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| '''Ebrauc''' is the suggested name for a ] kingdom of ], based on the city of ]. Neither archaeology nor the historical record supports the suggestion. | |||
| ==Historical York== | |||
| The ] military fortress at ] was constructed in 71 AD during the ]. The earliest known mention of Eburacum by name is from a wooden ] tablet from the Roman fortress of ] along ], dated to c. 95–104 AD, where it is called ''Eburaci''.<ref>{{cite book | |||
| | last = Hall | |||
| | first = Richard | |||
| | title = English Heritage: Book of York | |||
| | origyear = 1996 | |||
| | edition = 1st Ed. | |||
| | year = 1996 | |||
| | publisher = B.T.Batsford Ltd | |||
| |page=13 | |||
| | isbn = 0-7134-7720-2 | |||
| }}</ref> A '']'' was also established there, and then a town which prospered during the early years of Roman rule in Britain. By the early 4th century it was a center of authority, and its ] bishops attended the ] in 314,<ref>{{cite book | last = Hall | title = English Heritage: Book of York | pages = 97–101 }}</ref> the ] in 325, the Council of Sardica, and the Council of Ariminum.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15733b.htm |title = ''Ancient See of York'' |publisher = New Advent |year = 2007 |accessdate= 2007-10-25}}</ref> | |||
| By 400 AD its fortunes had changed for the worse. While the ''colonia'' and fortress were on high ground, the town was undergoing periodic winter floods from the rivers ] and ], its wharf-side facilities were buried under several feet of silt and the primary Roman bridge connecting the town with the fortress may have become derelict.<ref name=Russo>{{Citation | |||
| |last=Russo | |||
| |first=Daniel G. | |||
| |year=1998 | |||
| |contribution= | |||
| |title=Town Origins and Development in Early England, c. 400–950 A.D. | |||
| |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group | |||
| |publication-date=1998 | |||
| |publication-place= | |||
| |pages=119–120 | |||
| |isbn=9780313300790 | |||
| }}</ref> By this time Eboracum was probably no longer a population center, though it likely remained a center of authority.<ref>{{Citation | |||
| |last=Snyder | |||
| |first=Christopher A. | |||
| |author-link=Christopher Snyder | |||
| |year=1998 | |||
| |title=An Age of Tyrants: Britain and the Britons A.D. 400–600 | |||
| |publisher=Pennsylvania State University Press | |||
| |publication-date=1998 | |||
| |publication-place=University Park | |||
| |page=162 | |||
| |isbn=0-271-01780-5 | |||
| }}. Snyder cites James Campbell's ''The Anglo-Saxons'' for this conclusion.</ref> In the early 5th century the area was settled by ],<ref>{{Citation | |||
| |last1=Jones | |||
| |first1=Barri | |||
| |last2=Mattingly | |||
| |first2=David | |||
| |year=1990 | |||
| |title=An Atlas of Roman Britain | |||
| |publisher=Blackwell Publishers | |||
| |publication-date=2007 | |||
| |publication-place=Cambridge | |||
| |page=317 | |||
| |isbn=9781842170670 | |||
| }}. Cemeteries that are identifiably Anglian date from this period.</ref> who called the town ''Eoforwic''. Reclamation of the flooded parts of the town was not begun until the 7th century under ]. | |||
| While the ''colonia'' remained above flood levels, it was largely abandoned as well, retaining only a small ribbon of population for a time.<ref name=Russo/> The fate of the fortress after 400 AD is not clear, but it is unlikely to have been a base of Brythonic power in opposition to the Anglians, since Anglian settlement and cemeteries existed in the area from the early 5th century onward. | |||
| ==History of the Britons== | |||
| The '']'' was first composed c. 830 and is attibuted to ], though his authorship is disputed. The work purports to relate the history of Britain from the earliest times. It says that there were 33 "]" ("centers of authority", but often translated as "cities") on the island, one of which was "Cair ebrauc".<ref>{{Citation | |||
| |last=Giles | |||
| |first=J. A. (translator) | |||
| |year=1841 | |||
| |contribution=The History of the Britons; by Nennius | |||
| |contribution-url=http://books.google.com/books?id=3R1mCE7p44MC&pg=PR1 | |||
| |title=The works of Gildas and Nennius | |||
| |publisher=James Bohn | |||
| |publication-date=1841 | |||
| |publication-place=London | |||
| |page=6 | |||
| }} The association with York is strengthened by a later reference (page 29) to ], saying he was the first king of the Anglian kingdom of ] and also the ruler over "Cair Affrauc".</ref> This is generally taken to be a reference to Eburacum, the ancient Roman name of modern York. The ''Historia'' offers no information regarding an occupation of the town by indiginous Britons. | |||
| ==Peredur== | |||
| '']'' is one of the three ] associated with the '']''. Perhaps due to the phonetic similarity of 'Ebrauc' and 'Efrawg', and perhaps also due to the phonetic similarity to the ] name for York ("Efrog"), the character of Peredur is sometimes connected to the ''Cair Ebrauc'' of the ''Historia Brittonum''. The assertion is speculative. | |||
| ==References== | |||
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| {{Hen ogledd}} | |||
| {{Yorkshire}} | |||
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