland. He briefly revisited Ireland in 1886. | |||
| ===Death=== | |||
| On February 20, 1895, Douglass attended a meeting of the National Council of Women in Washington, D.C. During that meeting, he was brought to the platform and given a standing ovation by the audience. | |||
| Shortly after he returned home, Frederick Douglass died of a massive ] or ] in his adopted hometown of Washington, D.C. He is buried in ] in ]. | |||
| In 1921, members of the ] Fraternity designated Frederick Douglass as an honorary member. Theirs was the first African-American intercollegiate fraternity. Douglass was the only man to receive an honorary membership posthumously.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.albany.edu/~aphia/newsite/famousas.html|title=Prominent Alpha Men|accessmonthday=May 6|accessyear=2007}}</ref> | |||
| == Establishing date of birth == | |||
| ]]] | |||
| In successive autobiographies, Douglass gave more precise estimates of when he was born, his final estimate being February 1817. Douglass was born on the ], where slaves were punished for learning to read or write and so could not keep records. Historian Dickson Preston examined the records of Douglass' former owner Aaron Anthony and determined that February 1818 was when Douglass was born. This data was published in William McFeely's ''Frederick Douglass.'' | |||
| == Works == | |||
| ===Writings=== | |||
| * '']'' (1845) | |||
| * "The Heroic Slave." ''Autographs for Freedom''. Ed. Julia Griffiths, Boston: Jewett and Company, 1853. pp. 174-239. | |||
| * '']'' (1855) | |||
| * '']'' (1881, revised 1892) | |||
| * Douglass also was editor of the abolitionist newspaper ''The North Star'' from 1847 to 1851. He merged ''The North Star'' with another paper to create the ''Frederick Douglass' Paper''. | |||
| ===Speeches=== | |||
| * "The Church and Prejudice" - | |||
| == Cultural representation == | |||
| * The 1989 film '']'' featured Frederick Douglass as a friend of Francis George Shaw, attending a party where he encouraged Shaw's son ] and reviewing the new unit of Black Union Army soldiers. He was played by ]. | |||
| * The 2004 ] '']'' featured Douglass. | |||
| * Frederick Douglass is a major character in the ] novel '']'' by ]. | |||
| [['' | |||
| == | |||
| == == | |||
| == | |||
| '']][[Image: | |||
| == <nowiki></nowiki> == | |||
| ]]]]== See also == | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| == Sources == | |||
| *Parts of this article are drawn from Houston A. Baker, Jr., introduction to the 1986 Penguin edition of ''Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass.'' | |||
| == | |||
| {{reflist}} | |||
| == Further reading == | |||
| ;Scholarship | |||
| *], ed. ''Frederick Douglass, Autobiography'' (], 1994) ISBN 978-0-94045079-0 | |||
| *]. ''The Life and Writings of Frederick Douglass''. New York: International Publishers, 1950. | |||
| *], and Oscar Handlin. ''Slave and Citizen: The Life of Frederick Douglass.'' Library of American Biography. Boston: Little, Brown, 1980; Longman (1997). ISBN 0673393429 | |||
| *Lampe, Gregory P. ''Frederick Douglass: Freedom's Voice,.'' Rhetoric and Public Affairs Series. East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 1998. ISBN-X (alk. paper) ISBN (pbk. alk. paper) (on his oratory) | |||
| *Levine, Robert S. ''Martin Delany, Frederick Douglass, and the Politics of Representative Identity.'' Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1997. ISBN (alk. paper). ISBN (pbk.: alk. paper) (cultural history) | |||
| *McFeely, William S. ''Frederick Douglass.'' New York: Norton, 1991. ISBN | |||
| *Quarles, Benjamin. ''Frederick Douglass.'' Washington: Associated Publishers, 1948. | |||
| *Webber, Thomas, ''Deep Like Rivers: Education in the Slave Quarter Community 1831-1865.'' New York: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. (1978). | |||
| *Woodson, C.G., ''The Education of the Negro Prior to 1861: A History of the Education of the Colored People of the United States from the Beginning of Slavery to the Civil War''. New York: G.P. Putnam’s Sons, (1915); Indy Publ. (2005) ISBN 1421926709 | |||
| ;For young readers | |||
| *Miller, William. ''Frederick Douglass: The Last Day of Slavery''. Illus. by Cedric Lucas. Lee & Low Books, 1995. ISBN 1880000423 | |||
| *Weidt, Maryann N. ''Voice of Freedom: a Story about Frederick Douglass.'' Illus. by Jeni Reeves. Lerner Publications, (2001). ISBN 1-575-05553-8 | |||
| ;Documentary films | |||
| *''Frederick Douglass and the White Negro'' / Writer/Director John J Doherty, produced by Camel Productions, Ireland. Irish Film Board/TG4/BCI.; 2008 | |||
| *''Frederick Douglass'' / produced by Greystone Communications, Inc. for A&E Network ; executive producers, Craig Haffner and Donna E. Lusitana.; 1997 | |||
| *''Frederick Douglass: When the Lion Wrote History'' / a co-production of ROJA Productions and WETA-TV. | |||
| *''Frederick Douglass, Abolitionist Editor'' /a production of Schlessinger Video Productions. | |||
| *''Race to Freedom'' : the story of the underground railroad / an Atlantis | |||
| == External links == | |||
| {{sisterlinks|Author:Frederick Douglass}} | |||
| '''Douglass' sources online''' | |||
| * at ] (scanned books original editions illustrated) | |||
| *{{gutenberg author|id=Frederick+Douglass | name=Frederick Douglass}} (plain text) | |||
| * a ] | |||
| * - Given at the World's Fair in Chicago, January 1893. | |||
| * at the Documenting the American South website. | |||
| * | |||
| '''Resource Guides''' | |||
| * from the Library of Congress | |||
| '''Biographical information''' | |||
| * at the University of Rochester. | |||
| * (American Memory, ]) Includes timeline. | |||
| * | |||
| * | |||
| * - Features key political events | |||
| * | |||
| * | |||
| * ] site | |||
| * Western New York Suffragists | |||
| * | |||
| * | |||
| '''Memorials to Frederick Douglass''' | |||
| * The Washington, DC home of Frederick Douglass | |||
| * Frederick Douglass Gardens | |||
| * A national book prize | |||
| * as a ] in the ] | |||
| {{start box}} | |||
| {{succession box | |||
| |before = ''None'' | |||
| |title = ] | |||
| |years = 1872 | |||
| |after = ] ''(National Equal Rights Party)'' | |||
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| {{American Civil War |expanded=Origins}} | |||
| {{Persondata | |||
| |NAME = Douglass, Frederick | |||
| |ALTERNATIVE NAMES = | |||
| |SHORT DESCRIPTION = American abolitionist | |||
| |DATE OF BIRTH = February 1818 | |||
| |PLACE OF BIRTH = Talbot County, Maryland, United States | |||
| |DATE OF DEATH = February 20, 1895 | |||
| |PLACE OF DEATH = ], United States | |||
| }} | |||
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