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| {{otheruses4|the city in Pennsylvania|the region|Pittsburgh metropolitan area|other uses|Pittsburg (disambiguation)}} | |||
| {{Infobox Settlement | |||
| |official_name = City of Pittsburgh | |||
| |nickname = City of Bridges, Steel City, The 'Burgh, Iron City, The Smokey City, Steel Town, The College City,The City of Champions, Roboburgh, ] | |||
| |motto = Benigno Numine ("With the Benevolent Deity" also translated as "By the favor of heaven") | |||
| |image_skyline = Pittsburgh view-from-incline sm.jpg | |||
| |imagesize = | |||
| |image_flag = Flag of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.svg | |||
| |image_seal = Pittsburgh city coat.png | |||
| |image_map = PAMap-doton-Pittsburgh.PNG | |||
| |mapsize = | |||
| |map_caption = Location in ], ] | |||
| |pushpin_map = <!--Pennsylvania--> | |||
| |pushpin_label_position = <!-- the position of the pushpin label: left, right, top, bottom, none --> | |||
| |pushpin_map_caption = | |||
| |pushpin_mapsize = | |||
| |subdivision_type = Country | |||
| |subdivision_type = ] | |||
| |subdivision_type1 = ] | |||
| |subdivision_type2 = ] | |||
| |subdivision_name = {{flag|United States}} | |||
| |subdivision_name1 = {{flag|Pennsylvania}} | |||
| |subdivision_name2 = ] ] | |||
| |leader_title = ] | |||
| |leader_name = ] (]) | |||
| |established_title = Founded | |||
| |established_date = ], ] | |||
| |established_title2 = Incorporated | |||
| |established_date2 = ], ] (borough) | |||
| |established_title3 = | |||
| |established_date3 = ], ] (city) | |||
| |area_magnitude = 1 E8 | |||
| |area_total_sq_mi = 58.3 | |||
| |area_total_km2 = 151.1 | |||
| |area_land_sq_mi = 55.5 | |||
| |area_land_km2 = 143.9 | |||
| |area_water_sq_mi = 2.8 | |||
| |area_water_km2 = 7.1 | |||
| |area_urban_sq_mi = | |||
| |area_urban_km2 = | |||
| |area_metro_sq_mi = 5,343 | |||
| |area_metro_km2 = 13,839 | |||
| |population_as_of = U.S. Census Estimate, 2006 | |||
| |population_note = | |||
| <ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.census.gov/popest/cities/SUB-EST2006.html | title = Population Estimates for Places Over 100,000: 2000 to 2006 | work = ], Population Division | accessdate = 2007-08-14 | date = ] }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.census.gov/population/www/estimates/CBSA-est2006-annual.html | title = Annual Estimates of the Population of Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas | work = ], Population Division | date = ] | accessdate = 2007-08-14 }}</ref> | |||
| |population_total = 312,819 | |||
| |population_metro = 2,462,571 | |||
| |population_urban = | |||
| |population_density_km2 = 2174 | |||
| |population_density_sq_mi = 5636 | |||
| |area_code = ], ], ] | |||
| |timezone = ] | |||
| |utc_offset = -5 | |||
| |timezone_DST = ] | |||
| |utc_offset_DST = -4 | |||
| |latd=40 |latm=26 |lats=30 |latNS=N | |||
| |longd=80 |longm=00 |longs=00 |longEW=W | |||
| |elevation_m = 372.77 | |||
| |elevation_ft = 1223 | |||
| |website = | |||
| |blank_name = ] | |||
| |blank_info = 42-61000{{GR|2}} | |||
| |blank1_name = ] feature ID | |||
| |blank1_info = 1213644{{GR|3}} | |||
| |footnotes = | |||
| }} | |||
| '''Pittsburgh''' ({{pronEng|ˈpɪtsbɚg}}) is the second largest city in the ] of ]<ref>(after ])</ref> with a population of 312,819.<ref name="censuscity">{{cite web |url=http://www.census.gov/popest/cities/tables/SUB-EST2006-01.csv | title = US Census Bureau 2006 city estimate}}</ref> The population of the eight-county metropolitan area is 2,462,571.<ref name="censusmetro">{{cite web |url=http://www.census.gov/population/www/estimates/metro_general/2006/CBSA-EST2006-02.csv | title = US Census Bureau 2006 CSA estimate}}</ref> The city's ] retains substantial economic influence, ranking at 25th in the nation for jobs within the urban core (and is sixth in job density).<ref name="jobsrank">{{cite news | url = http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/08216/901307-432.stm | title = Regional Insights: Pittsburgh is a national player in jobs per square mile but needs more population | work = ] | date = ] | accessdate = 2008-08-06 | last = Miller | first = Harold }}</ref> | |||
| The characteristic shape of downtown is a triangular tract carved by the confluence of the ] and ]s, where the ] forms. The skyline features 151 high-rise buildings,<ref name="Emporis Skyscraper statistics"></ref> 446 bridges,<ref name="venice"></ref> two inclined railways, and a pre-revolutionary fortification. Pittsburgh is known colloquially as "The City of Bridges" and "The Steel City" for its many bridges and former steel manufacturing base. | |||
| While the city is historically known for its steel industry, today it is largely based on ], education, ], robotics, fashion, and ]. The city has made great strides in redeveloping abandonded industrial sites with new housing, shopping and offices, such as the ]. While Pittsburgh faced economic troubles in the mid 1970s as the steel industry waned, modern Pittsburgh is economically strong. The housing market is relatively stable despite a national ], and Pittsburgh has added jobs in 2008 even as the national economy is in a significant jobs recession.<ref name="jobsgrowth">{{cite news | url = http://www.pittsburghlive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/business/s_580675.html | title = Growth of jobs locally bucks nationwide trend | work = ] | date = ] | accessdate = 2008-08-06 | last = Napsha | first = Joe }}</ref> This positive economic news is in contrast to 30 years ago when Pittsburgh lost its manufacturing base as those jobs moved offshore. | |||
| In 2007, ] named Pittsburgh the 10th cleanest city,<ref name="Forbes.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.forbes.com/2007/04/16/worlds-cleanest-cities-biz-logistics-cx_rm_0416cleanest_slide_16.html|title=World's Cleanest Cities}}</ref> and in 2008 Forbes listed Pittsburgh as the 13th best city for young professionals to live.<ref name="Forbes.Com">{{cite web|url=http://www.forbes.com/2008/07/09/cities-professionals-young-forbeslife-cx_mw_0709youngprofessionals_slide_29.html?thisSpeed=30000 | title=Top 40 Cities for Professionals}}</ref> The city is consistently ranked high in livability surveys. In 2007, Pittsburgh was named "America's Most Livable City" by Places Rated Almanac.<ref name="rankings">{{cite news | url = http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/07116/781162-53.stm | title = Pittsburgh rated 'most livable' once again | work = ] | date = ] | accessdate = 2007-09-16 | last = Majors | first = Dan }}</ref> | |||
| ==Etymology== | |||
| {{main|Name of Pittsburgh}} | |||
| Pittsburgh was named in 1758 by ] in honor of the British statesman, ]. Given that Forbes was a Scotsman, some speculate the intended pronunciation of the settlement was "Pitts''burra''", similar to the pronunciation of ]. It was incorporated as a ] in 1794 and chartered as a city in 1816.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/03001/700027-209.stm |title=Pittsburgh Facts |work=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette |accessdate=2007-10-21}}</ref> | |||
| Pittsburgh was officially named with its present spelling on ] ], by an act of the Pennsylvania Department, stating, "Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, in General Assembly met, and it is hereby enacted by the authority of the same, that the said town of Pittsburgh shall be, and the same is hereby, erected into a borough, which shall be called the borough of Pittsburgh for ever."<ref name="spell">{{cite web |url=http://www.carnegielibrary.org/exhibit/hname2.html |title=How to Spell Pittsburgh |work=] |accessdate=2006-09-22}}</ref> | |||
| Pittsburgh is one of the few American cities to be spelled with an ''h'' at the end of a ''burg'' suffix. This style is commonly used for many other cities and towns of ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.epodunk.com/top10/misspelled/index.html |title=Most Misspelled Cities in America |accessdate=2007-10-21}}</ref> While briefly referred to as "Pittsburg" during the late 19th century, the ''Pittsburgh'' spelling was officially restored in 1911 after a public campaign by the citizens of the city.<ref name="spell"/> | |||
| ==History== | |||
| ], dating to 1764, is the oldest extant structure in the city of Pittsburgh.]] | |||
| ] 1857</ref>]] | |||
| {{main|History of Pittsburgh}} | |||
| The area surrounding the headwaters of the Ohio was inhabited by the tribes of Allegawis, Adena, Hopewell, Delaware, Jacobi, Seneca, Shawnee, and several settled groups of Iroquois.{{Fact|date=March 2008}} The first European was the French discoverer/trader ] in his 1669 expedition down the Ohio River from ] and ].<ref name="Riverlife"></ref> This discovery was followed by European pioneers, primarily French, in the early 1700s and 1710s. Michael Bezallion was the first to describe the forks of the Ohio in a manuscript in 1717, and later that year European traders established posts and settlements in the area.<ref name="chronology"></ref> In 1749, ] soldiers from ] launched a serious expedition to the forks in hopes of uniting French ] with ] via the rivers.<ref name="chronology" /> ] of Virginia sent Major ] to warn the French to withdraw. During 1753–1754, the British hastily built Fort Prince George, but a larger French expedition forced them to evacuate and constructed ] on the site. With the French citing the 1669 discovery by LaSalle, these events led to the ]. British General ]'s campaign (with Washington as his aide) to take Fort Duquesne failed, but ]'s subsequent campaign succeeded. After the French abandoned and destroyed Fort Duquesne in 1758, Forbes ordered the construction of ], named after British Secretary of State ]. He also named the settlement between the rivers "Pittsborough".<ref name="Lorant">{{cite book| title=Pittsburgh, The Story of an American City | edition=5th edition | author=Lorant, Stefan | publisher=Esselmont Books, LLC. | year=1999}}</ref> | |||
| During ], Ohio Valley and Great Lakes tribes ] for two months. The siege was ended after Colonel Bouquet defeated the native forces in the ] just to the east of the forks. | |||
| In the 1768 ], the descendants of ] purchased from the ] western lands that included most of the present site of Pittsburgh. In 1769, a survey was made of the land situated between the two rivers, called the "Manor of Pittsburgh".<ref name="PCC">{{cite book| title=Pittsburgh First, the Official Organ of The Chamber of Commerce of Pittsburgh | author=Chamber of Commerce of Pittsburgh| year=1921}}</ref> Both ] and Pennsylvania claimed the Pittsburgh area during colonial times and would continue to do so until 1780 when both states agreed to extend the ] westward, placing Pittsburgh in Pennsylvania. | |||
| Following the ], the village of Pittsburgh continued to grow. One of its earliest industries was building boats for settlers to enter the ]. In 1784, the laying out of the "Town of Pittsburgh" was completed by Thos. Viceroy of Bedford County and approved by the attorney of the Penns in Philadelphia. The year 1794 saw the short-lived ]. The Act of ], ], which modified the provision of the old charter of the Borough of Pittsburgh in 1794 (the original of which is not known to exist), refers throughout to the "Borough of Pittsburgh".<ref name="PCC" />{{Facts|date=February 2007}}<!--We need page numbers.--> | |||
| The ] cut off the supply of British goods, stimulating American manufacture. By 1815, Pittsburgh was producing significant quantities of iron, brass, tin and glass products. The Act of ], ] incorporated the City of Pittsburgh. The original charter was burned when the old ] was destroyed by fire. In the 1830s, many ] from the steelworks of ] migrated to the city following the civil strife and aftermath of the ] of 1831. By the 1840s, Pittsburgh was one of the largest cities west of the ]. A great fire burned over a thousand buildings in 1845, but the city rebuilt. By 1857, Pittsburgh's 1,000 factories were consuming 22,000,000 bushels of coal yearly. | |||
| The ] boosted the city's economy with increased production of iron and armaments. Steel production began by 1875, when ] founded the J. Edgar Thomson Steel Works in ], which eventually evolved into the Carnegie Steel Company. The success and growth of Carnegie Steel was attributed to Henry Bessemer, inventor of the ]. | |||
| In 1901, the ] Corporation was formed, and by 1911 Pittsburgh was producing between a third and a half of the nation's steel. The city's population swelled to half a million, many of whom were immigrants from Europe who arrived via the great migration through Ellis Island. During ], Pittsburgh produced 95 million tons of steel.<ref name="Lorant"/> By this time, the ] from burning ] and ] production created a black fog (or ]), which even a century earlier had induced author writer ] to dub the city "hell with the lid off".<ref>{{cite web | |||
| | last = Kalson | |||
| | first = Sally | |||
| | authorlink = | |||
| | coauthors = | |||
| | title = Cartoonist draws, fires a blank with Pittsburgh joke | |||
| | work = Pittsburgh Post-Gazette | |||
| | publisher = | |||
| | date = 2003-11-19 | |||
| | url = http://www.post-gazette.com/columnists/20031119sally104col2p2.asp | |||
| | format = | |||
| | doi = | |||
| | accessdate = }} | |||
| </ref> | |||
| Following the war, the city launched a clean air and civic revitalization project known as the "Renaissance." This much-acclaimed effort was followed by the "Renaissance II" project, begun in 1977 and focusing more on cultural and neighborhood development than its predecessor. The industrial base continued to expand through the 1960s, but beginning in the 1970s and 1980s, the steel industry in the region imploded, with massive layoffs and mill closures. | |||
| Beginning in the 1980s, the city shifted its economic base to education, tourism, and services, largely based on ], medicine, and high technology such as robotics. During this transition, however, the city's population shrank from 680,000 in 1950 to 330,000 in 2000.<ref>Note: Although medical research is often cited as a recent addition to Pittsburgh's economic portfolio, major advances go back several decades. Working at the ] in the 1950s, ] developed the first successful vaccine for large-scale immunization against ] (a.k.a. polio or infantile paralysis). Also, several types of organ transplants were pioneered in Pittsburgh by Dr. ] beginning in 1983. Pittsburgh's hospitals and universities remain the hosts for some of the premier medical research facilities in the world.</ref> | |||
| ==Geography== | |||
| ] and the ] from the North Shore]] | |||
| Pittsburgh is located at {{coord|40|26|29|N|79|58|38|W|type:city_region:GR|display=inline,title}} (40.441419, -79.977292).{{GR|1}} According to the ], the city has a total area of {{convert|58.3|sqmi|km2|0|abbr=on}}, of which, {{convert|55.6|sqmi|km2|0|abbr=on}} of it is land and {{convert|2.8|sqmi|km2|0|abbr=on}} of it is water. The total area is 4.75% water. | |||
| The city is on the ], where the ] of the ] from the northeast and ] from the southeast form the ]. The Downtown area between the rivers is known as the Golden Triangle, and the site at the actual convergence, which is occupied by ], is referred to simply as "the Point." In addition to the downtown Golden Triangle, the city extends northeast to include the ] and ] sections, which are home to the ], ], ] and Library, and many other educational, medical, and cultural institutions. | |||
| Pittsburgh occupies the slopes of the river valley on the opposite side of the Monongahela and the ridges beyond. Many of the city's ], particularly the city's ] and those areas south of the Bungalow, are steeply sloped. In fact, of all U.S. cities, only ] and ] have more extreme terrain. | |||
| This topography is often utilized for physical activity. The city has some 712 sets of stairs, comprising 44,645 treads and 24,090 vertical feet (more than San Francisco, ], and ], ] combined) for pedestrians to traverse its many hills. With the drop of pedestrian traffic across much of the city, and the fact that many of these stairs are outside nuclear neighborhoods, many have fallen into disrepair, covered with vines and weeds. There are hundreds of 'paper streets' composed entirely of stairs and many other steep streets with stairs for sidewalks.<ref>{{cite news |work=] |title=Learning the steps: Pitt researcher fell for city's stairs and has published a book that maps them |url=http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/04076/286278.stm |date=2004-03-16 |author=Patricia Lowry}}</ref> Many provide views of the Pittsburgh area.<ref>"The Steps of Pittsburgh: Portrait of a City" ''by Bob Regan, photos by Tim Fabian, published by The Local History Company, Pittsburgh, ISBN 0-9711835-6-2''</ref> | |||
| The city has established bike and walking trails along its riverfronts and hollows, but steep hills and variable weather can make ] challenging. However, the city will be connected to downtown ] (some {{convert|245|mi|km|0|abbr=on}} away) by a continuous bike/running trail through the Alleghenies and along the Potomac Valley. Known as the ] and ] Towpath, about 95% of this trail has been completed. | |||
| ===Climate=== | |||
| <!--Please read the discussion on article talk before making changes to this section--> | |||
| Pittsburgh has a ] (''Cfa'') on the ]<ref>http://www.weather.com/outlook/travel/businesstraveler/wxclimatology/monthly/USPA1290</ref>. This climate is quite diverse, and Pittsburgh features a colder and longer winter than ], which is also in this climate zone. Therefore, Pittsburgh's climate can be thought of as a hybrid between ] (''Cfa'') and ] (''Dfa''). The city's climate features abundant precipitation throughout the year and four defined seasons. While there are wide variations in seasonal temperature common to temperate climates, winters are somewhat moderated by both proximity to the ] and mountains that block the advance of cold air from the north. However, Pittsburgh's average winter temperatures are notably lower than that of Philadelphia. Overall, the city's climate features cold winters with snow, and warm, humid summers with frequent clouds and ]. | |||
| The warmest month of the year in Pittsburgh, as in most of the northern hemisphere, is July. The average high temperature is {{convert|83|F|C|0|abbr=on}}, with overnight low temperatures averaging {{convert|62|F|C|0|abbr=on}}. July is often humid, resulting in a considerable ]. The coldest month of the year is January, when the average high temperature is {{convert|37|F|C|0|abbr=on}}. Overnight low temperatures average {{convert|20|F|C|0|abbr=on}}. The moderating influence of Pittsburgh's proximity to the Atlantic Ocean is evident in the fact that Chicago, which is less than {{convert|110|mi|km|0|abbr=on}} north of Pittsburgh (and about {{convert|400|mi|km}} west), experiences average January temperatures 7°F (4°C) colder on average. The highest temperature ever recorded in Pittsburgh was {{convert|101|F|C|0|abbr=on}}, on ], ], and the coldest temperature ever recorded was {{convert|-19|F|C|0|abbr=on}}, on ], ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://weather.yahoo.com/Pittsburgh-Pennsylvania-United-States/USPA1290/statistics.html|title=Pittsburgh Weather|publisher=]|accessdate=2008-08-28}}</ref> | |||
| Due to its position on the ] side of the ], Pittsburgh receives heavy precipitation, and many days are subject to overcast skies. Precipitation is greatest in May, due to frequent thunderstorms and more organized ]s which track up the eastern coast of the United States. On average, {{convert|4.04|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} of precipitation falls during this month. The driest month of the year is February, when most precipitation falls in the form of low moisture content snow. However, Pittsburgh's February precipitation, {{convert|2.47|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}, is relatively heavy compared to other cities located further inland, mainly because the city is east enough that it can be impacted by ]s in some way, but usually lighter than in the central and eastern parts of the state.{{Fact|date=January 2008}} | |||
| {{Infobox Weather | |||
| |single_line=yes | |||
| |location =Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania | |||
| |Jan_Hi_°F =37 |Jan_REC_Hi_°F =74 | |||
| |Feb_Hi_°F =39 |Feb_REC_Hi_°F =76 | |||
| |Mar_Hi_°F =50 |Mar_REC_Hi_°F =84 | |||
| |Apr_Hi_°F =62 |Apr_REC_Hi_°F =90 | |||
| |May_Hi_°F =71 |May_REC_Hi_°F =92 | |||
| |Jun_Hi_°F =80 |Jun_REC_Hi_°F =96 | |||
| |Jul_Hi_°F =85 |Jul_REC_Hi_°F =101 | |||
| |Aug_Hi_°F =83 |Aug_REC_Hi_°F =97 | |||
| |Sep_Hi_°F =76 |Sep_REC_Hi_°F =92 | |||
| |Oct_Hi_°F =64 |Oct_REC_Hi_°F =85 | |||
| |Nov_Hi_°F =53 |Nov_REC_Hi_°F =79 | |||
| |Dec_Hi_°F =42 |Dec_REC_Hi_°F =74 | |||
| |Jan_Lo_°F =20 |Jan_REC_Lo_°F = -19 | |||
| |Feb_Lo_°F =21 |Feb_REC_Lo_°F = -2 | |||
| |Mar_Lo_°F =29 |Mar_REC_Lo_°F = 2 | |||
| |Apr_Lo_°F =38 |Apr_REC_Lo_°F =21 | |||
| |May_Lo_°F =48 |May_REC_Lo_°F =29 | |||
| |Jun_Lo_°F =56 |Jun_REC_Lo_°F =38 | |||
| |Jul_Lo_°F =62 |Jul_REC_Lo_°F =37 | |||
| |Aug_Lo_°F =60 |Aug_REC_Lo_°F =47 | |||
| |Sep_Lo_°F =53 |Sep_REC_Lo_°F =35 | |||
| |Oct_Lo_°F =41 |Oct_REC_Lo_°F =22 | |||
| |Nov_Lo_°F =33 |Nov_REC_Lo_°F =13 | |||
| |Dec_Lo_°F =25 |Dec_REC_Lo_°F =2 | |||
| |Jan_Precip_inch =2.59 | |||
| |Feb_Precip_inch =2.47 | |||
| |Mar_Precip_inch =3.24 | |||
| |Apr_Precip_inch =3.07 | |||
| |May_Precip_inch =4.04 | |||
| |Jun_Precip_inch =3.93 | |||
| |Jul_Precip_inch =3.90 | |||
| |Aug_Precip_inch =3.15 | |||
| |Sep_Precip_inch =3.13 | |||
| |Oct_Precip_inch =2.35 | |||
| |Nov_Precip_inch =3.05 | |||
| |Dec_Precip_inch =2.86 | |||
| |source=The Weather Channel<ref name="TWC">{{cite web | |||
| |url=http://www.weather.com/weather/wxclimatology/monthly/graph/USPA1290?from=36hr_bottomnav_undeclared |title=Seasonal Temperature and Precipitation Information |accessdate=2008-01-26 |wokr=Weather Channel}}</ref> | |||
| |accessdate = 2008-01-26 | |||
| }} | |||
| ==Cityscape== | |||
| {{Panorama simple | |||
| |image = Image:Pittsburgh dawn city pano.jpg | |||
| |fullwidth = 5816 | |||
| |fullheight = 1200 | |||
| |caption = The city of Pittsburgh at dawn | |||
| |height = 250 | |||
| }} | |||
| ].]] | |||
| ], a neighborhood in the East End]] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| {{seealso|List of Pittsburgh neighborhoods}} | |||
| The city can be broken down into the Downtown area, called the Golden Triangle,<ref></ref> and four main areas surrounding it. These four surrounding areas are further subdivided into distinct neighborhoods (in total, Pittsburgh contains 90 neighborhoods.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.city.pittsburgh.pa.us/portal/neighborhoods.html |accessdate=2007-07-17 |title=Pittsburgh Neighborhoods |work=City of Pittsburgh Portal}}</ref>) These areas, relative to downtown, are known as the North Side, South Side/South Hills, East End, and West End. | |||
| Downtown Pittsburgh is tight and compact, featuring many skyscrapers, 9 of which top {{convert|500|ft|m|0|abbr=on}}. ] is the tallest at {{convert|841|ft|m|0|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=usouthsteeltower-pittsburgh-pa-usa |title=U.S. Steel Tower, Pittsburgh |work=Emporis Buildings |accessdate=2007-07-17}}</ref> The ] comprises a 14 block area of downtown along the Allegheny River. It is packed with theaters and arts venues, and is seeing a growing residential segment. Most significantly, the ] is embarking on Riverparc, a 4-block mixed-use "green" community, featuring 700 residential units and multiple towers between 20–30 stories. The Firstside portion of downtown borders the Monongahela River and the historic Mon Wharf. This area is home to the distinctive ] Gothic glass skyscraper complex. This area too, is seeing a growing residential sector, as new condo towers are constructed and historic office towers are converted to residential use. Downtown is serviced by the ]'s ] and multiple bridges leading north and south.<ref>http://www.portauthority.org/PAAC/Portals/Capital/NorthShore/images/big-new-map.JPG</ref> It is also home to ], ], Pittsburgh Culinary Institute, a ] branch campus and ] which is located on the border of Downtown and Uptown. | |||
| The North Side is home to various neighborhoods in transition. What is known today as Pittsburgh's North Side was once known as Allegheny City and operated as a city independently of Pittsburgh. Allegheny City merged with Pittsburgh under great protest from its citizens. The ] is primarily composed of residential neighborhoods and is noteworthy for well-constructed and architecturally interesting homes. Many buildings date from the 19th century and are constructed of brick or stone and adorned with decorative woodwork, ceramic tile, slate roofs and stained glass. The North Side is also home to many popular attractions such as ], ], ], ], ], ] installation art museum, ], ] and ]. | |||
| The South Side was once an area composed primarily of dense inexpensive housing for mill workers, but has in recent years become a local Pittsburgher destination. In fact, South Side is one of the most popular neighborhoods in which to own a home in Pittsburgh. The value of homes in the South Side has increased in value by about 10 percent annually for the past 10 years. The ]'s East Carson Street is one of the most vibrant areas of the city, packed with diverse shopping, ethnic eateries, pulsing nightlife and live music venues. In 1993 the Urban Redevelopment Authority of Pittsburgh purchased the South Side Works steel mill property, and worked together with the community and various developers to create a master plan for a mixed-use development including a riverfront park, office space, housing, health-care facilities, and the ] and ] indoor practice fields. Construction began in 1998, and the ] is now open for business with many store, restaurants, offices, and the world headquarters for ].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0EIN/is_2005_Oct_21/ai_n15726879 |title=American Eagle Outfitters Announces Pittsburgh's SouthSide Works Location As New Corporate Headquarters |date=2005-10-21 |accessdate=2007-10-21 |work=]}}</ref> | |||
| The East End is home to the ], ], ], ], ], ] (Clayton and the Frick art museum), ], ], and the ]. The neighborhoods of ] and ] are large, wealthy neighborhoods featuring large shopping/business districts. ], heavily populated by undergraduate and graduate students, is home to most of the universities, ] and the ]. ] is Pittsburgh's Little Italy and is known for its Italian restaurants and grocers. ] is a revitalizing rowhouse neighborhood popular with artists and designers. The ] is a popular open-air marketplace by day and one of Pittsburgh's hottest clubbing destinations by night. | |||
| The West End includes ], with its famous view of the Downtown skyline and numerous other residential neighborhoods like ] and ]. | |||
| Pittsburgh's patchwork of neighborhoods still retain an ethnic character reflecting the city's immigrant history. These include: | |||
| *'']'': ] and ] | |||
| *'']'': ] | |||
| *'']'': ], ], ] and ] | |||
| *'']'': ], ], ], and ] (Deutschtown) | |||
| *'']'' and other ]: ], ], and ] | |||
| Several neighborhoods on the edges of the city are less urban, featuring tree-lined streets, yards and garages giving a more characteristic suburban feel, while other aforementioned neighborhoods, such as Oakland, the South Side, the North Side, and the Golden Triangle are characterized by a more diverse, urban feel. | |||
| ==Demographics== | |||
| {| class="toccolours" align="right" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="margin:0 0 1em 1em; font-size: 95%;" | |||
| {{USCensusPop | |||
| |1810= 4768 | |||
| |1820= 7248 | |||
| |1830= 12568 | |||
| |1840= 21115 | |||
| |1850= 46601 | |||
| |1860= 49221 | |||
| |1870= 86076 | |||
| |1880= 156389 | |||
| |1890= 238617 | |||
| |1900= 321616 | |||
| |1910= 533905 | |||
| |1920= 588343 | |||
| |1930= 669817 | |||
| |1940= 671659 | |||
| |1950= 676806 | |||
| |1960= 604332 | |||
| |1970= 520117 | |||
| |1980= 423938 | |||
| |1990= 369879 | |||
| |2000= 334563 | |||
| }} | |||
| According to the ] there were 334,563 individuals, 163,739 households, and 74,169 families within the city limits. The population of the surrounding ] was 2,658,695. The largest groups in terms of race were 67.63% ], 27.12% ], 2.75% ], and 1.32% ] (of any race). The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.8 males. The median income for a household in the city was $28,588, with 20.4% of the population living below the ]. | |||
| The five largest ethnic groups in the city of Pittsburgh are ] (19.7%), ] (15.8%), ] (11.8%), ] (8.4%), and ] (4.6%), while the metropolitan area is approximately 22% ], 16% ], and 12% ]. Pittsburgh has one of the largest Italian communities in the nation,<ref></ref> and also has the nation's fifth largest ] community,<ref>{{ cite news | url = http://www.ukrweekly.com/old/archive/2000/020012.shtml | title = Demographic, social, cultural characteristics of persons of Ukrainian ancestry in Chicago | work = ] No. 2, Vol. LXVIII | date = ], ] | accessdate = 2008-05-16 | last = Wolowyna | first = Oleh }} (based on 1990 US Census)</ref> as well as some of the largest ], Slovak, Slovenian, and Serbian communities. | |||
| As of 2002 Census data, Pittsburgh ranks 22nd of 69 urban places in the U.S. in terms of number of residents 25 years or older who have completed a Bachelor's degree, with 31% of such people having completed the degree.<ref></ref> The same study ranks Pittsburgh 15th of the 69 places in terms of number of residents 25 years or older who have completed a high school degree, with a figure of 84.7%.<ref></ref> | |||
| ===Crime=== | |||
| Despite the high poverty rate, Pittsburgh once had one of the lowest property crime rates and a lower-than-average violent crime rate among cities of similar size.<ref>], 2005)]. ''Pittsburgh Regional Alliance''. Last visited ], ].</ref> But recent crime statistics show violent crime has risen, although most of the rising crime statistics reflect crimes committed by known assailants.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.cityrating.com/citycrime.asp?city=Pittsburgh&state=PA | accessdate = 2007-09-20 | title = Pittsburgh Crime Statistics (PA) }}</ref> | |||
| As of 2003, statistics indicate that the Pittsburgh murder rate is 2.61 times the national average, which is considered high for a city of its size. Overall, the ‘violent crime’ rate for the city is about twice the national average, while the ‘property’ or non-violent crime rate is about 1.11 times the national average.<ref></ref> | |||
| ==Economy== | |||
| The growth of Pittsburgh and its economy was caused by the extensive trade in steel. Pittsburgh has since adapted to the collapse of the region's steel industry. The primary industries have shifted more to high technology, such as ], health care, nuclear engineering, tourism, ], finance, and services. The region’s technology industries, when taken in aggregate, their total annual payroll exceeds $10.8 billion.<ref> Pittsburgh Technology Council</ref> Education is also a major employer, from primary through magnet schools, specialized professional institutes and highly-ranked universities. In fact, Pittsburgh still maintains its status as a corporate headquarters city, with seven ] companies calling the city home. This ranks Pittsburgh in a tie for the eighth-most Fortune 500 headquarters in the nation.<ref>{{cite news |work=Fortune |url=http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune500/2007/cities/ |date=April 2007 |title=Fortune 500: Cities with Five or More Fortune 500 Headquarters}}</ref> In 2006, ''Expansion Magazine'' ranked Pittsburgh among the top 10 metropolitan areas in the nation for climates favorable to business expansion.<ref>{{cite news |work=Expansion Magazine |url=http://www.expansionmanagement.com/smo/newsviewer/default.asp?cmd=articledetail&articleid=17713&st=3 |date=2006-08-07 |title=2006 MAYOR'S CHALLENGE: Where Are the Best Metros for Future Business Locations?}}</ref> | |||
| ===Major employers=== | |||
| {{seealso|List of major corporations in Pittsburgh}} | |||
| Pittsburgh has grown its industry base in recent years to include technology, retail, finance and medicine. The largest employer in the city is the ] (26,000 employees) and the ] (10,700 employees).<ref>{{cite web |title=Top Private Employers |work=Pittsburgh Regional Alliance |url=http://www.alleghenyconference.org/public/cfm/d_and_d/index.cfm? |accessdate=2007-04-14}}</ref> | |||
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| Pittsburgh is also home to ] and the operations center of ]. Other major employers include ], ] and ]. Pittsburgh is the Northeast U.S. regional headquarters for ], ], ], ], and ]. ], ], ], ], ], and ] are major non-public companies with headquarters in the region. Other major companies headquartered in Pittsburgh include ] (GNC) and CNX Gas (CXG), a subsidiary of Consol Energy. | |||
| ==Culture== | |||
| ] | |||
| {{main|Culture of Pittsburgh}} | |||
| In the 19th and 20th centuries, wealthy businessmen and nonprofit organizations donated millions of dollars to create educational and cultural institutions. As a result, Pittsburgh is rich in art and culture. | |||
| Among the professional music venues, the ] performs in ], and the ] performs in the ]. Both The Benedum Center and Heinz Hall provide venues for other groups, such as the ] and the Pittsburgh Youth Symphony Orchestra. Pittsburgh has a long tradition of jazz, blues and bluegrass music. Pittsburgh also has a large ] and ] scene. Additionally the National Negro Opera Company was founded in Pittsburgh, and was the first all African-American opera company in the United States. This led to the prominence of African-American singers like ] in the world of ]. | |||
| ] and the ] host a variety of dance events. Polka, folk, square and round dancing have a long history in the city and are celebrated by the internationally famous ], a multicultural academy dedicated to the preservation and presentation of folk songs and dance. | |||
| Pittsburgh museums include the ], the ], the ] and the ]. Installation art is featured outdoors at ]. The ] has extensive dinosaur collections and an ] wing. The ] is technology oriented. The Senator John Heinz Pittsburgh Regional History Center and Western Pennsylvania Sports Museum are located in the Strip District. The unusual and eclectic ] is six miles (9 km) from downtown. There is a quarterly Gallery Crawl in the downtown area's cultural district that is free and open to the public to enjoy the local art scene as well as the Three Rivers Arts Festival, which takes place in the same downtown area annually during the summer. | |||
| In theater, the Pittsburgh Playhouse of Point Park University has four resident companies of professional actors. Other companies include Attack Theatre, Bricolage Theater, Pittsburgh Playwrights Theater, City Theatre, Pittsburgh Irish and Classical Theatre, Pittsburgh Musical Theater, Pittsburgh Public Theater, and Quantum Theater. The city's longest-running theatre show, ], is an improv jam that has been performed in the ] and other locations for 17 years. | |||
| ===Writing=== | |||
| Pittsburgh's most famous native writer was ], a Chatham College (now ]) graduate from the Pittsburgh suburb of ]. Modern writers include ] winning playwright ] and ] with his Pittsburgh-focused commentary on student and college life. Two-time Pultizer Prize winner and recipient of the ], ] was born and raised in Pittsburgh.<ref>{{cite news |first= Jerome L. |last=Sherman |title=Presidential biographer gets presidential medal |url=http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/06350/746640-44.stm |publisher=] |date=2006-12-16 |accessdate=2008-06-08}}</ref> Annie Dillard, a Pultizer Prize winning writer, was born and raised in Pittsburgh. New writers include ] who attended the ] and mentions Pittsburgh in his books. Pittsburgh's unique literary style extends to playwrights,<ref></ref> as well as local graffiti and hip-hop artists. | |||
| There is a Pittsburgh ], ] and ] ] popularized by film director ], television personality ]'s ],<ref></ref> film director and writer ]<ref></ref> and makeup effects guru Tom Savini.<ref></ref> Today, the genre continues through the PARSEC writers organization<ref>http://www.parsec-sff.org/links.html</ref> and several local Writer's Workshops including Write or Die<ref>http://word.pghfree.net/ Write or Die</ref>, The Pittsburgh SouthWrites,<ref>http://www.interzone.com/~jafriedl/SW/sowrites.htm</ref> | |||
| and the Pittsburgh Worldwrights<ref></ref> founded by Mary Soon Lee<ref>http://www.sfsite.com/02b/msl122.htm</ref> and continued by protegees ], ], Pete Butler, Chris Ferrier, Robert L. Nansel and the poet Elizabeth Penrose. Mark Menold<ref></ref> showcases the classic Pittsburgh zombie tradition through cinematic and televised works on ] and by holding the annual "Zombie Fest". | |||
| ===Local dialect=== | |||
| {{main|Pittsburgh English}} | |||
| The ] dialect, which may be popularly referred to as, "Pittsburghese", derives from influences from the ], ], ], ] and ] immigrants. Locals who speak in this dialect are sometimes referred to as "]s" (from the local word for "you guys/people", ''yinz'' ). The dialect has some tonal similarities to other nearby regional dialects (ie, Erie, Baltimore), but is noted for its somewhat ] rhythms. The staccato qualities of the Pittsburgh dialect have been suggested to originate either from Welsh or from Eastern European immigrants. It also has so many local peculiarities that the '']'' described Pittsburgh as, "the Galapagos Islands of American dialect".<ref>{{cite news | url = http://travel2.nytimes.com/2006/03/17/travel/escapes/17accent.html?pagewanted=2 | page = 2 | title = It's Not the Sights, It's the Sounds | date = ] | accessdate = 2007-08-14 | last = Sultan | first = Tim | work = ] }}</ref> The lexicon itself contains notable ] borrowing from ] and other ] and European languages. Examples include ], ], and ].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://english.cmu.edu/pittsburghspeech/overview.html | title = Overview | work = Pittsburgh Speech and Society | accessdate = 2007-08-14 }}</ref> | |||
| ===Attractions=== | |||
| Pittsburgh is home to many nationally and internationally-renowned attractions, including the United States' most comprehensive single-artist museum, two of the three remaining funicular incline cars in the United States, and the ], the tallest educational building in the ]. Pittsburgh is also the home of the country's ]. The ] features a Victorian-style greenhouse, and ] and ], other important attractions, are also located in the area. Lord Venkateswara temple<ref>http://www.svtemple.org/temple/index.shtml</ref> is another major attraction and is one of the biggest ] temples in the USA. | |||
| {{Col-begin}} | |||
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| * ] | |||
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| * ] - historic amusement park | |||
| * ] - water park | |||
| * ] - The country's national and most prominent aviary | |||
| * ] - art and natural history | |||
| * ] - hands on science center including the Omnimax theater | |||
| * ] - part of the University of Pittsburgh, well known for its "]", also the tallest educational building in the Western Hemisphere | |||
| * ] - museum of contemporary installation art | |||
| * ] - Home of the Pittsburgh Penguins | |||
| * ] - art museum, Clayton- the restored Frick mansion, car and carriage museum | |||
| * ] - Third largest park within the city limits in the country | |||
| * ] - River boat cruise | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] - home of the Duquesne Dukes basketball team and a concert venue | |||
| * ] - home of the ] basketball team | |||
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| * ] and ] - entertainment complexes | |||
| * ] - including the Sports Museum | |||
| * ] - Home of the Pittsburgh Steelers and Pitt Panthers football team | |||
| * ] - home to many bars, eateries, and entertainment | |||
| * ], an opulently decorated edifice in the ] | |||
| * ] - a neighborhood near downtown that is home to farmers' markets, wholesale vendors, bars, and clubs.<ref>{{cite journal | journal = ] | title = 15222: Come Hungry | url = http://magma.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0308/feature6/index.html/ | last = Kadushin | first = Raphael | pages = 114–122 | month = August | year = 2003 | accessdate = 2007-08-26 }}</ref> | |||
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| * ] - Home of the ] | |||
| * ] - a ] connecting Pittsburgh and Washington D.C. | |||
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| ===Livability=== | |||
| Pittsburgh often places high in lists of the nation's most livable cities. After placing fourth and first in the first two editions of "Places Rated Almanac", Pittsburgh went on to finish third in 1989, fifth in 1993, 14th in 1997 and 12th in 2000, before reclaiming the number one spot in 2007.<ref>{{cite news|work=]|title=Pittsburgh rated 'most livable' once again|url=http://post-gazette.com/pg/07116/781162-53.stm|date=], 2007|author=Dan Majors}}</ref> The survey's primary author, David Savageau, has noted that Pittsburgh is the only city to finish in the top 20 of every edition{{Fact|date=July 2007}}. | |||
| In 2005, ] ranked Pittsburgh and ] the top most livable cities in the United States, and tied the cities for 26th worldwide. In the 2004, 820-page book by Bert Sperling and Peter Sander, "Cities Ranked and Rated", Pittsburgh came in at #28. {{Fact|date=December 2008}} | |||
| Livability rankings typically consider factors such as cost of living, crime, and cultural opportunities. Pittsburgh has a low cost of living compared to other cities in the northeastern U.S. The average price for a 3- to 4-bedroom, 2-bath family home in Pittsburgh is $162,000,{{Fact|date=December 2008}} which is well below the national average of $264,540, as of October 2004, according to the Federal Housing Finance Board.{{Fact|date=December 2008}} | |||
| In 2007, the ] ranked the Pittsburgh area as the nation's second most polluted metropolitan area, behind Los Angeles.<ref>{{cite news|work=] via ]|title=L.A. tops list of nation's most polluted|accessdate=2007-05-07|last=Schwartz|first=Naoki|url=http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20070501/ap_on_sc/polluted_cities}}</ref> This ranking is disputed by the Allegheny County Health Department, since data from only one of Pittsburgh's 20 air quality monitors was used by the ALA. Furthermore, the monitor used is located downwind of U.S. Steel's Clairton Coke Works, the nation's largest coke plant.<ref>{{cite news|work=]|title=Region passes L.A. on pollution list|accessdate=2008-08-10|last=Heinrichs|first=Allison|url=http://www.pittsburghlive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/news/cityregion/s_565183.html}}</ref> | |||
| ===Sports=== | |||
| {{main|Sports in Pittsburgh}} | |||
| Pittsburgh's dedication to sports has a long history. | |||
| ====Baseball==== | |||
| ], home of the ]]] | |||
| As home to two of the most successful{{Fact|date=July 2008}} teams in ]'s former ], the ] and the ] (credited with as many as 14 titles between them and with 11 hall of famers), as well as the first ] team to field an all-black lineup, the 1971 ], "no city is more synonymous with black baseball than Pittsburgh."<ref>{{cite news |work=] |title=Baseball Plog|url=http://www.timesonline.com/site/news.cfm?newsid=17047895&BRD=2305&PAG=461&dept_id=478568&rfi=6 |date=2006-08-14 |author=John Perrotto}}</ref> | |||
| ] is annually ranked as one of the best if not the best Major League parks.<ref>{{cite news |work=] |title=Pittsburgh's gem rates the best |url=http://espn.go.com/page2/s/ballparks/pncpark.html |author=Jim Caple |accessdate=2008-07-09}}</ref> | |||
| ====Basketball==== | |||
| ] has also played a role in the city's sports landscape since the 1960s. The ], ], ], ], ] and the ] have all called the Steel City their home. | |||
| The Dukes of ] had much basketball success in the first half of the 20th century and again in the 60s and 70s. | |||
| ]/] team owner ] is from the ] area of Pittsburgh. ], also from Fox Chapel owns ], former NASCAR Goody's DASH Series. | |||
| The most successful basketball team in Pittsburgh is the University of Pittsburgh Panthers. The Pitt Panthers are currently ranked 3rd in the nation, and are a perennial top 15 NCAA team. The Panthers have made 7 straight NCAA tournament trips leading into this year. Pitt plays at the state of the art Peterson Events Center, and has a strong local and national following. The “Pete” has sold out every season since its opening. | |||
| ====Football==== | |||
| ] in Pittsburgh as ]s pass by on the ] in August 2008]] | |||
| ] pregame practice before a ] game]] | |||
| ] is by far the most popular sport in the region, with ] games routinely getting over 10,000 fans per game as well as extensive press coverage. ] is also popular, with residents supporting the local ], as well as the teams of ] or ]. The ] ] have been owned by the ] since the team's founding in 1933. The team won four ]s in a six-year span in the 1970s as well as ] in 2006. | |||
| The Pittsburgh region also has developed several ] quarterbacks, giving Western Pennsylvania the nickname "Cradle of Quarterbacks."<ref>{{cite news |work=] |title=Tradition of Western Pennsylvania quarterbacks continues |url=http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/05238/558775.stm |date=2005-08-25 |author=Mike White}}</ref> ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], and recent ] backup quarterback ] are from the area. Several famous running backs, including ], ], ], ], ], ], ] and ] are also from Pittsburgh. Several former offensive line greats, including ], ], ], and ] also hail from the area. Several notable defensive players are from the Pittsburgh area, including Pro Hall of Famers ] and ], defensive end ], cornerback ] and linebacker ]. Several current NFL Players grew up in the Greater Pittsburgh, including Shawntae Spencer and Steve Breaston in addition to the aforementioned Ty Law, Jason Taylor and Charlie Batch. Notable NHL players from the Pittsburgh area include ] of the Tampa Bay Lightning and ] of the ]. There is also a long list of baseball stars such as ], ], ], and ], as well as numerous ] gold medalists such as wrestler ], ] and ] and was where ] and ] learned to play golf. Pittsburgh also claims many professional sports coaching legends as its own including ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ] and ]. | |||
| ====Hockey==== | |||
| The ] have won three Eastern Conference championships in 1991, 1992, and 2008, and ] championships in 1991 and 1992. They are owned by ], who was on the team from 1984-2006. They play their home games at ], the oldest arena in the ], but is being replaced by the ], slated to open for the 2010-2011 NHL season. | |||
| Pittsburgh is the only city where all major sports teams (Steelers, Penguins, and the Pirates) share the same two colors, black and gold. The ] use these colors as well. Although unofficial, the color scheme is used by the city's police department, fire department and are the dominant colors on the flag and seal. Many downtown fire hydrants use the same color scheme. | |||
| ====Sporting Activities==== | |||
| Pittsburgh has been home to the ], which will resume in May 2009, and still hosts the Great Race 5 & 10K mile run and walk. | |||
| Pittsburgh has multiple mountain biking areas close to the city in area parks and in the surrounding suburbs. ] has biking trails and ] has many miles of ] trails. A recent project, "]", has converted miles of former ] to recreational trails. | |||
| {| class="wikitable" | |||
| |- | |||
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| !Sport | |||
| !League | |||
| !Venue | |||
| !Major championships | |||
| |- | |||
| |] | |||
| |] | |||
| |] | |||
| |] | |||
| |Super Bowl Champions: 1974, 1975, 1978, 1979, 2005 | |||
| |- | |||
| |] | |||
| |] | |||
| |] | |||
| |] | |||
| |Stanley Cup Champions: 1990–91, 1991–92 | |||
| |- | |||
| |] | |||
| |] | |||
| |] | |||
| |] | |||
| |National League Champions (pre-World Series): 1901, 1902;<br>World Series Champions: 1909, 1925, 1960, 1971, 1979 | |||
| |- | |||
| |] | |||
| |] | |||
| |] | |||
| |Chartiers Valley High School Stadium | |||
| | | |||
| |- | |||
| |] | |||
| |American Football | |||
| |] | |||
| |] | |||
| |NWFA World Champions: 2007 | |||
| |- | |||
| |] | |||
| |] | |||
| |] | |||
| |Founders Field | |||
| | | |||
| |} | |||
| ==Media and popular culture== | |||
| {{main|Media in Pittsburgh|List of films and television shows shot in Pittsburgh}} | |||
| There are two major daily ]s in Pittsburgh; the '']'' and the '']''. Alternative weekly papers in the region include the '']'', '']'', '']'', ''The New People'', and the '']''. Independent student-written university based newspapers include '']'' of the ], '']'' of '']'', and '']'' of ]. | |||
| The Pittsburgh metro area is served by many local television and radio stations. The Pittsburgh ] (DMA) is the 22nd largest in the U.S. with 1,163,150 homes (1.045% of the total U.S.).<ref name="nielsen">Holmes, Gary. "." ''].'' ], ]. Retrieved on ], ].</ref> The major network television affiliates are ] 2 (]), ] 4 (]), ] 11 (]), ] 53 (]), ] 19 (]), ] 16 (]), ] (]), and ] 40 (]). ] 59 is an ] owned and operated by the Bruno-Goodworth Network. | |||
| ] 13 is the local ] station in Pittsburgh. It was established on ], ], and was the first community-sponsored television station and the fifth public station in the United States. The station has produced much original content for PBS, including '']'', several ] specials, and '']''<ref name="WQED">Hoover, Bob; Kalson, Sally; Vancheri, Barbara. "." ''].'' ], ]. Retrieved on ], ].</ref> | |||
| There are a wide variety of ] serving the Pittsburgh market. The first was ] 1020 AM, which is also the first commercially-licensed radio station in the United States, receiving its license on ], ].<ref name="KDKA_AM_1020">"." ''.'' Retrieved on ], ].</ref> Other popular stations include ] 1410 AM (news), ] 1250 AM (sports), ] 96.1 FM (pop and hip-hop), ] 100.7 FM (adult contemporary), ] 102.5 FM (album rock), ] 104.7 FM (talk), ] 105.9 FM (modern rock), and ] 106.7 (hip-hop, rap). There are also three ] in the area; including ] 90.5 FM (] affiliate operated by ]), ] 89.3 FM (classical), and ] 91.3 FM (adult alternative). Three non-commercial stations are run by ] (] 88.3 FM), the ] (] 92.1 FM), and ] (] 670 AM) | |||
| According to the Pittsburgh Film Office, over 123 major ]s have been filmed, in whole or in part, in Pittsburgh, including the '']'', '']'', '']'', '']'', '']'', and '']''.<ref name="pitt_filmography">"." ''.'' Retrieved on ], ].</ref><ref name="aboutcom_pitt_movies">Powell, Kimberly; Powell, Albrecht. "." ''].'' Retrieved on ], ].</ref> | |||
| ], a premium cable and satellite tv content provider, made Pittsburgh the setting of the hugely popular and groundbreaking series ]. The series now runs edited versions on the ]. While Queer as Folk was filmed in nearby ], Ontario, Canada; the setting in Pittsburgh has given the city noticed publicity in the gay community. | |||
| ==Government and politics== | |||
| {{seealso|List of Mayors of Pittsburgh}} | |||
| {{POV-section|date=August 2008}} | |||
| ]'s Pittsburgh City-County Building.]] | |||
| From the ] to the 1930s, Pittsburgh was a ] stronghold. Democratic candidates have been elected consecutively to either the mayor's office or city council since 1933, when ] was able to lead the party to power due to the alleged corruption and fraction of the Pittsburgh ] and the election of ] whose ] began the recovery from the ], by which the workers of Pittsburgh were especially hard hit.<ref>{{cite book | author=Weber, Michael P. | title=Don't Call Me Boss: David L. Lawrence: Pittsburgh's Renaissance Mayor| location=Pittsburgh | publisher=University of Pittsburgh Press | year=1988 | isbn=0-8229-3565-1 | oclc=16090036}}</ref> Today, the ratio of Democratic to Republican registrations within the city limits is 5 to 1.<ref>http://biz.yahoo.com/ap/070905/pittsburgh_mayor.html?.v=1</ref> | |||
| The mayor, like the nine-member council, serves a four-year term. The seat of government is the ]. After the death of Mayor ] in September 2006, City Council President ] was sworn as the new mayor of Pittsburgh. Sworn in at age 26, he is the youngest mayor in the history of any major American city.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://kdka.com/video/?id=19751@kdka.dayport.com | format = video | title = Ravenstahl Among Youngest Mayors Ever | date = ] | accessdate = 2007-08-20 | work = ] }}</ref> He served in this position until a ] was held in November 2007, when he was reelected.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.postgazette.com/pg/06286/729694-182.stm | title = Ravenstahl must run next year | author = Gary Rotstein | date = ] | accessdate = 2007-08-20 | work = ] }}</ref> <br /> | |||
| City council members are chosen by ] elections in each of nine districts. The current members of the city council are: Darlene Harris (1), Daniel Deasy (2), Bruce Kraus (3), Jim Motznik (4), ] (5), Tonya Payne (6), Patrick Dowd (7), ] (8), and Rev. Ricky Burgess (9).<ref name="pgh-city-council">"." ''.'' Retrieved on ], ].</ref> | |||
| Pittsburgh is represented in the ] by three ] and nine ]. Pittsburgh's State Senators include ] (]), Wayne D. Fontana (42), and ] (43). Representatives in the ] include ] (19th District), ] (20), Lisa Bennington (21), ] (22), Dan Frankel (23), ] (24), Thomas C. Petrone (27), Paul Costa (34), and Harry Readshaw (36). In the ], Pittsburgh is included in one ], the ], and is represented by ] (]). | |||
| The ] is the law enforcement arm of the city and the ] is a major emergency response unit in Western Pennsylvania. Pittsburgh EMS provides heavy rescue and river rescue services to the city. | |||
| As of ] ], the city and ], are discussing a plan to merge as early as 2009 in the interests of consolidating government and enhancing the status of the region.<ref></ref> If approved, the city of Pittsburgh will annex the entire land of Allegheny County in a Metropolitan Government, and the population will stand at 1.4 million making it the 7th largest city in the United States.{{Failed verification|date=August 2008}}<!--Where does this number come from?---> | |||
| ==Education== | |||
| ] campus, with the ]'s ] in the background]] | |||
| {{seealso|List of colleges and universities in Pittsburgh}} | |||
| The City of Pittsburgh is home to many colleges, ] and research facilities, the most well known of which are ], ], and the ]. Also located in the city are ], ], ], ], and a branch campus of suburban ] as well as the ] and the Pittsburgh Institute of Mortuary Science. The greater Pittsburgh region boasts even more colleges and universities, including ], ] and ] north of the city, ] and ] west of the city, ] and ] to the south, and ], ] and ] -- the biggest state university to the east. | |||
| The campuses of Carlow University, Carnegie Mellon University, and the University of Pittsburgh are located adjacent to each other in the Oakland neighborhood that is the traditional cultural and education center of the city. Carnegie Mellon University is a private research university founded by ] and is ranked #22 overall on '']'' list of America's Best National Universities.<ref name="usnews_college_rankings">{{cite web|url=http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/usnews/edu/college/rankings/brief/t1natudoc_brief.php|title=National Universities: Top Schools|date=2008|publisher=]|accessdate=2008-05-02}}</ref> Carnegie Mellon is known primarily for its ], ], ], ], and ] programs. The University of Pittsburgh, established in 1787 and popularly referred to as "Pitt", is a ] school with one of the country's largest research programs.<ref>{{cite web | url= http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/nsf08300/pdf/tab31.pdf | title= R&D expenditures at universities and colleges, ranked by all R&D expenditures for the first 200 institutions, by source of funds: FY 2006 |author= |last= |first= |authorlink= |coauthors= |date= |year= |month= |format= ] |work= | publisher= ] | pages= TABLE 31 | accessdate= 2008-04-29 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url= http://mac10.umc.pitt.edu/u/FMPro?-db=ustory&-lay=a&-format=d.html&storyid=7904&-Find | title= "Pitt No. 6 in NIH funding" | date= 2008-01-24 | work= University Times | publisher= University of Pittsburgh | accessdate= 2008-04-29 }}</ref> Pitt is ranked as the 19th national ] by ''US News & World Report'' and 57th overall, and is known for its programs in ], ], ], ], ], ], ], and other biomedical and health-related sciences.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://mac10.umc.pitt.edu/u/FMPro?-db=ustory.fp5&-format=d.html&-lay=a&-sortfield=issueid%3a%3aissuedate&-sortorder=descend&keywords=U.S.%20News&-max=50&-recid=39345&-find= | title= University Times|last = Hart| first = Peter| date = 2007-08-30|accessdate= 2008-05-23}}</ref><ref name="usnews_college_rankings"/><ref>{{cite web | url= http://www.philosophicalgourmet.com/ | title= Welcome to the 2006–2008 Philosophical Gourmet Report | last= Leiter | first= Brian |date= 2006-11-10 |work= |publisher= | accessdate= 2008-04-29 }}</ref><ref name="pitt-fall-07">{{cite web | url= http://www.pittmag.pitt.edu/fall2007/feature1.html | title= "The Company We Keep" | last= Gill |first= Cindy | date= Fall 2007 | work= Pitt | publisher= University of Pittsburgh | accessdate= 2008-04-29 }}</ref><ref> | |||
| {{cite news| last = Hart | first = Peter | coauthors = | title = U.S. News ranks Pitt grad schools | publisher = University Times | date = 2007-04-05 | url = http://mac10.umc.pitt.edu/u/FMPro?-db=ustory.fp5&-format=d.html&-lay=a&-sortfield=issueid%3a%3aissuedate&-sortorder=descend&keywords=School%20of%20Public%20Health%20ranked&-max=50&-recid=39152&-find= | accessdate = 2008-03-24 }}</ref> Carlow University is a small private ] university that while coeducational, has traditionally educated women. ], a liberal arts women's college with coeducational graduate programs, is located in the nearby Shadyside neighborhood, but also maintains a 400-acre Eden Hall Farm campus located in the ]. ], a private ] university, is located in the ] neighborhood of Pittsburgh and is noted for its song and dance company, the ], as well as programs in law, business, and pharmacy. ], which recently announced a major expansion of its downtown campus, is the youngest university in the city and well known for its Conservatory of Performing Arts and its operation of the Pittsburgh Playhouse. ] is based in the suburb of ] and maintains a satellite center in downtown Pittsburgh. | |||
| ] teachers are paid well relative to their peers, ranking 17th in 2000 among the 100 largest cities by population for the highest minimum salary offered to teachers with a ] ($34,300).{{Fact|date=May 2008}} Pittsburgh ranked fifth in the highest maximum salary offered to teachers with an ] ($66,380).{{Fact|date=May 2008}} Local public schools include many charter and magnet schools, including ] (computer and technology focused), ] (formerly Homewood Montessori), ], ], ], ], and several schools for blind, deaf, or otherwise challenged children. | |||
| Private schools in Pittsburgh include ], ], ], Oakland Catholic High School, ], and ]. ], whose main campuses are located in ], has a junior high school in the neighborhood of ]. | |||
| The city also has an extensive library system, both public and university. Most notable are the ] and the ]'s University Library System, which rank 9th largest (public) and 18th largest (academic) in the nation, respectively.<ref>{{ cite web | url = http://www.libraryspot.com/lists/listlargestlibs.htm | title = Nation's Largest Libraries | work = LibrarySpot | accessdate = 2007-10-21 | date = 1996\u20131998 }}</ref> | |||
| ==Transportation== | |||
| ] | |||
| {{main|Transportation in Pittsburgh }} | |||
| Pittsburgh is a ]—446 in total.<ref name="venice"/> Pittsburgh has more bridges than ], which has historically held the title of "City of Bridges". Around 40 bridges cross the three rivers near the city. The southern "entrance" to Downtown is through the ] and over the ]. The ] carries the Port Authority's 42-S/47-L/52 subway lines across the ]. All told, over 2,000 bridges dot the landscape of Allegheny County.<ref></ref> | |||
| The main highway connecting Pittsburgh to the ] (]) on the east is ], locally known as the "Parkway East", while ] (called either the "Parkway North" or the "Parkway West", depending on its location relative to Downtown) connects the city with points north and west. ] (]), ], and ], roughly form a triangular-shaped "beltway". Navigation around Pittsburgh can also be accomplished via the ]. | |||
| A planned highway system called the Mon-Fayette/Southern Beltway project would allow access from the south and southwest of the city via a limited-access tolled expressway system.<ref></ref> The projects are in the planning stages with some sections already open to traffic. The projects are being planned by The Pennsylvania Turnpike Commission.<ref></ref> | |||
| ===Airports=== | |||
| ]]] | |||
| The city is served by ] {{Airport codes|PIT}} about {{convert|10|mi|km}} to the west in ].<ref></ref> The airport also promotes the region as a focus city for ] and has been a major operation for the airline since the company's inception in the 1940s with the city being chosen by the airline to house its entire dispatch center, relocating it from its headquarters in ], ]. Art deco style ] (AGC) handles 139,000 general aviation flights a year, and is located south-southeast of the city in ]. There are a few smaller airports located near the city as well. ] is a small airport located northeast of Pittsburgh in ], and is used primarily for corporate jets and private aircraft. ] is another airfield located east of the city in ], Pennsylvania. | |||
| ===Public Transportation=== | |||
| ], commonly known as the Port Authority, but sometimes referred to by its former nickname "PAT" or "PAT Transit", is the region's ] system. While serving only a portion of the Pittsburgh area's 20th largest metro area it is the 11th largest transit agency in the nation. Port Authority runs a network of inter- and intracity ] routes, the ] ] railway (more commonly known as "inclines") on Mount Washington, a ] system that runs mostly above-ground in the suburbs and underground as a subway in the city, and one of the nation's largest ] systems.<ref>http://www.apta.com/research/stats/ridership/riderep/documents/07q1bus.pdf</ref> The ] is operated by a non-profit preservation trust,<ref>http://incline.pghfree.net/</ref> but it does accept Port Authority passes and charge standard Port Authority tolls. | |||
| The city has ] ] service at ], as well as various freight railroads. Current railroads include ], ] and Amtrak. | |||
| ==Sister cities== | |||
| Pittsburgh has sixteen ]:<ref name="sisters">"." . Retrieved on ], ].</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thepittsburghchannel.com/money/18188538/detail.html|title=Pittsburgh Has New Vietnamese Sister City|publisher=WTAE-TV|date=2008-12-02|accessdate=2008-12-03}}</ref> | |||
| {{Col-begin|width=}} | |||
| {{Col-1-of-3}} | |||
| *{{flagicon|Spain}} ], ] | |||
| *{{flagicon|Vietnam}} ], ] | |||
| *{{flagicon|Ukraine}} ], ] | |||
| *{{flagicon|Paraguay}} ], ] | |||
| *{{flagicon|Israel}} ], ] | |||
| *{{flagicon|Cuba}} ], ] | |||
| *{{flagicon|Israel}} ], ] | |||
| *{{flagicon|Japan}} Omiya, ], ] | |||
| {{Col-2-of-2}} | |||
| *{{flagicon|Czech Republic}} ], ] | |||
| *{{flagicon|Slovakia}} ], ] | |||
| *{{flagicon|Japan}} ] (]), ] | |||
| *{{flagicon|Nicaragua}} ], ] | |||
| *{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} ], ], ] | |||
| *{{flagicon|Bulgaria}} ], ] | |||
| *{{flagicon|People's Republic of China}} ], ] | |||
| *{{flagicon|Croatia}} ], ] | |||
| {{Col-end}} | |||
| ==See also== | |||
| * ] | |||
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| * "]" (novel) | |||
| ==References== | |||
| <!-- This article uses ]. Please use this format when making edits to references in the article. Any external links directly added to this section will be summarily and swiftly deleted. --> | |||
| {{reflist|2}} | |||
| ==External links== | |||
| {{sisterlinks|Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania}} | |||
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