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On 17 July, ] spoke on behalf of WikiLeaks at the 2010 ] (HOPE) conference in New York City, replacing Assange due to the presence of federal agents at the conference.<ref name=repair/><ref>{{Cite web|last=McCullagh |first=Declan |url=http://news.cnet.com/8301-1009_3-20010861-83.html |title=Feds look for Wikileaks founder at NYC hacker event |publisher=News.cnet.com |date=16 July 2010 |accessdate=21 August 2010}}</ref> He announced that the WikiLeaks submission system was again up and running, after it had been temporarily suspended.<ref name=repair /><ref>, 17 July 2010</ref> Assange was a surprise speaker at a ] on 19 July 2010 in ], and confirmed that WikiLeaks was now accepting submissions again.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://blog.ted.com/2010/07/surprise_speake.php |title=Surprise speaker at TEDGlobal: Julian Assange in Session 12 |publisher=Blog.ted.com |date= |accessdate=21 August 2010}}</ref><ref name="ted_2010" /><ref name="geekosystem_2010" /> On 26 July, after the release of the ] Assange appeared at the ] for a ].<ref name="ustream_2010" /> On 17 July, ] spoke on behalf of WikiLeaks at the 2010 ] (HOPE) conference in New York City, replacing Assange due to the presence of federal agents at the conference.<ref name=repair/><ref>{{Cite web|last=McCullagh |first=Declan |url=http://news.cnet.com/8301-1009_3-20010861-83.html |title=Feds look for Wikileaks founder at NYC hacker event |publisher=News.cnet.com |date=16 July 2010 |accessdate=21 August 2010}}</ref> He announced that the WikiLeaks submission system was again up and running, after it had been temporarily suspended.<ref name=repair /><ref>, 17 July 2010</ref> Assange was a surprise speaker at a ] on 19 July 2010 in ], and confirmed that WikiLeaks was now accepting submissions again.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://blog.ted.com/2010/07/surprise_speake.php |title=Surprise speaker at TEDGlobal: Julian Assange in Session 12 |publisher=Blog.ted.com |date= |accessdate=21 August 2010}}</ref><ref name="ted_2010" /><ref name="geekosystem_2010" /> On 26 July, after the release of the ] Assange appeared at the ] for a ].<ref name="ustream_2010" />


===Journalistic Approach=== ===Descriptions of Assange===
Assange has become a controversial journalistic figure. Assange himself advocates a "transparent" and "scientific" approach to journalism, saying that "you can’t publish a paper on physics without the full experimental data and results; that should be the standard in journalism."<ref name="journalism_2010" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Military/2010/0726/Julian-Assange-the-hacker-who-created-WikiLeaks |title=Julian Assange: the hacker who created WikiLeaks |publisher=Csmonitor.com |date= |accessdate=22 August 2010}}</ref> In 2006, '']'' called him Australia's most infamous former computer hacker."<ref name=wankworm>Julian Assange: ], 25 November/ 26 2006</ref> '']'' has called him "one of the most intriguing people in the world" and "internet's freedom fighter."<ref name=theage1 /> Assange has called himself "extremely cynical."<ref name=theage1 /> The '']'' said that as a teenager he was "Australia's most famous ethical computer hacker."<ref name=pdf /> He has been described as thriving on intellectual battle.<ref> 1 August 2010</ref> Assange advocates a "transparent" and "scientific" approach to journalism, saying that "you can’t publish a paper on physics without the full experimental data and results; that should be the standard in journalism."<ref name="journalism_2010" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Military/2010/0726/Julian-Assange-the-hacker-who-created-WikiLeaks |title=Julian Assange: the hacker who created WikiLeaks |publisher=Csmonitor.com |date= |accessdate=22 August 2010}}</ref> In 2006, '']'' called him Australia's most infamous former computer hacker."<ref name=wankworm>Julian Assange: ], 25 November/ 26 2006</ref> '']'' has called him "one of the most intriguing people in the world" and "internet's freedom fighter."<ref name=theage1 /> Assange has called himself "extremely cynical."<ref name=theage1 /> The '']'' said that as a teenager he was "Australia's most famous ethical computer hacker."<ref name=pdf /> He has been described as thriving on intellectual battle.<ref> 1 August 2010</ref>


] whistle-blower ] said that Assange "is serving our democracy and serving our rule of law precisely by challenging the secrecy regulations, which are not laws in most cases, in this country." On the issue of national security considerations for the U.S., Ellsberg added that "any serious risk to that national security is extremely low. There may be 260,000 diplomatic cables. It’s very hard to think of any of that which could be plausibly described as a national security risk. Will it embarrass diplomatic relationships? Sure, very likely—all to the good of our democratic functioning."<ref name=ellsbergdanger /> Against this Daniel Yates, a former British military intelligence officer, believes Assange has jeopardised the lives of Afghan civilians: "The logs contain detailed personal information regarding Afghan civilians who have approached NATO soldiers with information. It is inevitable that the Taliban will now seek violent retribution on those who have co-operated with NATO. Their families and tribes will also be in danger."<ref name="channel4_2010" /> Responding to the criticism, Assange said in August 2010 that 15,000 documents are still being reviewed "line by line," and that the names of "innocent parties who are under reasonable threat" will be removed.<ref name="voa2010Aug21" /> This was in response to a letter from a White House spokesman. Assange replied to the request through Eric Schmitt, a New York Times editor. This reply is what Assange claimed to be an offer to the White House to vet any harmful documents, however, Schmitt told the Associated Press that "I certainly didn't consider this a serious and realistic offer to the White House to vet any of the documents before they were to be posted, and I think it's ridiculous that Assange is portraying it that way now."<ref>http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/news/world/19-informant-says-wikileaks-suspect-had-civilian-help-hh-03</ref> ] whistle-blower ] said that Assange "is serving our democracy and serving our rule of law precisely by challenging the secrecy regulations, which are not laws in most cases, in this country." On the issue of national security considerations for the U.S., Ellsberg added that "any serious risk to that national security is extremely low. There may be 260,000 diplomatic cables. It’s very hard to think of any of that which could be plausibly described as a national security risk. Will it embarrass diplomatic relationships? Sure, very likely—all to the good of our democratic functioning."<ref name=ellsbergdanger /> Against this Daniel Yates, a former British military intelligence officer, believes Assange has jeopardised the lives of Afghan civilians: "The logs contain detailed personal information regarding Afghan civilians who have approached NATO soldiers with information. It is inevitable that the Taliban will now seek violent retribution on those who have co-operated with NATO. Their families and tribes will also be in danger."<ref name="channel4_2010" /> Responding to the criticism, Assange said in August 2010 that 15,000 documents are still being reviewed "line by line," and that the names of "innocent parties who are under reasonable threat" will be removed.<ref name="voa2010Aug21" /> This was in response to a letter from a White House spokesman. Assange replied to the request through Eric Schmitt, a New York Times editor. This reply is what Assange claimed to be an offer to the White House to vet any harmful documents, however, Schmitt told the Associated Press that "I certainly didn't consider this a serious and realistic offer to the White House to vet any of the documents before they were to be posted, and I think it's ridiculous that Assange is portraying it that way now."<ref>http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/news/world/19-informant-says-wikileaks-suspect-had-civilian-help-hh-03</ref>

Sources in opposition to Assange's approach to journalism are numerous and include many prominent journalists, American patriots and supporters worldwide, and United States military commanders. Marc Thiessen, Op-Ed columnist for The Washington Post, describes Assange thusly, " reason for existence is to obtain classified national security information and disseminate it as widely as possible -- including to the United States' enemies. These actions are likely a violation of the Espionage Act, and they arguably constitute material support for terrorism. ...WikiLeaks' founder, Julian Assange, proudly claims to have exposed more classified information than all the rest of the world press combined. He recently told the New Yorker he understands that innocent people may be hurt by his disclosures ("collateral damage" he called them) and that WikiLeaks might get 'blood on our hands.'" <ref> 15 October 2010</ref> Assange also appeared as a guest on the satirical Colbert Report on April 12, 2010, during which Colbert pointed out that by entitling a leaked military video 'Collateral Murder,' he was intending to manipulate his audience into an emotional response against the U.S. military and not to present objective fact through responsible journalism <ref> 15 October 2010</ref> The very real fear of the U.S. military and patriotic citizens concerns the potential errosion of confidence in the military's ability to protect local informants if their identities are revealed to the enemy on the internet. Steven Aftergood, creator of the Secrecy News blog that tracks government trends of openness, stated, "The mere fact of the disclosure erodes confidence in the ability of the military to keep secrets, and that can have subtle but real effects on recruitment of sources and on maintenance of relationships with individuals and with other security services."<ref> 15 October 2010</ref> On July 29, 2010 at a news conference, U.S. Defense Secretary Robert Gates said regarding leaked military documents, "The battlefield consequences of the release of these documents are potentially severe and dangerous for our troops, our allies and Afghan partners, and may well damage our relationships and reputation in that key part of the world. ...Intelligence sources and methods, as well as military tactics, techniques and procedures, will become known to our adversaries.<ref> 15 October 2010</ref> At the same news conference, Adm. Mike Mullen, chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff added, "The truth is, might already have on their hands the blood of some young soldier or that of an Afghan family."<ref> 15 October 2010</ref> Outside of the United States, the Australian government has blacklisted Assange's Wikileaks and blocked their funding, as has Moneybookers, a British-registered internet payment company that has collected donations for Wikileaks.<ref> 15 October 2010</ref>


==2010 legal difficulties== ==2010 legal difficulties==

Revision as of 12:32, 18 October 2010

Julian Assange
Assange in 2010
Born1971
Townsville, Queensland, Australia
Occupation(s)Currently
Editor in chief and spokesperson for Wikileaks
Previously
Journalist, programmer, internet activist, and internet hacker
Board member ofWikileaks
ChildrenDaniel Assange
AwardsAmnesty International UK Media Awards 2009, Sam Adams Award 2010

Julian Paul Assange (Template:Pron-en ə-SAHNZH; born 1971) is an Australian internet activist best known for his involvement with Wikileaks, a whistleblower website. Assange was a physics and mathematics student, a hacker, and a computer programmer, before taking on his current role as Wikileaks' spokesperson and editor-in-chief.

Early life

Assange's parents ran a touring theatre company. In 1979, his mother remarried to a musician who belonged to a cult led by Anne Hamilton-Byrne. The new couple had a son, but broke up in 1982 and engaged in a custody struggle for his half-brother. His mother then took both children into hiding for the next five years. Assange left home in 1987. In all, he had moved several dozen times in his childhood, frequently switching between formal and home schooling and later attending two universities at various times in Australia. He has been described as being largely self-taught and widely read on science and mathematics. From 2003 to 2006, Assange studied physics and mathematics at the University of Melbourne but does not claim a degree. On his personal web page Assange described how he represented his University at the Australian National Physics Competition around 2005. He has also studied philosophy and neuroscience.

Hacking charges

In the late 1980s he was a member of a hacker group named "International Subversives," possibly going by the handle "Mendax" (derived from a phrase of Horace: "splendide mendax," or "nobly untruthful"). He was the subject of a 1991 raid of his Melbourne home by the Australian Federal Police. He was reported to have accessed various computers belonging to an Australian university, Canadian telecommunications company Nortel, and other organisations via modem to test their security flaws. In 1992 he pleaded guilty to 24 charges of hacking and was released on bond for good conduct after being fined AU$2100.

In 1989, Assange started living with his girlfriend and soon they had a son. She separated from him after the 1991 police raid and took their son. They engaged in a lengthy custody struggle.

Career as computer programmer

Starting in 1994, Assange lived in Melbourne as a programmer and a developer of free software. In 1995, Assange wrote Strobe, the first free and open source port scanner. He contributed several patches to the PostgreSQL project in 1996. He helped to write the 1997 book Underground: Tales of Hacking, Madness and Obsession on the Electronic Frontier which credits him as researcher and reports his history with International Subversives. Starting around 1997 he co-invented "Rubberhose deniable encryption," a cryptographic concept made into a software package for Linux designed to provide plausible deniability against rubber-hose cryptanalysis, which he originally intended "as a tool for human rights workers who needed to protect sensitive data in the field." Other free software that he has authored or co-authored includes the Usenet caching software NNTPCache and Surfraw, a command line interface for web-based search engines. In 1999, Assange registered the domain leaks.org; "but," he says, "then I didn't do anything with it."

WikiLeaks

Main article: Wikileaks

Wikileaks was founded in 2006. Assange now sits on its nine-member advisory board, and is a prominent media spokesman on its behalf. While newspapers have described him as a "director" or "founder" of Wikileaks, Assange has said "I don’t call myself a founder," but he does describe himself as the editor in chief of Wikileaks, and has stated that he has the final decision in the process of vetting documents submitted to the site. Like all others working for the site, Assange is an unpaid volunteer.

Awards

Assange was the winner of the 2009 Amnesty International Media Award (New Media), awarded for exposing extrajudicial assassinations in Kenya with the investigation The Cry of Blood – Extra Judicial Killings and Disappearances. In accepting the award, he said: "It is a reflection of the courage and strength of Kenyan civil society that this injustice was documented. Through the tremendous work of organizations such as the Oscar foundation, the KNHCR, Mars Group Kenya and others we had the primary support we needed to expose these murders to the world." He also won the 2008 Economist Index on Censorship Award. Assange says that Wikileaks has released more classified documents than the rest of the world press combined: "That's not something I say as a way of saying how successful we are – rather, that shows you the parlous state of the rest of the media. How is it that a team of five people has managed to release to the public more suppressed information, at that level, than the rest of the world press combined? It's disgraceful."

In September 2010, Julian Assange was voted as number 23 among the "The World's 50 Most Influential Figures 2010" by the British magazine New Statesman.

Public appearances

Assange has said he is constantly on the move, living in airports. He has lived for periods in Australia, Kenya and Tanzania, and began renting a house in Iceland on 30 March 2010, from which he and other activists, including Birgitta Jónsdóttir, worked on the 'Collateral Murder' video. He has appeared at media conferences such as New Media Days '09 in Copenhagen, the 2010 Logan Symposium in Investigative Reporting at the UC Berkeley Graduate School of Journalism, and at hacker conferences, notably the 25th and 26th Chaos Communication Congress. In the first half of 2010, he appeared on Al Jazeera English, MSNBC, Democracy Now!, RT, and The Colbert Report to discuss the release of the 12 July 2007 Baghdad airstrike video by Wikileaks.

On 3 June He appeared via video conferencing at the Personal Democracy Forum conference with Daniel Ellsberg. Daniel Ellsberg told MSNBC "the explanation he used" for not appearing in person in the USA was that "it was not safe for him to come to this country." On 11 June he was to appear on a Showcase Panel at the Investigative Reporters and Editors conference in Las Vegas, but there are reports that he cancelled several days prior. On 10 June 2010, it was reported that Pentagon officials are trying to determine his whereabouts. Based on this, there have been reports that U.S. officials want to apprehend Assange. Ellsberg said that the arrest of Bradley Manning and subsequent speculation by U.S. officials about what Assange may be about to publish "puts his well-being, his physical life, in some danger now." In The Atlantic, Marc Ambinder called Ellsberg's concerns "ridiculous," and said that "Assange's tendency to believe that he is one step away from being thrown into a black hole hinders, and to some extent discredits, his work." In Salon.com, Glenn Greenwald questioned "screeching media reports" that there was a "manhunt" on Assange underway, arguing that they were only based on comments by "anonymous government officials" and might even serve a campaign by the U.S. government, by intimidating possible whistleblowers.

On 21 June 2010 Assange took part in a hearing in Brussels, Belgium, appearing in public for the first time in nearly a month. He was a member on a panel that discussed Internet censorship and expressed his worries over the recent filtering in countries such as Australia. He also talked about secret gag orders preventing newspapers from publishing information about specific subjects and even divulging the fact that they are being gagged. Using an example involving The Guardian, he also explained how newspapers are altering their online archives sometimes by removing entire articles. He told The Guardian that he does not fear for his safety but is on permanent alert and will avoid travel to America, saying " public statements have all been reasonable. But some statements made in private are a bit more questionable." He said "politically it would be a great error for them to act. I feel perfectly safe but I have been advised by my lawyers not to travel to the U.S. during this period."

On 17 July, Jacob Appelbaum spoke on behalf of WikiLeaks at the 2010 Hackers on Planet Earth (HOPE) conference in New York City, replacing Assange due to the presence of federal agents at the conference. He announced that the WikiLeaks submission system was again up and running, after it had been temporarily suspended. Assange was a surprise speaker at a TED conference on 19 July 2010 in Oxford, and confirmed that WikiLeaks was now accepting submissions again. On 26 July, after the release of the Afghan War Diary Assange appeared at the Frontline Club for a press conference.

Descriptions of Assange

Assange advocates a "transparent" and "scientific" approach to journalism, saying that "you can’t publish a paper on physics without the full experimental data and results; that should be the standard in journalism." In 2006, CounterPunch called him Australia's most infamous former computer hacker." The Age has called him "one of the most intriguing people in the world" and "internet's freedom fighter." Assange has called himself "extremely cynical." The Personal Democracy Forum said that as a teenager he was "Australia's most famous ethical computer hacker." He has been described as thriving on intellectual battle.

Pentagon Papers whistle-blower Daniel Ellsberg said that Assange "is serving our democracy and serving our rule of law precisely by challenging the secrecy regulations, which are not laws in most cases, in this country." On the issue of national security considerations for the U.S., Ellsberg added that "any serious risk to that national security is extremely low. There may be 260,000 diplomatic cables. It’s very hard to think of any of that which could be plausibly described as a national security risk. Will it embarrass diplomatic relationships? Sure, very likely—all to the good of our democratic functioning." Against this Daniel Yates, a former British military intelligence officer, believes Assange has jeopardised the lives of Afghan civilians: "The logs contain detailed personal information regarding Afghan civilians who have approached NATO soldiers with information. It is inevitable that the Taliban will now seek violent retribution on those who have co-operated with NATO. Their families and tribes will also be in danger." Responding to the criticism, Assange said in August 2010 that 15,000 documents are still being reviewed "line by line," and that the names of "innocent parties who are under reasonable threat" will be removed. This was in response to a letter from a White House spokesman. Assange replied to the request through Eric Schmitt, a New York Times editor. This reply is what Assange claimed to be an offer to the White House to vet any harmful documents, however, Schmitt told the Associated Press that "I certainly didn't consider this a serious and realistic offer to the White House to vet any of the documents before they were to be posted, and I think it's ridiculous that Assange is portraying it that way now."

2010 legal difficulties

In May 2010, upon landing in Australia, his Australian passport was taken from him, and when it was returned he was told it was to be cancelled because it was worn, and that he was otherwise free to travel. According to the Wall Street Journal, the U.S. Defense and Justice departments are exploring possible legal options for prosecuting Assange and others on grounds that they encouraged the theft of government property.

On 20 August 2010, an investigation was opened against Assange in Sweden in connection with an allegation that he had raped a woman in Enköping on the weekend of 14 August after a seminar, and two days later had sexually harassed a second woman he had been staying with in Stockholm. The second woman belonged to the Brotherhood, a Christian affiliate of the country's Social Democratic Party, and was acting as Assange's spokeswoman. Within 24 hours of the investigation opening, the chief prosecutor Eva Finné withdrew the warrant saying there was no reason to suspect he had committed rape, although he was still being investigated for harassment — which covers reckless conduct or inappropriate physical contact—a charge not serious enough to trigger an arrest warrant. Assange said the charges were without basis and expressed concern about the timing; he acknowledged having had sex with the women, but said it was consensual. He was questioned by police for an hour on 31 August, and on 1 September a senior Swedish prosecutor re-opened the rape investigation saying new information had come in. The women's lawyer, Claes Borgström, had earlier appealed against the decision not to proceed.

References

  1. Dad has lots of female enemies, says son of WikiLeaks founder Julian Assange, Jeane MacIntosh and Ada Calhoun, August 27, 2010, The Age
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  46. Lauder, Simon (18 June 2010). "Wikileaks founder fears for his life – ABC News (Australian Broadcasting Corporation)". ABC Online. Retrieved 19 June 2010.
  47. Bosker, Bianca (11 June 2010). "Julian Assange, Wikileaks Founder, Hunted By Pentagon". The Huffington Post. Retrieved 19 June 2010.
  48. Stein, Jeff (18 June 2010; 5:39 PM ET). "SpyTalk – Wikileaks founder in hiding, fearful of arrest". The Washington Post. Retrieved 19 June 2010. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
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  76. Davies, Caroline (22 August 2010). "WikiLeaks founder Julian Assange denies rape allegations". The Guardian.
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