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The term '''homosexual transsexual''' was defined in ] to describe ] who are attracted to men, and less often ] who are attracted to women. First proposed by ] in 1923, the term was used because early sexologists thought the main difference between a male transvestite and a transsexual was same-sex attraction. The term or concept has since been used in articles by ], ], ] and others. The term '''homosexual transsexual''' was defined in ] and ] to describe ] who are attracted to men, and less often ] who are attracted to women. First proposed by ] in 1923, the term was used because early sexologists and psychologists thought the main difference between a male transvestite and a transsexual was same-sex attraction. The term or concept has since been used in articles by ], ], ] and others.


This term has been criticized from within sexology by Benjamin, ], and ] as being confusing as well as being insensitive to the gender identities of those whom it is meant to describe. The alternatives ''androphilic'' and ''gynephilic'' have been proposed by ] as descriptors for sexual orientation that do not assume anything about the sex or gender identity of the person being described. Terms such as androphilia and gynephilia are used instead of, or concurrently with, homosexual, heterosexual or non-homosexual in current research literature. This term has been criticized from within sexology by Benjamin, ], and ] as being confusing as well as being insensitive to the gender identities of those whom it is meant to describe. The alternatives ''androphilic'' and ''gynephilic'' have been proposed by ] as descriptors for sexual orientation that do not assume anything about the sex or gender identity of the person being described. Terms such as androphilia and gynephilia are used instead of, or concurrently with, homosexual, heterosexual or non-homosexual in current research literature.


Most research has been conducted on male-to-female homosexual transsexuals. They are usually socio-economically disadvantaged, born later in a series of brothers, are unlikely to display cross gender fetishism or ],<!--For the person who feels a citation is needed here. Please see Blanchard 1987 http://www.springerlink.com/content/q025616175225557/ . Refered to as classicblanchard in this document's ref tags. This same paper is linked in the body of the article. The style guidelines do not provide for references inside the lead which is just a summary or abstract for the article. It is also more proper for this to be linked to autogynephilia than to feminizeation.--> and ] at a younger age than non-homosexual transsexuals. Relatively little research has been done on gender variance in biological females, and the prevalance of female to male ] is less than that of male to female GID. Most research has been conducted on male-to-female homosexual transsexuals. They are usually socio-economically disadvantaged, born later in a series of brothers, are unlikely to display cross gender fetishism or ],<!--For the person who feels a citation is needed here. Please see Blanchard 1987 http://www.springerlink.com/content/q025616175225557/ . Refered to as classicblanchard in this document's ref tags. This same paper is linked in the body of the article. The style guidelines do not provide for references inside the lead which is just a summary or abstract for the article. It is also more proper for this to be linked to autogynephilia than to feminizeation.--> and ] at a younger age than non-homosexual transsexuals. Relatively little research has been done on gender variance in biological females, and the prevalance of female to male ] is less than that of male to female GID.

==Development of this concept== ==Development of this concept==
The term homosexual transsexual was defined by sexologists to describe ],<ref name="freund1974"> Freund K, Nagler E, Langevin R, Zajac A, Steiner B (1974). Measuring feminine gender identity in homosexual males. '']'', Volume 3, Number 3 / May, 1974, pp. 249-260.</ref><ref name="person1974"> Person ES, Ovesey L (1974). The Psychodynamics of Male Transsexualism. In Friedman RC, Richart RM, and Vande Wiele LR (eds.) ''Sex Differences in Behavior, '' pp. 315-331. John Wiley & Sons, ISBN 9780471280538</ref> though occasionally they use it to describe ].<ref name="chivers2000"> Chivers, ML, Bailey JM (2000). '']'', Volume 29, Number 3, pp. 259-278.</ref> This term and the concept of ] was first proposed by ] in 1922,<ref name="Blanchard1985b">Blanchard, R. (1985). Typology of male-to-female transsexualism. ''Archives of Sexual Behavior, 14,'' 247-261.</ref><ref name="hirschfeld1923">Hirschfeld M (1922). "Sexualpathologie", ]</ref> and codified by ] in the ] in 1966.<ref name="benjamin1966">Benjamin H (1966). '''' The Julian Press ASIN: B0007HXA76</ref><ref name="Benjamin1966b"></ref> Which was published in the influential book "The Transsexual Phenomenon".<ref name="benjamin1966"/> Benjamin wrote that researchers of his day thought that attraction to men, as a woman was the factor that distinguished a transvestite from a transsexual. <ref name="benjamin1966"/> "The transvestite - they say - is a man, feels himself to be one, is heterosexual, and merely wants to dress as a woman. The transsexual feels himself to be a woman ("trapped in a man’s body") and is attracted to men."(Benjamin 1966)<ref name="benjamin1966"/> The term homosexual transsexual was defined by sexologists and psychologists to describe ],<ref name="freund1974"> Freund K, Nagler E, Langevin R, Zajac A, Steiner B (1974). Measuring feminine gender identity in homosexual males. '']'', Volume 3, Number 3 / May, 1974, pp. 249-260.</ref><ref name="person1974"> Person ES, Ovesey L (1974). The Psychodynamics of Male Transsexualism. In Friedman RC, Richart RM, and Vande Wiele LR (eds.) ''Sex Differences in Behavior, '' pp. 315-331. John Wiley & Sons, ISBN 9780471280538</ref> though occasionally they use it to describe ].<ref name="chivers2000"> Chivers, ML, Bailey JM (2000). '']'', Volume 29, Number 3, pp. 259-278.</ref> This term and the concept of ] was first proposed by ] in 1922,<ref name="Blanchard1985b">Blanchard, R. (1985). Typology of male-to-female transsexualism. ''Archives of Sexual Behavior, 14,'' 247-261.</ref><ref name="hirschfeld1923">Hirschfeld M (1922). "Sexualpathologie", ]</ref> and codified by ] in the ] in 1966.<ref name="benjamin1966">Benjamin H (1966). '''' The Julian Press ASIN: B0007HXA76</ref><ref name="Benjamin1966b"></ref> Which was published in the influential book "The Transsexual Phenomenon".<ref name="benjamin1966"/> Benjamin wrote that researchers of his day thought that attraction to men, as a woman was the factor that distinguished a transvestite from a transsexual. <ref name="benjamin1966"/> "The transvestite - they say - is a man, feels himself to be one, is heterosexual, and merely wants to dress as a woman. The transsexual feels himself to be a woman ("trapped in a man’s body") and is attracted to men."(Benjamin 1966)<ref name="benjamin1966"/>


] proposed two types of cross-gender identity in 1982, based on his observation that ] is different for homosexual males and heterosexual males.<ref name="freund1982">Freund K, Steiner BW, Chan S (1982). Two types of cross-gender identity. ''],'' 1982 Feb;11(1):49-63.</ref> Sexologist quantitatively measure sexual orientation using ] test called ]. Homosexual transsexuals averaged a ] measurement of 5-6 or a 9.86±2.37 on the ].<ref name="lawrence2005">{{citation ] proposed two types of cross-gender identity in 1982, based on his observation that ] is different for homosexual males and heterosexual males.<ref name="freund1982">Freund K, Steiner BW, Chan S (1982). Two types of cross-gender identity. ''],'' 1982 Feb;11(1):49-63.</ref> Sexologist quantitatively measure sexual orientation using ] test called ]. Homosexual transsexuals averaged a ] measurement of 5-6 or a 9.86±2.37 on the ].<ref name="lawrence2005">{{citation

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The term homosexual transsexual was defined in sexology and psychology to describe transwomen who are attracted to men, and less often transmen who are attracted to women. First proposed by Magnus Hirschfeld in 1923, the term was used because early sexologists and psychologists thought the main difference between a male transvestite and a transsexual was same-sex attraction. The term or concept has since been used in articles by Harry Benjamin, Kurt Freund, Ray Blanchard and others.

This term has been criticized from within sexology by Benjamin, Bruce Bagemihl, and John Bancroft as being confusing as well as being insensitive to the gender identities of those whom it is meant to describe. The alternatives androphilic and gynephilic have been proposed by Milton Diamond as descriptors for sexual orientation that do not assume anything about the sex or gender identity of the person being described. Terms such as androphilia and gynephilia are used instead of, or concurrently with, homosexual, heterosexual or non-homosexual in current research literature.

Most research has been conducted on male-to-female homosexual transsexuals. They are usually socio-economically disadvantaged, born later in a series of brothers, are unlikely to display cross gender fetishism or autogynephilia, and come out at a younger age than non-homosexual transsexuals. Relatively little research has been done on gender variance in biological females, and the prevalance of female to male gender identity disorder is less than that of male to female GID.

Development of this concept

The term homosexual transsexual was defined by sexologists and psychologists to describe transwomen who are attracted to men, though occasionally they use it to describe transmen who are attracted to women. This term and the concept of a taxonomy based on transsexual sexuality was first proposed by Magnus Hirschfeld in 1922, and codified by Harry Benjamin in the Benjamin Scale in 1966. Which was published in the influential book "The Transsexual Phenomenon". Benjamin wrote that researchers of his day thought that attraction to men, as a woman was the factor that distinguished a transvestite from a transsexual. "The transvestite - they say - is a man, feels himself to be one, is heterosexual, and merely wants to dress as a woman. The transsexual feels himself to be a woman ("trapped in a man’s body") and is attracted to men."(Benjamin 1966)

Kurt Freund proposed two types of cross-gender identity in 1982, based on his observation that gender identity disorder is different for homosexual males and heterosexual males. Sexologist quantitatively measure sexual orientation using psychological test called scales. Homosexual transsexuals averaged a Kinsey Scale measurement of 5-6 or a 9.86±2.37 on the Modified Androphilia Scale.

While the concept of homosexual transsexuals dominates research in this field, in recent years a few scientist working on the topic have criticized the practice of categorizing transsexuals by sexual orientation and sex at birth. In the words of Harry Benjamin male to female transsexuals can only be homosexual if anatomy alone is considered, and the psyche of MTF transsexuals is ignored. According to him after SRS calling a male to female transsexual homosexual is pedantic. One must bear in mind that when Benjamin was writing, transsexual implied male to female, and attracted to men.

Others agree with what Dr. Benjamin wrote about the use of this term one of which is Bruce Bagemihl. Bagemihl wrote that this terminology makes it easy to say transsexuals are really homosexual males seeking to escape from stigma. Sexologist Jim Weinrich opined that Ray Blanchard looked for information to support his theory instead of letting the evidence guide his theorizing, by using "a series of clever questionnaires and plethysmogaphic studies." Weinrich stated that Blanchard asserted all female to male transsexuals were "woman loving"Leavitt and Berger criticized in 1990, that "The homosexual transsexual label is both confusing and controversial among males seeking sex reassignment. Critics argue that the term "homosexual transsexual" is "heterosexist", "archaic", and demeaning because it labels people by sex assigned at birth instead of their gender identity. Benjamin, Leavitt, and Berger have all used the term in their own work. John Bancroft also expressed regret for having used this terminology, which was standard when he used it, to refer to transsexual women. He says that he now tries to choose his words more sensitively.

According to Leavitt and Berger "transsexuals, as a group, vehemently oppose the label and its pejorative baggage". Bailey and Kira Triea wrote that the transsexuals at transkids.us endorse this concept, and criticize the feminine essence narrative.

Alternative terms

Milton Diamond (1990, 2002) proposed the use of the terms androphilic and gynephilic as alternatives to homosexual and heterosexual. Diamond wrote that the terms homosexual and heterosexual are confusing as applied to transsexual persons because it is not instantly clear that they reference the pre or post transition state.) Diamond said that androphilic or gynephilic are better because they assume nothing about sex or gender, are apolitical, and are not assumed to be a total description of a anyone.

Sexological research has been done using these terms by researchers such as Sandra L. Johnson (1990) and Uwe Wolfradt (2001).

Description

Androphilic male to female transsexuals

Sexual activity

Building on work by Freund, Frank Leavitt and Jack C. Berger in 1990 further categorized homosexual transsexuals by three patterns of sexual activity in how they used their penis. In their study 44% were sexually inactive, 19% avoided use of their penis during sex and 37% derived pleasure from using their penis during sex. Each group showed varying levels of masculinity and emotional disturbance in development. Leavitt and Berger found that transsexuals in the avoidant group are different from those in the other two groups. They fit the description of the "nuclear transsexual". They had a strong cross gender identification, wanted female anatomy, had never married and little to no sexual activity with females. Of all the subgroups this group had the least comorbid psychopathology. The transsexuals in the pleasure group behaved sexually in ways that were "classically homosexual". They were more likely than those in the avoidant group to have had sexual experience with females. They also rated higher on a test of general fetishism. Other than this, transsexuals in the pleasure group were similar to the description of a "nuclear transsexual". They found that transsexuals in the inactive group had characteristics which most differed from that of the "nuclear transsexual", such as strong heterosexual orientations (as determined from psychological testing), and fetish histories. "The pattern exhibited generally conforms to that exhibited by heterosexual transsexuals." The inactive group was found to share little with the other groups of transsexuals other than a stated sexual interest in males. Leavitt and Berger also mentioned studies by Blanchard which suggest that heterosexual transsexuals will adjust their life stories to ensure that they get sex reassignment surgery.(Leavitt 1990)

In The Man Who Would Be Queen, J. Michael Bailey (2003) said that the homosexual transsexuals he studied are comfortable with prostitution, that they have a masculine sexual appetite, but lust after men. In "The Transsexual Phenomenon", Harry Benjamin (1966) writes that "Other transsexuals find prostitution a useful profession for emotional as well as practical reasons..." Benjamin goes on to say "How much more can his femininity be reaffirmed than by again and again attracting normal, heterosexual, and unsuspecting men and even being paid for rendering sex service as a woman?"

Socioeconomic factors

Researchers have recently found several demographic features that homosexual transsexuals tend to have in common. Ken Zucker, and Yolanda Smith independently found that homosexual transsexuals are of lower average IQ, social class, and age. Compared to non-homosexual transsexuals they were on average in thier mid teens to mid 20's when they reported to a gender clinic for sex reassignment. The homosexual transsexuals are more likely to have recent immigrant status, non-intact families, non-Caucasian race, and childhood behavior problems). Bailey found that most homosexual transsexuals learn to live on the streets, resorting to prostitution, or shoplifting.

D.F. MacFarlane studied transsexuals in Australia and New Zealand. MacFarlane found that in New Zealand that 90% of the homosexual transsexual prostitutes were Māori, an ethnic group who are only 9% of the overall population. In The Man Who Would Be Queen J. Michael Bailey says that about 60% of homosexual transsexuals he studied in Chicago were Latina or black; in his studies of gay males only 20% were non-white.(Bailey 2003) Bailey quoted the opinions of two of his subjects who attributed the difference to genetics, or inflexible gender roles in their respective cultures. MacFarlane similarly concluded that culture influenced the number of Māori homosexual transsexuals he observed.

Fraternal birth order effect

Recent research on the causes of homosexual transsexualism, transsexualism, and homosexuality overlap to a large degree. The etiology of transsexualism concerns the causes of transsexuality in general, including the theory that transsexualism is caused by differences in specific areas of the brain, while relationships between biology and sexual orientation have been studied in depth as possible causes of homosexuality.

Research specifically related to "homosexual transsexuals" lead Blanchard and Zucker to the conclusion that birth order has some influence over sexual orientation in biological males. This phenomena is called the "fraternal birth order effect". Richard Green found "Homosexual male-to-female transsexuals have a later than expected birth order and more older brothers than other subgroups of male-to-female transsexuals. Each older brother increases the odds that a male transsexual is homosexual by 40%." Green did not find a higher incidence of homosexuality in the younger brothers of homosexual transsexuals. In a more recent study of homosexual transsexual males in Korea Kenneth Zucker found no older brother effect. Zucker attributes this to the preference for males in Korean society causing parents to stop having children once they have a boy. Therefore all male children are less likely to have older brothers and hence no fraternal birth order effect is observed. According to Bailey's interpretation of Blanchard's theory the causes of homosexual transsexuality are extreme examples of the causes of homosexuality in males.

Blanchard's theory

Main article: Blanchard, Bailey, and Lawrence theory

Sexologist Ray Blanchard defined this category in his research, based on testing or self-report, and asserted based on his research that self-report is not always reliable. Morgan (1978), Blanchard (1985), Lawrence (2005) and other researchers have asserted that many "non-homosexual" transsexuals systematically distort their life stories because "non-homosexuals" were often screened out as candidates for surgery and because some see "homosexual transsexual" as a more socially desirable diagnosis. According to Blanchard (1985, 1987) key characteristics include conspicuous cross-gender behavior from childhood through adulthood, and a "homosexual" sexual orientation. Blanchard also states that non-homosexual transsexual women (as well as all other non-homosexual male gender dysphorics) have a condition called autogynephilia and are aroused by the idea or image of themselves as women. Blanchard (1987) found in his studies that homosexual transsexuals were younger when applying for sex reassignment, reported a stronger cross-gender identity in childhood, had a more convincing cross-gender appearance, and functioned psychologically better than "non-homosexual" transsexuals. A lower percentage of the homosexual transsexuals reported being (or having been) married and sexually aroused while cross-dressing. Studies have variously found that between 10% and 36% of homosexual transsexuals report a history of sexual arousal to cross dressing. Bentler (1976) found 23%, while Freund (1982) reported 31%;

Previous taxonomies, or systems of categorization, used the terms "classic transsexual" or "true transsexual," terms once used in differential diagnoses. Blanchard (1995) also said homosexual transsexuals were comparatively short and light in proportion to their height than non-homosexuals. Independent research done by Smith (2005) confirmed most of Blanchard's findings, except for the difference in height-weight ratio.

Gynephilic female to male transsexuals

In 2000 Meredith L. Chivers and Bailey wrote "Transsexualism in genetic females has previously been thought to occur predominantly in homosexual (gynephilic) women." According to them Blanchard reported in 1987 that only 1 in 72 female to male transsexuals he saw at his clinic were primarily attracted to men. They write that these individuals were so uncommon that some researchers thought that androphilic female to male transsexuals did not exist or they were misdiagnosed them as homosexual transsexuals, attracted to women. Reltively few studies have examined childhood gender variance in biological females.

In the 2005 study by Smith, and van Goozen Their findings in regards to female to male transsexuals were different than their findings for male to female transsexuals. Smith and van Goozen's study included 52 female to male transsexuals, which were categorized as homosexual or non-homosexual. Smith concluded that female to male transsexuals regardless of sexual orientation reported more GID symptoms in childhood, and a stronger sense of gender dysphoria. Smith wrote that she found some differences between homosexual and non-homosexual female to male transsexuals. Smith says that non-homosexual female to males reported more gender dysphoria than any group in her study. Smith states "It is of interest,though, that a few female to male transexuals reported to have been sexually aroused in adolescence when dressing in male clothes, as this has never been reported before."

See also

References

  1. Freund K, Nagler E, Langevin R, Zajac A, Steiner B (1974). Measuring feminine gender identity in homosexual males. Archives of Sexual Behavior, Volume 3, Number 3 / May, 1974, pp. 249-260.
  2. Person ES, Ovesey L (1974). The Psychodynamics of Male Transsexualism. In Friedman RC, Richart RM, and Vande Wiele LR (eds.) Sex Differences in Behavior, pp. 315-331. John Wiley & Sons, ISBN 9780471280538
  3. ^ Chivers, ML, Bailey JM (2000). Sexual orientation of female-to-male transsexuals: A comparison of homosexual and non-homosexual types. Archives of Sexual Behavior, Volume 29, Number 3, pp. 259-278.
  4. Blanchard, R. (1985). Typology of male-to-female transsexualism. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 14, 247-261.
  5. Hirschfeld M (1922). "Sexualpathologie", German
  6. ^ Benjamin H (1966). The Transsexual Phenomenon. The Julian Press ASIN: B0007HXA76
  7. The Transsexual Phenomenon Chapter 2 tabel 1
  8. ^ Freund K, Steiner BW, Chan S (1982). Two types of cross-gender identity. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 1982 Feb;11(1):49-63. Cite error: The named reference "freund1982" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  9. ^ Lawrence, Anne; Latty, Elizabeth M (April), "Measurement of sexual arousal in postoperative male-to-female transsexuals using vaginal photoplethysmography.", Archives of Sexual Behavior, 34 (2): 135–145, doi:10.1007/s10508-005-1792-z, 1573-2800 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |date= and |year= / |date= mismatch (help)
  10. ^ Leavitt, Frank; Berger, Jack C. (October), "Clinical patterns among male transsexual candidates with erotic interest in males", Archives of Sexual Behavior, 19 (5): 491–505, doi:10.1007/BF02442350, 1573-2800 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |date= and |year= / |date= mismatch (help)
  11. ^ Bagemihl B. Surrogate phonology and transsexual faggotry: A linguistic analogy for uncoupling sexual orientation from gender identity. In Queerly Phrased: Language, Gender, and Sexuality. Anna Livia, Kira Hall (eds.) pp. 380 ff. Oxford University Press ISBN 0195104714
  12. BenjaminQ, Harry. The Transsexual Phenomenon. Chapter 2, Paragraph 16. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)CS1 maint: location (link)
  13. Diamond M (2006). Biased-Interaction theory of psychosexual development: "how does one know if one is male or female?" Sex Roles: A Journal of Research
  14. Benjamin "Transsexual Phenomena" chapter 2
  15. ^ Mass L (1990). ‘’Dialogues of the Sexual Revolution.’’ Haworth Press, ISBN 9781560240464 p. 122
  16. ^ Morgan AJ Jr (1978). Psychotherapy for transsexual candidates screened out of surgery. Archives of Sexual Behavior. 7: 273-282.| Cite error: The named reference "morgan1978" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  17. Wahng SJ (2004). Double Cross: Transamasculinity Asian American Gendering in Trappings of Transhood. in Aldama AJ (ed.) Violence and the Body: Race, Gender, and the State. Indiana University Press. ISBN 025334171X
  18. Leiblum SR, Rosen RC (2000). Principles and Practice of Sex Therapy, Third Edition. ISBN 1-57230-574-6,Guilford Press of New York, c2000.
  19. ^ Bancroft, John (2008). "Lust or Identity?" (PDF). Archives of Sexual Behavior. 37 (3). Springer: 426–428. doi:10.1007/s10508-008-9317-1. Retrieved January 2009. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  20. Leavitt, Frank; Berger, Jack C. (October), "Clinical patterns among male transsexual candidates with erotic interest in males", Archives of Sexual Behavior 19 (5): 491-505, doi:10.1007/BF02442350, 1573-2800
  21. Bailey, J. Michael (Autumn 2007). "What Many Transgender Activists Don't Want You to Know: and why you should know it anyway" (PDF). Perspectives in Biology and Medicine. 50 (4). The Johns Hopkins University Press: 512–534. doi:10.135. ISSN 1529-8795. {{cite journal}}: Check |authorlink= value (help); Check |doi= value (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  22. Diamond M, Karlen A (1980). Sexual Decisions. Little, Brown, ISBN 9780316183888
  23. ^ Diamond, M. (2002a). Sex and gender are different: Sexual identity and gender identity are different. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 7, 320-334.
  24. Johnson SL, Hunt DD (1990). The relationship of male transsexual typology to psychosocial adjustment. Archives of Sexual Behavior, Volume 19, Number 4 / August, 1990 349-360.
  25. Wolfradt U, Neumann K(2001). Depersonalization, Self-Esteem and Body Image in Male-to-Female Transsexuals Compared to Male and Female Controls. Archives of Sexual Behavior, Volume 30, Number 3 / June, 2001 301-310.
  26. ^ Bailey JM (2003). "The Man Who Would Be Queen: The Science of Gender-Bending and Transsexualism". Women Who Once Were Boys.Joseph Henry Press, ISBN 0-309-08418-0
  27. ^ Cohen-Kettenis, Peggy T. (February 2003). "Gender-Dysphoric Children and Adolescents: A Comparative Analysis of Demographic Characteristics and Behavioral Problems". Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology. 31 (1). Netherlands: Springer Netherlands: 41–53. doi:10.1023/A:1021769215342. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  28. ^ MacFarlane, D. F. (August 1984). "Transsexual prostitution in New Zealand: Predominance of persons of Maori extraction". Archives of Sexual Behavior. 13 (4). Netherlands: Springer: 301–309. doi:10.1007/BF01541903. Retrieved 2008-02-26. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  29. ^ Smith, Yolanda L.S. (2005-12-15). "Transsexual subtypes: Clinical and theoretical significance" (PDF). Psychiatry Research. 137 (3). Elsevier: 151–160. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2005.01.008. Retrieved 2007-06-26. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  30. Blanchard, R. (1994). A structural equation model for age at clinical presentation in nonhomosexual male gender dysphorics. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 23, 311-320
  31. ^ Blanchard, Ray; Zucker, Kenneth J. (October), "Birth order and sibling sex ratio in two samples of Dutch gender-dysphoric homosexual males", Archives of Sexual Behavior, 25 (5): 495–514, doi:10.1007/BF02437544 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |date= and |year= / |date= mismatch (help)
  32. ^ Zucker, Kenneth J; Blanchard, Ray (October), "Birth order and sibling sex ratio in homosexual transsexual South Korean men: Effects of the male-preference stopping rule", Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 61 (5): 529–533, doi:10.1111/j.1440-1819.2007.01703.x {{citation}}: Check date values in: |date= and |year= / |date= mismatch (help)CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
  33. ^ Green, Richard (July), "Birth order and ratio of brothers to sisters in transsexuals", Psychological Medicine, 30 (4): 789–795 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |date= and |year= / |date= mismatch (help)
  34. Blanchard, Ray (December 1985). "Social desirability response set and systematic distortion in the self-report of adult male gender patients". Archives of Sexual Behavior. 14 (6). Netherlands: Springer. 1573-2800. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  35. ^ Blanchard R, Clemmensen LH, Steiner BW (1987). Heterosexual and homosexual gender dysphoria. Archives of Sexual Behavior, Volume 16, Number 2 / April, 1987
  36. Bentler P M (1976). "A typology of transsexualism: Gender identity theory and data." Archives of Sexual Behavior 5: 567-584.
  37. Blanchard R (1985). "Typology of male-to-female transsexualism." Archives of Sexual Behavior, 14, 247-261.
  38. Benjamin H (1966). ""Three different types of transsexual" The Transsexual Phenomenon.". Julian Press ASIN B0007HXA76.
  39. Blanchard R, Dickey R, Jones CL. Comparison of height and weight in homosexual versus non-homosexual male gender dysphorics. Archives of Sexual Behavior 1995 Oct;24(5):543-54.

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