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Revision as of 11:14, 19 September 2009 editKintetsubuffalo (talk | contribs)Autopatrolled, Extended confirmed users, Pending changes reviewers203,496 edits or, you could capitalize properly, like we do in English...← Previous edit Revision as of 15:36, 19 September 2009 edit undoOpinoso (talk | contribs)7,395 edits Reverting racially biased changes. User is erasing info who claim Mestizos are majority and posting Whites are.Next edit →
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|related = ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ] and ]. |related = ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ] and ].
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The Chilean population consists predominantly of ] and ]es.<ref name = utalca> www.atalca.cl</ref><ref name="www.bartleby.com"></ref> The Mestizos are a mixed racial mixture of colonial Spanish, (mainly ], ] and ]), and Amerindian tribes, mainly ]s, ]s and ]s (having disappeared the first two groups during the Colonial period). The ] population are descended mainly from ], including ], and to a smaller extent ], ], ], ], ], ] and ]. In ], the country is relatively homogenous, stemming from a largely cohesive national identity known locally as ''Chilenidad''.
In 2009, Chile had an estimated ] of 16,970,000, of which approximately 8.8 million or 52,7% are ], with ] estimated at 44%.<ref name="Lizcano">{{cite web|url=http://books.google.cl/books?id=LcabJ98-t1wC&pg=PA93&lpg=PA93&dq=chile+60%25+blancos+Esteva-Fabregat&source=bl&ots=AMUjY09aVi&sig=3PCwfKDokrZYem3dcZ2gkToFIoE&hl=es&ei=k8WjSYT3HJaitgfGncnOBA&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=9&ct=result#PPA110,M1|title=Composición Étnica de las Tres Áreas Culturales del Continente Americano al Comienzo del Siglo XXI}}</ref> Other studies, found a ] majority that would exceed 64% to 90% of the ].<ref></ref> <ref name="Coke">{{cite web|url=http://ukpmc.ac.uk/articlerender.cgi?artid=1352132|title= Genetic epidemiology of single gene defects in Chile.}}</ref> However, Chile's population is classified as 95.4% whites and mestizos by the CIA.<ref></ref>

Chile's ethnic structure can be classified as 30% ], with mestizos of predominantly white (]) ancestry further estimated at 65%.<ref name="UC">{{cite web | title=5.2.6. Estructura racial | url =http://mazinger.sisib.uchile.cl/repositorio/lb/ciencias_quimicas_y_farmaceuticas/medinae/cap2/5b6.html | work =La Universidad de Chile | accessdate = 2007-08-26 | language = }}</ref> Another recent study estimates that the ] population corresponds to 52.7% of Chileans.<ref name="Lizcano">{{cite web |url=http://convergencia.uaemex.mx/rev38/38pdf/LIZCANO.pdf |title=Composición Étnica de las Tres Áreas Culturales del Continente Americano al Comienzo del Siglo XXI |format=PDF}}</ref> The White and Mestizo figures appear combined in some sources, so that Chile's population is classified as 95.4% white and mestizos by the CIA.<ref name="www.bartleby.com"/>


According to the Census ], 4.6% of the Chilean population was Indian, although most show varying degrees of ].<ref></ref> According to the Census ], 4.6% of the Chilean population was Indian, although most show varying degrees of ].<ref></ref>


==Immigration== ==Immigration==
{{main|Immigration to Chile}}
] ]
⚫ The largest White ethnic group that makes up the Chilean population are arrived from ] in the ] and Basque regions in the north of Spain and the south of ] also during the colonial period and after Independence. Estimated to be descendants of ] in Chile from 10% (1,600,000) to as high as 27% (4,500,000).<ref></ref>
From Chile's various waves of immigrants ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ] ], ], and ] communities.

⚫ The largest ethnic group in Chile arrived from ] and the ] regions in the south of ]. Estimates of the number of descendants from ] in Chile range from 10% (1,600,000) to as high as 27% (4,500,000).<ref name="Diariovasco"></ref><ref name="deia.com"></ref>
<ref> '''Ainara Madariaga''': <ref> '''Ainara Madariaga''':
Autora del estudio ''"Imaginarios vascos desde Chile La construcción de imaginarios vascos en Chile durante el siglo XX"''.</ref> Autora del estudio ''"Imaginarios vascos desde Chile La construcción de imaginarios vascos en Chile durante el siglo XX"''.</ref>
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<ref>'''''Contacto Interlingüístico e intercultural en el mundo hispano.instituto valenciano de lenguas y culturas.Universitat de València Cita:''''' " Un 20% de la población chilena tiene su origen en el País Vasco"''.</ref> <ref>'''''Contacto Interlingüístico e intercultural en el mundo hispano.instituto valenciano de lenguas y culturas.Universitat de València Cita:''''' " Un 20% de la población chilena tiene su origen en el País Vasco"''.</ref>


Some non-Spanish European ] arrived in Chile - mainly to the northern and southern extremities of the country - during the 19th and early 20th centuries, including ] (includes ] and ]) descendants between 350,000 to 420,000.<ref name=galeon>{{cite web |url=http://www.galeon.com/typepad/ |title=Inmigración britanica en Chile |accessdate=2009-01-26}}</ref>, ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ] and former ]ns (esp. ]). Another group of immigrants are historically significant, ]n with 380,000 to 500,000 with the highest number of descendants of Croats.<ref></ref><ref></ref>
⚫ In 1848 an important and substantial ] ] took place, laying the foundation for the ] community. Sponsored by the Chilean government for the colonization of the southern region, the Germans (including German-speaking ], ], ] and ]), strongly influenced the cultural and racial composition of the southern provinces of Chile. The German Embassy in Chile estimated 500.000 to 600.000 Chileans are ].<ref></ref>
They did transform the country culturally, economically and politically.
⚫ ]
⚫ In 1848 an important and sizable ] immigration took place, laying the foundations of a present ] community. Sponsored by the Chilean government with aims of colonising the southern region. These Germans (which included German-speaking ], ], ] and ]), markedly influenced the cultural composition of the southern provinces of Valdivia, Llanquihue and Osorno. They settled lands opened by the Chilean government in order to populate the region.
It is estimated that near the 5% of the Chilean population is of ]n origin immigrants descendant, chiefly of the Middle East (i.e. ], ], ] and ] ]), are around 800,000.<ref>{{es}} </ref> Note that ], both ] and non-Jewish citizens of the nation of ] may be included. ] is home to a large population of immigrants, mostly Christian, from the ].<ref></ref> Roughly 500,000 ] are believed to reside in Chile. <ref></ref><ref>{{es}} </ref>


In the aftermaths of the ], 2,200 Spanish Republicans landed in Valparaiso brought by the '']'', a French ship which had been transformed by ], then Consul in Paris for Immigration.
Other historically significant immigrant groups include: ] whose number of descendants today is estimated to be 380,000 persons, the equivalent of 2.4% of the population.<ref>{{es}} .</ref><ref></ref> Other authors claim, on the other hand, that close to 4.6% of the Chilean population must have some ] <ref></ref>. Over 700,000 Chileans may have British (], ] and ]) origin. 4,5% of Chile's Population.<ref name=british>{{cite web |url=http://www.biografiadechile.cl/detalle.php?IdContenido=1673&IdCategoria=91&IdArea=488&TituloPagina=Historia%20de%20Chile |title=Historia de Chile, Británicos y Anglosajones en Chile durante el siglo XIX |accessdate=2009-04-26}}</ref> Chileans of ] descent are estimated 90,000 to 120,000.<ref>{{es}} </ref> Most of them live either in the ] area or in the ] area, ] is one of the 5 countries with the most descendants of Greeks in the world.<ref>{{es}} </ref> The descendants of Swiss add 90,000,<ref></ref> an estimated that about 5% of the ] has some ].<ref>{{es}} </ref>
Also worth mentioning are the sizable ]ern population, especially the ], the latter being the largest colony of that people outside of the Arab world,<ref></ref>
And 600,000 to 800,000 ]. Other groups of ] descendants have followed, but are found in smaller numbers. They did transform the country ], ] and ].
<ref></ref>
<ref></ref>
along with ] and ]ns, and a large ] community.


European immigration, and to a lesser degree in the Middle East, produced during the second half of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries (large "waves" in America), after corresponding to the Atlantic coasts of the ] ( that is, ], ] and South ]), was the most significant ] is favored mainly by the intense traffic that is produced through extreme south of the country until the opening of the ] in ], although other numbers came from Argentina, across the Cordillera. European immigration, and to a lesser degree in the Middle East, produced during the second half of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries (large "waves" in America), after corresponding to the Atlantic coasts of the ] ( that is, ], ] and South ]), was the most significant ] is favored mainly by the intense traffic that is produced through extreme south of the country until the opening of the ] in ], although other numbers came from Argentina, across the Cordillera.


Also, the different ] intermarried therefore diluting the cultures and separate identities of the home countries and fusing them together with each other as well as with that of the original ''Basque-Castilian'' aristocracy of the ] while at the same time preserving elements of them, to form the society and culture of the Chilean middle and upper classes. Therefore they enjoy elements of the original European cultures, such as the ] afternoon tea, ] cakes and ] pasta. This can be clearly in the architecture of the cities. They also look down on Chilean folk culture, as it is an offshoot of the culture of the ] who settled the country in the colonial period. Also, the different ] intermarried therefore diluting the cultures and separate identities of the home countries and fusing them together with each other as well as with that of the original ''Basque-Castilian'' aristocracy of the ] while at the same time preserving elements of them, to form the society and culture of the Chilean middle and upper classes. Therefore they enjoy elements of the original European cultures, such as the ] afternoon tea, ] cakes and ] pasta. This can be clearly in the architecture of the cities. They also look down on Chilean folk culture, as it is an offshoot of the culture of the ] who settled the country in the colonial period.

The folk ] of the rural poor continued to be base of the culture of the original Spanish settlers of the colonial period, therefore creating a cultural divide in ] between rural and urban and poor and rich.


==Religions== ==Religions==
{{main|Religion in Chile}} {{main|Religion in Chile}}
]]]
:Catholic, 70% :Catholic, 70%
:Protestant or evangelical, 15.1% :Protestant or evangelical, 15.1%
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:Others, 4.2%. :Others, 4.2%.
:''Less than 0.1% are either Eastern Orthodox (70,000) or Muslim (10,000). :''Less than 0.1% are either Eastern Orthodox (70,000) or Muslim (10,000).
*For the precise numbers of declared religions among the population ages 15 and over as indicated by the results of the latest census, see source *2002 Census data.'' For the precise numbers of declared religions among the population ages 15 and over as indicated by the results of the latest census, see source *2002 Census data.''


==Folk Culture== ==Folk Culture==
⚫ ]
{{main|Chilean Culture}}
]
The folk culture of Chile has mostly Spanish origins, especially the ] culture of the central part of the country, as it arose in the colonial period due to cattle ranching. It could therefore be considered an offshoot of Spanish popular culture of the 17th an 18th centuries as are the folk cultures of the rest of Latin America and also, its direct descendents, ]n and ] folk cultures. The ]n forms in the huaso dress is apparent to Europeans and the music and dances show Spanish origins, even though both have been adapted and are distinct to dress, music and dance in Spain today. The folk culture of Chile has mostly Spanish origins, especially the ] culture of the central part of the country, as it arose in the colonial period due to cattle ranching. It could therefore be considered an offshoot of Spanish popular culture of the 17th an 18th centuries as are the folk cultures of the rest of Latin America and also, its direct descendents, ]n and ] folk cultures. The ]n forms in the huaso dress is apparent to Europeans and the music and dances show Spanish origins, even though both have been adapted and are distinct to dress, music and dance in Spain today.


The ranches called fundos, where the huasos lived and worked show strong similarity with Spanish vernacular architecture, especially in the canal roofs and the interior courtyards. The fundo is now thought of as traditional Chilean architecture and is associated with the huaso. The ranches called fundos, where the huasos lived and worked show strong similarity with Spanish vernacular architecture, especially in the canal roofs and the interior courtyards. The fundo is now thought of as traditional Chilean architecture and is associated with the huaso.


As well as the huaso culture of the central part of the country can be seen the ], Mapuche, Chilote, Croatian and Magallanic culture in the south, and the Andean culture in the north. As well as the huaso culture of the central part of the country can be seen the ], Mapuche, Chilote and Magallanic culture in the south, and the Andean culture in the north.


Chile's ] movement in modern Chilean folk culture is adapted from the folk music of the north, not of the brass bands but of the panpipes and quenas. The traditional Chilean folk music of the huasos were also popularised, particularly the tonadas, folk songs sung with a guitar, mainly on the topics of love. Several folk groups who dress in huaso costume became famous nationwide. Chile's ] movement in modern Chilean folk culture is adapted from the folk music of the north, not of the brass bands but of the panpipes and quenas. The traditional Chilean folk music of the huasos were also popularised, particularly the tonadas, folk songs sung with a guitar, mainly on the topics of love. Several folk groups who dress in huaso costume became famous nationwide.
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* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ] * ]
* ]
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
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* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ] * ]

Revision as of 15:36, 19 September 2009

This article is about the Chileans as a nation. For information on the population of Chile, see Demographics of Chile. Ethnic group
Chileans
Chilenos
Notable Chileans: Arturo Prat, Gabriela Mistral, Fernando González
Regions with significant populations
 Chile        16,763,470
 Argentina400,429
 Brazil65,000
 United States118,849
 Sweden42,396
 Canada37,577
 Australia33,626
 Spain23,911
 France15,782
 Germany10,280
 United Kingdom6,957
Languages
Chilean Spanish
Religion
Catholicism, Evangelical Protestantism, a minority are Eastern Orthodox, Jewish and Muslim.
Related ethnic groups
Latin Americans, Spaniards, Mapuche, Italians, Germans, British people, Palestinians, Greeks, Croats and French.

The Chilean population consists predominantly of Whites and Mestizoes. The Mestizos are a mixed racial mixture of colonial Spanish, (mainly Andalusians, Castilians and Basque), and Amerindian tribes, mainly Picunches, Diaguitas and Mapuches (having disappeared the first two groups during the Colonial period). The white population are descended mainly from Spaniards, including Basques, and to a smaller extent Italians, Irish, French, Germans, English, Swiss and Croats. In ethnic identity, the country is relatively homogenous, stemming from a largely cohesive national identity known locally as Chilenidad.

Chile's ethnic structure can be classified as 30% white, with mestizos of predominantly white (castizo) ancestry further estimated at 65%. Another recent study estimates that the white population corresponds to 52.7% of Chileans. The White and Mestizo figures appear combined in some sources, so that Chile's population is classified as 95.4% white and mestizos by the CIA.

According to the Census 2002, 4.6% of the Chilean population was Indian, although most show varying degrees of miscegenation.

Immigration

French immigrants

The largest White ethnic group that makes up the Chilean population are arrived from Spain in the colonial period and Basque regions in the north of Spain and the south of France also during the colonial period and after Independence. Estimated to be descendants of Basques in Chile from 10% (1,600,000) to as high as 27% (4,500,000).

Some non-Spanish European immigrants arrived in Chile - mainly to the northern and southern extremities of the country - during the 19th and early 20th centuries, including Britons (includes Scots and Irish) descendants between 350,000 to 420,000., Italians, French, Germans, Austrians, Dutch, Scandinavians, Portuguese, Greeks and former Yugoslavians (esp. Croats). Another group of immigrants are historically significant, Croatian with 380,000 to 500,000 with the highest number of descendants of Croats. They did transform the country culturally, economically and politically. In 1848 an important and sizable German immigration took place, laying the foundations of a present German Chilean community. Sponsored by the Chilean government with aims of colonising the southern region. These Germans (which included German-speaking Swiss, Silesians, Alsatians and Austrians), markedly influenced the cultural composition of the southern provinces of Valdivia, Llanquihue and Osorno. They settled lands opened by the Chilean government in order to populate the region.

In the aftermaths of the Spanish Civil War, 2,200 Spanish Republicans landed in Valparaiso brought by the Winnipeg, a French ship which had been transformed by Pablo Neruda, then Consul in Paris for Immigration. Also worth mentioning are the sizable Middle Eastern population, especially the Palestinian community in Chile, the latter being the largest colony of that people outside of the Arab world, along with Lebanese and Syrians, and a large Middle East Armenian community.

European immigration, and to a lesser degree in the Middle East, produced during the second half of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries (large "waves" in America), after corresponding to the Atlantic coasts of the Southern Cone ( that is, Argentina, Uruguay and South Brazil), was the most significant Latin America is favored mainly by the intense traffic that is produced through extreme south of the country until the opening of the Panama Canal in 1920, although other numbers came from Argentina, across the Cordillera.

Also, the different ethnic groups in Europe intermarried therefore diluting the cultures and separate identities of the home countries and fusing them together with each other as well as with that of the original Basque-Castilian aristocracy of the colonial period while at the same time preserving elements of them, to form the society and culture of the Chilean middle and upper classes. Therefore they enjoy elements of the original European cultures, such as the British afternoon tea, German cakes and Italian pasta. This can be clearly in the architecture of the cities. They also look down on Chilean folk culture, as it is an offshoot of the culture of the Spaniards who settled the country in the colonial period.

The folk culture of the rural poor continued to be base of the culture of the original Spanish settlers of the colonial period, therefore creating a cultural divide in Chile between rural and urban and poor and rich.

Religions

Main article: Religion in Chile
Catholic, 70%
Protestant or evangelical, 15.1%
Jehovah's Witnesses, 1%
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, 0.9%
Jewish, 0.4% (75,000)
Atheist or Agnostic, 8.3%
Others, 4.2%.
Less than 0.1% are either Eastern Orthodox (70,000) or Muslim (10,000).

For the precise numbers of declared religions among the population ages 15 and over as indicated by the results of the latest census, see source *2002 Census data.

Folk Culture

File:Huasos.jpg
A Chilean huaso

The folk culture of Chile has mostly Spanish origins, especially the huaso culture of the central part of the country, as it arose in the colonial period due to cattle ranching. It could therefore be considered an offshoot of Spanish popular culture of the 17th an 18th centuries as are the folk cultures of the rest of Latin America and also, its direct descendents, Andalusian and Castilian folk cultures. The Andalusian forms in the huaso dress is apparent to Europeans and the music and dances show Spanish origins, even though both have been adapted and are distinct to dress, music and dance in Spain today.

The ranches called fundos, where the huasos lived and worked show strong similarity with Spanish vernacular architecture, especially in the canal roofs and the interior courtyards. The fundo is now thought of as traditional Chilean architecture and is associated with the huaso.

As well as the huaso culture of the central part of the country can be seen the German, Mapuche, Chilote and Magallanic culture in the south, and the Andean culture in the north.

Chile's Nueva Canción movement in modern Chilean folk culture is adapted from the folk music of the north, not of the brass bands but of the panpipes and quenas. The traditional Chilean folk music of the huasos were also popularised, particularly the tonadas, folk songs sung with a guitar, mainly on the topics of love. Several folk groups who dress in huaso costume became famous nationwide.

The folk culture that is mainly associated with the Chilean national identity is that of the huasos as that is where the Chilean state was form and it spread northwards and southwards in the late 19th century.

Some historians question the validity of a theory which claims that in the mid 19th century thousands of Cherokee Indians fled the Trail of Tears and settled both in Chile and across South America generally. It was thought that 10,000 Cherokee descendants live in Chile today. Joaquin Murrieta the Spanish Mexican bandit of 1850s California is said to be a Chilean immigrant with Cherokee ancestry.

Emigration of Chileans

Emigration of Chileans has decreased during the last decade: It is estimated that 857,781 Chileans live abroad, 50.1% of those being in Argentina (the highest number), 13.3% in the United States, 8.8% in Brazil, 4.9% in Sweden, and around 2% in Australia, with the rest being scattered in smaller numbers across the globe. Other Chilean refugees settled (not ranked by order of size) in Spain, Mexico, Costa Rica, United Kingdom, Canada, France, Germany and Italy.

Many pro-Allende refugees in the 1970s fled to East Germany, including current president Michelle Bachelet had also lived in Australia. While anti-Pinochet refugees formed a large expatriate community in Europe and a smaller community in North America (the US and Canada).

Over 100,000 Chileans fleeing from both regimes in the 1970s and 1980's settled in the US, a small number compared to other Latino groups. The highest number settled in Miami, Florida, but smaller enclaves are in Washington, D.C.; New York City; and California (the Los Angeles area - Beverly Hills and Long Beach); and San Francisco (San Mateo County).

Approximately 2,500 Chilean exiles fled to the UK in the early 1970s and by most recent estimates the Chilean British population is in its tens of thousands, and represents a significant proportion of the UK's one million strong Latin American community. By far the largest concentration of Chileans can be found in London with significant other communities being Birmingham, Sheffield and the Manchester-Liverpool Metropolitan area.

Historic emigration took place in the early 19th century when Chilean ranchers went to Mexico after their independence. Thousands of miners from Chile went to California, the U.S. during the 1850s California Gold Rush, as well in other gold rushes in Colorado (1870s) and the Yukon (1890s). Small numbers of Chilean miners also migrated to South Africa and Australia for the same reason.

See also

Notable Chileans

References

  1. University of Talca www.atalca.cl
  2. ^ www.bartleby.com
  3. "5.2.6. Estructura racial". La Universidad de Chile. Retrieved 2007-08-26.
  4. "Composición Étnica de las Tres Áreas Culturales del Continente Americano al Comienzo del Siglo XXI" (PDF).
  5. El gradiente sociogenético chileno y sus implicaciones ético-sociales.
  6. Diariovasco.
  7. vascos Ainara Madariaga: Autora del estudio "Imaginarios vascos desde Chile La construcción de imaginarios vascos en Chile durante el siglo XX".
  8. Basques au Chili.
  9. Contacto Interlingüístico e intercultural en el mundo hispano.instituto valenciano de lenguas y culturas.Universitat de València Cita: " Un 20% de la población chilena tiene su origen en el País Vasco".
  10. "Inmigración britanica en Chile". Retrieved 2009-01-26.
  11. Diaspora Croata.
  12. hrvatski.
  13. descendientes de árabes en porcentajes.
  14. 500,000 descendientes de palestinos en Chile.
  15. immigrants Palestinians in Chile.
  16. estimaciones para la Población judía 2008.
  17. Bachelet is first female Chilean leader New Age (Online Newspaper)
  18. Diversity news page
  19. Chilean Americans
  20. Origins: History of immigration from Chile - Immigration Museum, Melbourne Australia
Ancestry and ethnicity in Chile
Indigenous peoples
Araucanian
Others
Immigration
European
Others
Category:Ethnic groups in Chile
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