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| Parental alienation lacks a single definition and its existence, ], characteristics and in particular the description of the term as a ] has been subject to still-unresolved debate. Some formulations of the concept have emphasized the role of an alienating parent, termed variously the "programming" parent and "embittered-chaotic parent".<ref name = Bow2009/> | Parental alienation lacks a single definition and its existence, ], characteristics and in particular the description of the term as a ] has been subject to still-unresolved debate. Some formulations of the concept have emphasized the role of an alienating parent, termed variously the "programming" parent and "embittered-chaotic parent".<ref name = Bow2009/> | ||
| More recent descriptions, influenced the research of Kelly and Johnston, have proposed a more complex analysis, in which all family members may play a role. This "systems-based" view acknowledges that a child may be alienated from one parent without "alienating" behaviour by the other parent.<ref name = Bala2007/><ref name = Bow2009/> |
More recent descriptions, influenced the research of Kelly and Johnston, have proposed a more complex analysis, in which all family members may play a role. This "systems-based" view acknowledges that a child may be alienated from one parent without "alienating" behaviour by the other parent.<ref name = Bala2007/><ref name = Bow2009/> Alienating behaviours may be conscious and deliberate or alternatively may reflect a lack of awareness on the effect of their actions on their children. Direct alienating behaviours occur when one parent actively undermines the other parent, such as making derogatory remarks about the other parent or telling the child that the other parent is responsible for the separation or the cause of financial difficulties. Indirect alienation behaviours occur when one parent fails to support access or contact with the other parent, or tacitly accepts the child's negative behaviour and comments towards the other parent.<ref name = Bala2007/><ref name = Bow2009/> | ||
| Most of the ]ed publications on the subject have been in the form of descriptions and definitions. Some ] has been done, though the quality of the studies vary widely and the research in the area is still underdeveloped. Despite the concept being poorly-defined and conclusions premature, the beliefs of ]s, ]s and ] professionals have been cited extensively in peer reviewed literature.<ref name = Bow2009>{{cite journal | last = Bow | first = JN | coauthors = Gould JW; Flens JR | year = 2009 | title = Examining Parental Alienation in Child Custody Cases: A Survey of Mental Health and Legal Professionals | journal = The American Journal of Family Therapy | volume = 37 | issue = 2 | pages = 127–145 | doi = 10.1080/01926180801960658 }}</ref> | Most of the ]ed publications on the subject have been in the form of descriptions and definitions. Some ] has been done, though the quality of the studies vary widely and the research in the area is still underdeveloped. Despite the concept being poorly-defined and conclusions premature, the beliefs of ]s, ]s and ] professionals have been cited extensively in peer reviewed literature.<ref name = Bow2009>{{cite journal | last = Bow | first = JN | coauthors = Gould JW; Flens JR | year = 2009 | title = Examining Parental Alienation in Child Custody Cases: A Survey of Mental Health and Legal Professionals | journal = The American Journal of Family Therapy | volume = 37 | issue = 2 | pages = 127–145 | doi = 10.1080/01926180801960658 }}</ref> | ||
Revision as of 16:47, 26 August 2010
Parental alienation is a social dynamic, generally occurring due to divorce or separation, when a child expresses unjustified hatred or unreasonably strong dislike of one parent, making access by the rejected parent difficult or impossible. These feelings may be influenced by negative comments by the other parent and by the characteristics, such as lack of empathy and warmth, of the rejected parent. The term does not apply in cases of actual child abuse, when the child rejects the abusing parent to protect themselves. Parental alienation is controversial in legal and mental health professions, both generally and in specific situations. Terms related to parental alienation include child alienation, pathological alignments, visitation refusal, pathological alienation, the toxic parent and parental alienation syndrome though the last term is a specific formulation of a medical syndrome proposed by psychiatrist Richard Gardner that is not well accepted.
Overview
First described in 1976 as "pathological alignment", the dynamic refers to a situation in which a child unreasonably rejects a non-custodial parent. Richard A. Gardner proposed parental alienation syndrome in the 1980s based on his clinical experience with the children of divorcing parents. Since that time, other researchers have suggested focusing less on diagnosing a syndrome and more on what has been described as the "alienated child", and the dynamics of the situation that have contributed to the alienation. In this view, alienation is seen as a breakdown of attachment between parent and child, and may be caused by multiple factors. The behaviors of all family members, including those of the alienated parent, may lead to the family dysfunction and rejection of a parent. The evaluation of all contributing factors and all possible remedies are recommended in evaluating cases where children have estranged from a parent.
Parental alienation lacks a single definition and its existence, etiology, characteristics and in particular the description of the term as a syndrome has been subject to still-unresolved debate. Some formulations of the concept have emphasized the role of an alienating parent, termed variously the "programming" parent and "embittered-chaotic parent". More recent descriptions, influenced the research of Kelly and Johnston, have proposed a more complex analysis, in which all family members may play a role. This "systems-based" view acknowledges that a child may be alienated from one parent without "alienating" behaviour by the other parent. Alienating behaviours may be conscious and deliberate or alternatively may reflect a lack of awareness on the effect of their actions on their children. Direct alienating behaviours occur when one parent actively undermines the other parent, such as making derogatory remarks about the other parent or telling the child that the other parent is responsible for the separation or the cause of financial difficulties. Indirect alienation behaviours occur when one parent fails to support access or contact with the other parent, or tacitly accepts the child's negative behaviour and comments towards the other parent.
Most of the peer reviewed publications on the subject have been in the form of descriptions and definitions. Some empirical research has been done, though the quality of the studies vary widely and the research in the area is still underdeveloped. Despite the concept being poorly-defined and conclusions premature, the beliefs of judges, lawyers and mental health professionals have been cited extensively in peer reviewed literature.
Professional acceptance
A survey of mental health and legal professionals indicated that there is moderate support for the existence of parental alienation, but extreme reluctance to accept the concept of parental alienation syndrome. William Bernet has argued for the inclusion of "parental alienation disorder", a diagnosis related to parental alienation, in the fifth version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, to be released in 2013. His conception makes reference to parental alienation syndrome and a variety of other descriptions of behaviours he believes represent the underlying concept of parental alienation disorder. Despite lobbying by proponents, it was not included in the draft of the DSM manual which was released in 2010 though parental alienation disorder does appear as a "Condition Proposed by Outside Sources" to be reviewed by a working group.
Differentiation
Realistic estrangement is a different phenomenon from "pathological alienation". The former is an understandable refusal by a child to see a abusive parent, while the latter is emotionally harmful and unjustified.
References
- ^ Bala, N (2007). "Alienated Children and Parental Separation: Legal Responses from Canada's Family Courts". Queens Law Journal. 33: 79–138.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ Bernet, W (2008). "Parental Alienation Disorder and DSM-V". The American Journal of Family Therapy. 36 (5): 349–366. doi:10.1080/01926180802405513.
- ^ Bow, JN (2009). "Examining Parental Alienation in Child Custody Cases: A Survey of Mental Health and Legal Professionals". The American Journal of Family Therapy. 37 (2): 127–145. doi:10.1080/01926180801960658.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - Jaffe, PG (2002). Child Custody & Domestic Violence. SAGE Publications. pp. 52–54. ISBN 9780761918264.
{{cite book}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - Ackerman MJ (2001). Clinician's guide to child custody evaluations. New York: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 73–82. ISBN 0-471-39260-X.
- Waldron, KH (1996). "Understanding and Collaboratively Treating Parental Alienation Syndrome". American Journal of Family Law. 10: 121–133.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - Sparta, SN (2006). Forensic Mental Health Assessment of Children and Adolescents. Oxford University Press. pp. 83, 219–221. ISBN 9780195145847.
{{cite book}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - Rotstein, Gary (February 15, 2010). "Mental health professionals getting update on definitions". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved 2010-03-02.
- "Conditions Proposed by Outside Sources". American Psychiatric Association. 2010. Retrieved 2010-03-20.