Anatolia: Difference between revisions

Browse history interactively ← Previous edit Next edit →Content deleted Content addedVisual WikitextInline

Revision as of 22:20, 15 January 2009 editClueBot (talk \| contribs)1,596,818 editsm Reverting possible vandalism by 216.137.25.193 to version by Cadwaladr. False positive? Report it. Thanks, ClueBot. (529125) (Bot)← Previous edit		Revision as of 22:26, 15 January 2009 edit undo216.137.25.193 (talk) i love awesome nights.....Next edit →
Line 1:		Line 1:
			so basically hit me up on myspace ")
	{{otheruses\|Anatolia (disambiguation)}}
			my name is lyndsay smith...
	{{Copyedit\|date=September 2007}}
			so search and add me on myspace..please..
	{{coord\|39\|N\|32\|E\|display=title}}
			im a really cool person..
	]
			and im really gorgeous....

			so just add me and we'll chat it up.!
	'''Anatolia''' ({{Lang-tr\|Anadolu}}, {{Lang-gr\|Ανατολία}}, ''{{Unicode\|Anatolía}}'') or '''Asia Minor''' is a region of ], comprising most of the modern ]. It is a geographic region bounded by the ] to the north, the ] to the northeast, the ] to the west, the ] to the south, and the ] to the east and southeast.

	==Name==
	{{details\|Names of Anatolia}}
	The name ''Anatolia'' comes from the ] {{Unicode\|Aνατολή}} (''{{Unicode\|Αnatolí}}''), "rise (i.e. sunrise)", or {{Unicode\|Ανατολία}} (''{{Unicode\|Anatolía}}''), "(land) of the sunrise" or simply the "East".<ref name="etym">{{cite web \| url=http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%237638 \| title=Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon}}</ref> It likely dates back at least 3,000 years, from the ] settlement period in the ]. ''(See also ])''. The ] term ''Anatolicon'' ("Eastern") signified the lands to the east of Europe and of the ]'s late-era capital city of ], also New Rome (now ]).<ref>"On the First ], Called Anatolikon. This theme is called Anatolikon, not because it is above and in the direction of the east where the sun rises, but because it lies East of Byzantium and Europe." Constantine VII Porphyogenitus, ''De Thematibus'', ed. A. Pertusi. ]: ], 1952, pp. 59–61.{{Clarifyme\|date=September 2007}}</ref> The etymology of the word supports the idea that Anatolia was a peninsula bordered by the Black Sea, the Mediterranean Sea, and the Eastern ].

	The ] form ''Anadolu'' derives from the Greek version—both which predated the growth of Constantinople across the ] ] to both continental shores. Turkish ] further breaks down the geographical term into two words: ''Ana'' ("mother") and ''Dolu'' ("full"). Thus, the name means "Full of Motherliness", and is used to advance a pedagogical ideal: women's contribution of mother's milk to national masculine bravery.<ref>Sam Kaplan, "''Din-u Devlet'' All Over Again?", ''International Journal of Middle East Studies'', 34:117 (2002).</ref> Less literally, the term is sometimes interpreted as ''Mother of Cities'', referring to Constantinople, perhaps dating to the pre-]ic era when the Byzantine Empire was the biggest ] known in that part of Asia, and occupied the entire region.

	==Physical geography==
	] of ]]]
	The Anatolian peninsula is bounded by the ] to the north, the ] to the south, the ] (itself an arm of the Mediterranean) to the west, and the bulk of the Asian mainland to the east.

	Anatolia's terrain is structurally complex. A central ] composed of uplifted blocks and downfolded ], covered by recent ]s and giving the appearance of a plateau with rough terrain, is wedged between two folded mountain ranges that converge in the east. True lowland is confined to a few narrow coastal strips along the Black Sea and Mediterranean Sea coasts. Flat or gently sloping land is rare and largely confined to the deltas of the ], the coastal plains of ], and the valley floors of the ] and the ], and some interior high plains in Anatolia, mainly around '']'' (Salt Lake) and ''] Ovası'' (Konya Basin).

	=== Black Sea region===
	The Black Sea region has a steep, rocky coast with rivers that cascade through the gorges of the coastal ranges. The North Anatolian mountains are an interrupted chain of folded highlands that generally parallel the Black Sea coast. A few larger rivers, those cutting back through the ] ({{Lang-tr\|Kaçkar Dağları}}), have tributaries that flow in broad, elevated basins. Rivers flow from the mountains toward the Black Sea trough in lengthy valleys.

	Access inland from the coast is limited to a few narrow valleys because mountain ridges, with elevations of 1,525 to 1,800 meters (5,000 to 5,900 ft) in the west and 3,000 to 4,000 meters (10,000 to 13,000 ft) in the east in ], form an almost unbroken wall separating the coast from the interior. The higher slopes facing southwest tend to be densely wet. Because of these natural conditions, the Black Sea coast historically has been isolated from Anatolia. The southern slopes—facing the Anatolian Plateau—are mostly unwooded, but the northern slopes contain dense growths of both deciduous and evergreen trees.

	===Mediterranean region===
	]
	The narrow coastal plains of the Mediterranean region, separated from the Anatolian plateau by the ], which reach elevations of 2,000 to 2,750 meters (6,600 to 9,000 ft), are cultivated intensively. ]s and a warm climate make the Mediterranean coast ideal for growing citrus fruits, grapes, figs, bananas, various vegetables, barley, wheat, and, in irrigated areas, rice and cotton. The Çukurova in the east is a plain that is the most developed agricultural area of the Mediterranean region.

	===Anatolian plateau===

	Stretching inland from the Aegean coastal plain, Central Anatolia occupies the area between the two zones of the folded mountains, extending east to the point where the two ranges converge. The plateau-like, semiarid highlands of Anatolia are considered the heartland of the country. The region varies in elevation from 600 to 1,200 meters (2,000 to 4,000 ft) from west to east. The two largest basins on the plateau are the ''Konya Ovası'' and the basin occupied by the large salt lake, ''Tuz Gölü''. Both basins are characterized by inland drainage. Wooded areas are confined to the northwest and northeast of the plateau.

	Mountains close to the coast prevent Mediterranean influences from extending inland, giving the interior of Turkey a ] with distinct seasons. The Anatolian Plateau is much more subject to extremes than are the coastal areas. Winters on the plateau are especially severe. Temperatures of -30 °C to -40 °C (-22 °F to -40 °F) can occur in the mountainous areas in the east, and snow may lie on the ground 120 days of the year. In the west, winter temperatures average below 1 °C (34 °F). Summers are hot and dry, with temperatures above 30 °C (86 °F). Annual precipitation averages about 400 mm (15.7 inches), with actual amounts determined by elevation. The driest regions are the ''Konya Ovası'' and the ''] Ovası'', where annual rainfall frequently is less than 300 mm (11.8 inches). May is generally the driest month and July and August are the wettest.

	===Eastern Anatolia===
	Eastern Anatolia where the Pontus and Taurus mountain ranges converge, is rugged country with higher elevations, a more severe climate, and greater precipitation than are found on the Anatolian Plateau. The region is known as the Anti-Taurus, and the average elevation of its peaks exceeds 3,000 m. ], at 5,137 meters (16,854 ft) the highest point in Turkey, is located in the Anti-Taurus. ] is situated in the mountains at an elevation of 1,546 meters (5,072 ft). The headwaters of three major rivers arise in the Anti-Taurus: the east-flowing ], which empties into the ]; the south-flowing ] and ] join in ] before emptying into the ]. Several small streams that empty into the Black Sea or landlocked Lake Van also originate in these mountains.

	Southeast Anatolia lies south of the Anti-Taurus Mountains. It is a region of rolling hills and a broad plateau surface that extends into Syria. Elevations decrease gradually, from about 800 meters (2,600 ft) in the north to about 500 meters (1,600 ft) in the south. Traditionally, ] and ] were the main crops of the region, but the ] in the 1980s has led to greater agricultural diversity and development.

	==Climate==
	<gallery caption="Temperatures of Anatolia">
	image:Klima_ankara.png\|] (central Anatolia)
	image:Klima_antalya.png\|] (southern Anatolia)
	image:Klima_van.png\|] (eastern Anatolia)
	</gallery>

	Anatolia has a varied range of climates. This is partly due to the reason that Anatolia covers such a vast expanse of land. In fact, it goes all the way into southwestern Russia, where it is covered by temperate forests.

	== Ecoregions ==
	]
	Anatolia's diverse topography and climate has fostered a similar diversity of plant and animal communities.

	The mountains and coastal plain of northern Anatolia, with its humid and mild climate, is home to ], and ] forests. The central and eastern plateau, with its drier ], is home to deciduous forests and forest steppes. Western and southern Anatolia, which have a ], are home to ] ecoregions.
	* ]: These temperate broadleaf and mixed forests extend across northern Anatolia, lying between the mountains of northern Anatolia and the Black Sea. They include the enclaves of ] lying along the southeastern coast of the Black Sea in eastern Turkey and Georgia.<ref> "Euxine-Colchic deciduous forests" WWF scientific report. Accessed May 25 2008. </ref>
	* ]: These forests occupy the mountains of northern Anatolia, running east and west between the coastal Euxine-Colchic forests and the drier, continental climate forests of central and eastern Anatolia. <ref> "Northern Anatolian conifer and deciduous forests" WWF scientific report. Accessed May 25 2008. </ref>
	* ]: These forests of deciduous oaks and evergreen pines cover the plateau of central Anatolia. <ref> "Central Anatolian deciduous forests" National Geographic ecoregion profile. Accessed May 25, 2008 </ref>
	* Central Anatolian ]: These dry grasslands cover the drier valleys and surround the saline lakes of central Anatolia, and include ] (salt tolerant) plant communities. <ref> "Central Anatolian steppe" WWF scientific Report. Accessed May 25 2008 </ref>
	* ]: This ecoregion occupies the plateau of eastern Anatolia. The drier and more continental climate is home to steppe-forests dominated by deciduous oaks, with areas of shrubland, montane forest, and valley forest. <ref> "Eastern Anatolian deciduous forests" WWF scientific report. Accessed May 25 2008. </ref>
	* ]: These forests occupy the western, Mediterranean-climate portion of the Anatolian plateau. Pine forests and mixed pine and oak woodlands and shrublands are predominant. <ref>"Anatolian conifer and deciduous mixed forests" WWF scientific report. Accessed May 25 2008 </ref>
	* ]: These Mediterranean-climate forests occupy the coastal lowlands and valleys of western Anatolia bordering the Aegean Sea. The ecoregion is home to forests of ] ''(Pinus brutia)'', oak forests and woodlands, and ] of Turkish Pine and evergreen ]ous trees and shrubs, including ] ''(Olea europaea)'', ] ''(Arbutus unedo)'', '']'', ] ''(Quercus coccifera)'', and ] ''(Laurus nobilis)''. <ref>Aegean and Western Turkey sclerophyllous and mixed forests" WWF scientific report. Accessed May 25 2008 </ref>
	* ]: These mountain forests occupy the Mediterranean-climate ] of southern Anatolia. Conifer forests are predominant, chiefly ] ''(Pinus nigra)'', ] ''(Cedrus libani)'', ] ''(Abies cilicica)'', and ] ''(]'' and ''])''. Broadleaf trees include oaks, ], and ]s. <ref>"Southern Anatolian montane conifer and deciduous forests" WWF scientific report. Accessed May 25 2008 </ref>
	* ]: This ecoregion occupies the coastal strip of southern Anatolia, between the Taurus Mountains and the Mediterranean Sea. Plant communities include broadleaf sclerophyllous maquis shrublands, forests of ] ''(Pinus halepensis)'' and Turkish Pine ''(Pinus brutia)'', and dry oak ''(Quercus'' spp.) woodlands and steppes. <ref>"SEastern Mediterranean conifer-sclerophyllous-broadleaf forests" WWF scientific report. Accessed May 25, 2008 http://www.worldwildlife.org/wildworld/profiles/terrestrial/pa/pa1207_full.html]</ref>

	== History ==
	{{main\|History of Anatolia}}

	Eastern Anatolia contains the oldest monumental structures in the world. For example, the monumental structures at ] were built by hunters and gatherers, a thousand years before the development of agriculture. Eastern Anatolia is also a hearth region for the ], one of the earliest areas in which humans domesticated plants and animals. Neolithic sites such as ], ], ], and ] represent the world's oldest known agricultural villages.

	The earliest historical records of Anatolia are from the ] under ] in the 24th century BC. The region was famous for exporting various raw materials.<ref name = "Freeman"/>
	The ] claimed the resources, notably ]. One of the numerous Assyrian ] records found in Anatolia at ] uses an advanced system of trading computations and credit lines.<ref name="Freeman">{{cite book\|last=Freeman\|first=Charles\|title=Egypt, Greece and Rome: Civilizations of the Ancient Mediterranean\|publisher=Oxford University Press\|year=1999\|isbn=0198721943}}</ref>

	Unlike the Akkadians and the Assyrians, whose Anatolian possessions were peripheral to their core lands in Mesopotamia, the ] were centered at ] in north-central Anatolia. Speakers of an ], they established a kingdom in the 18th century BC, and built an empire which reached its height in the 14th century BC. The empire included a large part of Anatolia, north-western ], and upper ]. After 1180 BC, the empire ] into several independent "]" city-states, some surviving until as late as the 8th century BC.

	The ] in the 1st century BC established the ] under ] who reigned throughout much of the region situated between the ], ] and ] seas. Asia Minor is known as the birthplace of ] as a medium of exchange (some time in the 7th century BC), which flourished during the Greek and Roman eras.<ref>{{Cite book
	\| isbn = 0415089921
	\| last = Howgego
	\| first = C. J.
	\| title = Ancient History from Coins
	\| year = 1995
	}}</ref><ref> - an index of Greek and Roman coins from Asia Minor (ancient Anatolia)</ref>

	The ] was introduced gradually with the conquest of Anatolia by ] from the 11th century AD. Anatolia remained multi-ethnic until the early 20th century (see ]). During ], ] to modern Armenia almost eliminated the Armenian population in Anatolia. The entire Greek population was also eliminated in the post-WW1 period: some fled with the defeated Greek army (see ]), but most were forced out during the 1922 ]. As the Ottoman Empire fragmented during the ] much of the non-Christian populations of its former possessions, mainly Balkan Muslims, flocked to Anatolia and were settled in various locations.<ref>Justin McCarthy,"Death and Exile: The Ethnic Cleansing of Ottoman Muslims, 1821-1922",1996,ISBN-10: 0878500944</ref>.

	Since the foundation of the ] in 1923, most of Anatolia has been part of Turkey, its inhabitants mainly Turks (a generic and very general term) and ]s, among other minorities (see ] and ]).

	== References ==
	{{Reflist}}
	<!--For ease of standardization, use a citation template from http://en.wikipedia.org/Wikipedia:Template_messages/Sources_of_articles#Citations_of_generic_sources
	-->

	==See also==
	*]
	*]
	*]
	*]
	*]
	*]
	*]
	*]
	*]
	*]
	*]
	*]
	*]
	*]
	*]
	*]
	*]
	*]
	*]
	*]
	*]
	*]
	*], ] Saint
	*]
	*]
	*]

	== External links ==
	*

	{{Template group
	\|list =
	{{History of Anatolia}}
	{{Turkey topics}}
	{{Regions of the world}}
	{{Physical geography topics}}
	{{Geography topics}}
	}}

	]
	]
	]
	]

	]
	]
	]
	]
	]
	]
	]
	]
	]
	]
	]
	]
	]
	]
	]
	]
	]
	]
	]
	]
	]
	]
	]
	]
	]
	]
	]
	]
	]
	]
	]
	]
	]
	]
	]
	]
	]
	]
	]
	]
	]
	]
	]
	]
	]
	]
	]
	]
	]
	]
	]
	]
	]
	]
	]
	]
	]
	]
	]
	]
	]
	]
	]
	]
	]

Revision as of 22:26, 15 January 2009

so basically hit me up on myspace ") my name is lyndsay smith... so search and add me on myspace..please.. im a really cool person.. and im really gorgeous.... so just add me and we'll chat it up.!