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Handloading is the process used to create firearm cartridges by hand versus those put together en masse and sold commercially, generally in packages of 6 to 50. When previously fired cases are used, the process is often called reloading. Generally only boxer primed cases (see internal ballistics) are reloaded, though there are exceptions.

Reasons for handloading

The most common motivations for handloading cartridges are increased accuracy and cost savings, though handloaders may sacrifice one for the other. Reloading fired cases can save the shooter a significant amount of money, as the case is usually the major cost of a cartridge. The handloader can also create cartridges for which there are no commercial equivalents, such as wildcat cartridges. Collectors of obsolete firearms often have to handload since many obsolete cartridges are no longer produced. Hunters may desire cartridges with specialized bullets. Target shooters seek optimum accuracy. Many handloaders customize their cartridges to their specific gun. This is usually in the pursuit of accuracy, though it can also lead to an increase in case life. For these specialty applications, cost is usually not a primary motivator, and such cartridges may cost more than commercial ones. As with any hobby, the pure enjoyment of the reloading process may well be the most important benefit.

Variables in the reloading process

The handloading process can realize increased accuracy through improved consistency of manufacture. Each cartridge loaded can have each component carefully matched to the rest of the cartridges in the batch. Brass cases can be matched by volume and weight, bullets by weight and concentricity, powder charges by weight. Primers also play a role in accuracy and consistency, but the handloader usually has no ability to manufacture these, so the handloader is limited to experimenting with different primers available commercially. In addition to these items that are considered critical, the equipment used to assemble the cartridge also have an effect on its performance; dies used to size the cartridges can be matched to a given rifle's chamber, high precision scales can give more consistent and accurate measures of powder.

Atypical handloading

It is typically agreed that rimfire cartridges (e.g. .22 Long Rifle) are not hand-loaded, although there are some shooters that unload commercial rimfire cartridges, and use the primed case to make their own loads, or to generate special rimfire wildcat cartridges. These cartridges can be remarkably labor intensive to produce, and the process of unloaded the live rimfire cases can be dangerous, since any crushing of the thin brass rim can ignite the primer and cause the case to explode.

Berdan primers, with their off-center flash holes and lack of self contained anvil, are more difficult to work with than the easily removed Boxer primers. The primers may be punctured and pried out from the rear, or extracted with hydraulic pressure. Primers must be selected carefully, as there are more sizes of Berdan primers than the standard large and small pistol, large and small rifle of Boxer primers. The case must also be inspected carefully to make sure the anvil has not been damaged, because this could result in a failure to fire.

Materials required

• Cases or shotshell hulls. For shotshells, plastic or paper cases can be reloaded, though plastic is more durable. Steel and aluminium cases do not have the correct qualities for reloading, so a brass case is essential.
• Gun powder of an appropriate type. Generally, handgun cartridges and shotshells use faster powders, rifle cartridges use slower powder. Powder is generally of the 'smokeless' type in modern cartidges, although on occasions the older 'black' powder more commonly known as 'gunpowder' may be used.
• Bullets, or shot and wads for shotshells.
• Primers

Reloading process

The operations performed when handloading are:

• Case inspection (reloading only)
• Remove the fired primer (reloading only)
• Ream or swage crimp from primer pocket (reloading military cases only)
• Resize the case (reloading only)
• Expand the neck to accept the bullet
• Seat a new primer
• Add a measured amount of powder
• Seat the bullet in the case
• Crimp the bullet in place (optional)
• Cartridge inspection

When previously fired cases are used, they must be inspected before loading. Cases that are dirty or tarnished are polished in a tumbler to remove oxidation and allow easier inspection of the case. Cracked necks, non-reloadable cases (steel, aluminium, or Berdan primed cases), and signs of head separation all are reasons to reject a case. Cases are measured for length, and any that are over the recommended length are trimmed down to the minimum length. Competition shooters will also sort cases by brand and weight to ensure consistency.

Removal of the primer, called decapping, is usually done with a die containing a steel pin that punches out the primer. Berdan primed cases require a different technique, either a hydraulic ram or a hook that punctures the case and levers it out from the bottom. Military cases have crimped in primers, and decapping leaves a slight ridge that inhibits seating a new primer. A reamer or a swage is used to remove this crimp.

When a cartridge is fired, the internal pressure expands the case to fit the chamber. To allow ease of chambering the cartridge when it is reloaded, the case is swaged back to size. Competition shooters, using bolt action rifles which are capable of camming a tight case into place, often resize only the neck of the cartridge, called neck sizing, as opposed to the normal full length resizing process. Neck sizing is only useful for cartridges to be re-fired in the same firearm, as the brass may be slightly oversized in some dimensions for other chambers, but the precise fit of case to chamber will allow greater consistency and therefore greater potential accuracy. Semiautomatic rifles and rifles with SAAMI minimum chamber dimensions often require a special small base resizer, that sizes further down the case than normal dies, and allow for more reliable feeding.

Once the case is sized down, the inside of the neck of the case will actually be slightly smaller than the bullet diameter. To allow the bullet to be seated, the end of the neck is slightly expanded to allow the bullet to start into the case. Boattailed bullets need very little expansion, while unjacketed lead bullets require more expansion to prevent shaving of lead when the bullet is seated.

Priming the case is the most dangerous step of the loading process, since the primers are pressure sensitive. Seating a Boxer primer not only places the primer in the case, but it seats the anvil of the primer down onto the priming compound, in effect arming the primer. A correctly seated primer will sit slightly below the surface of the case. A primer that protrudes from the case can cause a number of problems; it will tend to hang up when feeding, and the anvil will not be seated correctly so the primer may not fire when hit by the firing pin. Berdan primers must also be seated carefully, and since the anvil is part of the case, the anvil must be inspected before the primer is seated.

The quantity of gunpowder is specified by weight, but almost always measured by volume. A powder scale is needed to determine the correct volume setting for the powder measure, as loads are specified with a precision of 0.1 grain (0.007 grams). Competition shooters will generally throw a slightly underweight charge, and use a powder trickler to add few granules at a time to the charge to bring it up to the exact weight for maximum consistency. Special care is needed when charging large capacity cases with fast burning, low volume powders. In this instance, it is possible to put two charges of powder in a case without overflowing the case, which can lead to dangerously high pressures and a significant chance of bursting the chamber of the firearm. Non-magnum revolver cartridges are the easiest to do this with, as they generally have relatively large cases, and tend to perform well with small charges of fast powders.

Competition shooters also often sort bullets by weight, often down to 0.1 grain (0.007 grams) increments. The bullet is placed in the case mouth by hand, and then seated with the press. At this point, the expanded case mouth is also sized back down. A crimp can optionally be added, either by the seating die or with a separate die. Taper crimps are used for cases that are held in the chamber by the case mouth, while roll crimps may be used for cases that headspace on a rim or on the cartridge neck. Roll crimps hold the bullet far more securely, and are preferred in situations, such as magnum revolvers, where recoil velocities are significant. A tight crimp also helps to delay the start of the bullet's motion, which can increase chamber pressures, and help develop full power from slower burning powders (see internal ballistics).

Equipment

The basic piece of equipment for handloading is the press. A press is a device that uses compound leverage to push the cases into the dies that perform the loading operations. Presses vary from simple, inexpensive single stage models, to complex progressive models that will eject a loaded cartridge with each pull of a lever, at rates of 10 rounds a minute.

Presses

Single stage presses are the simplest. They perform one step on one case at a time. When using a single stage press, cases are loaded in batches, one step per batch at a time. Batches should be kept small, about 50 cases at a time, so that a batch is never left in a partially completed state. Once a case is primed, it should be finished as soon as possible, since high humidity can degrade the primer.

Progressive presses handle several shells at once, with each pull of the lever performing a single step on all the cases at once. Progressive presses hold all the dies needed, plus a powder measure and a primer feed, and often also include an additional station where the powder levels are checked, to prevent over or under charges. Progressive presses also often feature case feeds that will hold hundreds of cases to be loaded, and all the user has to do is hold the bullet in place over the appropriate case mouth, and pull the lever.

Shotshell presses are a special case, and are generally a single unit that handles all functions. Shotshell reloading is similar to cartridge reloading, except that instead of a bullet, a wadding and a measure of shot are used, and after loading the shot, the shell is crimped shut. The shotshell loader contains stations to resize the shell, measure powder, load the wad, measure shot, and crimp the shell. Due to the low cost of modern plastic shotshells, and the additional complexity of reloading fired shells, shotshell handloading is not as popular as cartridge handloading.

Dies

Dies are generally sold in sets of two or three dies, depending on the shape of the case. A three die set is needed for straight cases, while a two die set is used for bottlenecked cases. The first die of either set performs the sizing and decapping operation. The middle die in a three die set is used to expand the case mouth of straight cases, while in a two die set the entire neck is expanded as the case is extracted from the first die. The last die in the set seats the bullet and applies a crimp. Special crimping dies are often used to apply a stronger crimp after the bullet is seated, and progressive presses often use an additional "die" to meter powder into the case (though it is arguably not a real die as it does not shape the case).

Standard dies are made from hardened steel, and require that the case be lubricated, for the resizing operation, which requires a large amount of force. Carbide dies have a ring of tungsten carbide, which is far harder and slicker than tool steel, and so carbide dies do not require lubrication. Tapered carbide sizing dies such as the 9mm Luger and 30M1 Carbine require slight lubrication. Usually every fifth to tenth case as needed.

Reloading dies usually have 7/8-14 threads and are interchangeable with all common brands of presses. Dies for rifle bottle neck case usually are supplied in sets of 2 and sometimes 3. One manufacturer supplies a third die to apply a factory type crimp. This is an extra operation and is not needed unless the ammunition is used for hunting or the benefit of improved accuracy. The factory style crimp increases the shot start pressure causing a more uniform pressure curve.

Three dies are normally supplied for straight walled pistol cases. Most of these include a carbide sizing die. This is highly desirable because it eliminates the need to lubricate the case. A fourth die is becoming more popular for a factory style crimp and a post sizing operation. This greatly improves reliability.

Shellholders

A shellholder, generally sold separately, is needed to hold the case in place as it is forced into and out of the dies. The reason shellholders are sold separately is that many cartridges share the same base dimensions, and a single shellholder can service many different cases. Shellholders are also specialized, and will generally only fit a certain make of reloading press, while dies are more standardized and will fit a wide variety of presses.

Scale

A precision scale is a near necessity for reloading. While it is possible to load using nothing but a powder measure and a weight to volume conversion chart, that greatly limits the precision with which a load can be adjusted, and the variation inherent in measuring by volume means that maximum loads should be avoided. With a powder scale, an adjustable powder measure can be calibrated more precisely for the powder in question, and spot checks can be made during loading to make sure that the measure is not drifting. With a powder trickler, a charge can be measured directly into the scale, giving the most accurate measure. A scale also allows bullets and cases to be sorted by weight, which can increase consistency further. Sorting bullets by weight has obvious benefits, as each set of matched bullets will perform more consistently. Sorting cases by weight is done to group cases by case wall thickness, and match cases with similar interior volumes. Military cases, for example, tend to be thicker, while cases that have been reloaded numerous times will have thinner walls due to brass flowing forward under firing, and being later trimmed from the case mouth.

Both balance scales and electronic scales are available, and while electronic scales are easier to use (and generally have English to metric unit conversions) the balance scales can be more accurate for a skilled user, as they let the user discern differences of less than the stated accuracy of the scale. The simplicity of their construction is often reassuring when compared with the complexity of an electronic scale, which may not give any visible clues as to a defect or loss of calibration. Such reassurance is greatly valued when dealing with handloads, since the dangers posed by a badly-charged round are severe.

Priming tool

Single stage presses often don't provide an easy way to prime cases. Various add-on tools can be used for priming the case on the down-stroke, or a separate tool can be used. Since cases loaded with a single stage press are done in steps, with the die being changed between steps, a purpose made priming tool is often faster than trying to integrate a priming step to a press step.

Powder measure

Beginning reloading kits often include a weight to volume conversion chart for a selection of common powders, and a set of powder volume measures graduated in small increments. By adding the various measures of powder a desired charge can be measured out with a safe degree of accuracy. However, since multiple measures of powder are often needed, and since powder lots may vary slightly in density, a scale accurate to 0.1 grain (1/7000th of a pound, or .006 grams) is desirable.

Bullet puller

Like any complex process, mistakes in handloading are easy to make, and it's far better to be safe and re-do a questionable step than to hope thing will come out all right. A bullet puller is the answer to the question of what to do with the mistakes. Most pullers use inertia to pull the bullet; they are shaped like hammers, and the case is locked in place inside. A sharp blow on a hard surface will suddenly stop the case, and the inertia of the heavy bullet will pull it free of the case in a few blows. The bullet and powder are trapped in the bullet puller, and can be reused. Primers are a more problematic issue. If a primer is not seated deeply enough, the cartridge (if loaded) can be pulled, and the primer re-seated with the seating tool. Primers that must be removed are best deactivated first--either firing the primed case in the appropriate firearm, or soaking in oil will achieve this (oil is used because most primers are designed to be water resistant).

Safety/Caveats!

• Wear eye protection.
• Avoid all distractions! This isn't the time to listen to the television in the next room!
• Arrange all components and stages in some logical order.
• Keep face clear when priming--primers can throw particles at high velocity and penetrate the skin.
• Unless using a progressive press, don't have powder out when priming.
• Keep heat sources away, and NEVER smoke when reloading
• Store powder in its original cardboard or plastic container. Unconfined powder burns, confined powder will explode.
• Dispose of unknown or contaminated powder.
• Damaged or contaminated primers should be soaked in oil to deactivate them before disposing.
• Store primers in factory packaging, to protect them from impact and reduce the risk of chain reactions if one should detonate.
• Keep work area clean. A dirty reloading area means that dropped components can become contaminated with oil or dirt.
• Do not eat or drink while loading or handling components. Lead residues from bullets, smokeless powder and priming compounds are all poisonous.

Accuracy tips

Precision and consistency are key to developing accurate ammunition. Careful sorting of components is the first step to this; bullets should be sorted by weight, and each lot of matched bullets should be stored separately and marked with the exact weight. Each lot of cases should start new, purchased as a single lot, and stay together as they are reloaded. Powder for a lot of ammunition should come from a single can, and primers should come from the same box. If a powder measure is used, the same person should measure each load, using the same technique for every measure, since differences in technique can result in the powder packing slightly differently in the measure. If an analog scale is used, then the same person should perform all measurements, in the same light and from the same position--digital scales remove the variance in observation, but they also remove the ability to push the limits of the scale's precision. The positions of the dies and the adjustments of the powder measure should be checked periodically during loading, to make sure that the adjustments are not drifting. Carefully following these techniques will make each cartridge as much like every other as possible, and this is one of the fundamentals of accurate shooting.

Tuning load to gun can also yield great increases in accuracy, especially for standard, non accurized rifles. Different rifles, even of the same make and model, will often react differently to the same ammunition. The handloader is afforded a wider selection of bullet weights than can readily be found in commercially loaded ammunition, and there are many different powders that can be used for any given cartridge. Trying a range of bullets and a variety of powders will determine what combination of bullet and powder gives the most consistent velocities. Careful adjustment of the amount of powder can give the velocity that best fits the natural harmonics of the barrel (see accurize and internal ballistics). For ultimate accuracy and performance, the handloader also has the option of using a wildcat cartridge; wildcats are the result of shaping the cartridge and chamber themselves to a specific end, and the results push the envelope of velocity, energy, and accuracy.

While bullet weight is the most common factor in sorting bullets, it is not the only factor. Sorting by the length of the bearing surface (that area between the base of a flat-based bullet and the ogive, or the area above the base of a boattailed bullet and the ogive) often yields better performance in custom made rifles, particularly in competition firearms. The bearing surface of the bullet has a significant effect on a number of factors, including the energy required to swage the bullet into the rifling, the friction of the bullet in the bore, and most importantly, the freebore, or the distance the bullet travels before it engages the rifling. Measuring the bearing surface requires the use of a bullet comparitor and micrometer combination. Sorting by this method ensures that the amount of bullet protruding from the case after being seated is consistent across the entire population of loads, which then ensures that the freebore is as close to identical as is possible. Varying freebore amounts invariably cause variations in chamber pressure which in turn affects velocity and downrange performance. This is particularly critical since the burn rate of smokeless powder is proportional to the pressure, so a slight change in pressure during the initial bullet movement can result in far greater changes as the burn continues. Sorting by bearing surface is generally done as a second step, first sorting by bullet weight (generally to within 0.1 grain in weight) and then sorting each weight category by bearing surface.

Cost considerations

Those who reload with they primary goal of maximizing accuracy or terminal performance may end up paying more per reloaded round than some commercial ammunition--this is especially true for military calibers which are commonly available as surplus. Maximum performance, however, requires the highest quality components, which are usually the most expensive. Reloaders who reload with the primary goal of saving money on ammunition, however, can make a few tradeoffs to realize significant cost savings with a minimal sacrifice in quality.

Bullets

While the case is usually the most expensive component of a cartridge, the bullet is usually the most expensive part of the reloaded round, especially with handgun ammunition. It is also the best place to save money with handgun ammunition.

For the truly frugal, the cheapest method of getting bullets is to cast them. This requires a set of bullet molds, which are available from a number of sources, and a source of known quality lead. Linotype and wheelweights are often used as sources of lead, and blended togethe to achieve the desired Brinell hardness. Cast bullets are also the cheapest bullets to buy, though generally only handgun bullets are available in this form. Some firearms, such as those using polygonal rifling like GLOCK and H&K, advise against the use of cast bullets. For shooters who would like to shoot cast bullets, aftermarket barrels are generally available for these models with conventional rifling, and the cost of the barrel can generally be recouped in ammunition savings after a few thousand rounds.

Soft lead bullets are generally used in handguns with velocities of 1000 fps (300 m/s) or lower, while harder cast bullets may be used, with careful powder selection, in rifles with velocities of 2000 fps (600 m/s) or slightly more. The limit is the point at which the powder gas temperature and pressure starts to melt the base of the bullet, and leave a thin coating of molten and re-solidified lead in the bore of the gun--a process called leading the bore. Cast lead bullets may also be fired in full power magnum handgun rounds like the .44 Magnum with the addition of a gas check, which is a thin zinc or copper washer or cup that is crimped over a tiny heel on the base of appropriate cast bullets. This provides protection for the base of the bullet, and allows velocites of over 1500 fps (450 m/s) in handguns, with little or no leading of the bore.

Most shooters prefer jacketed bullets, especially in rifles and pistols. The hard jacket material, generally copper or brass, resists deformation and handles far higher pressures and temperatures than lead. With the exception of a single company that offers a swaging machine desinged to turn .22 Long Rifle cases into brass jackets for .22 caliber (5.56 mm) bullets, handloaders have no choice but to purchase pre-made jacketed bullets. The process of manufacturing a jacketed bullet is far more complex than that for a cast bullet; first, the jacket must be punched from a metal sheet of precise thickness, filled with a premeasured lead core, and then swaged into shape with a high pressure press. This involved process makes jacketed bullets far more expensive on average than cast bullets. Further complicating this are the requirements for controlled expansion bullets (see terminal ballistics), which require a tight bond between the jacket and the core. Premium expanding bullets are, with match grade bullets, at the top tier in expense.

A more ecenomical alternative was made available to the handloader in the 1980s, the copper plated bullet. Copper plated bullets are lead bullets than are electroplated with a copper jacket. While thinner than a swaged bullet jacket, the plated jacket is far thicker than normal electroplate, and provides significant structural integrity to the bullet. Since the jacket provides the strength, soft lead can be used, which allows bullets to be swaged or cast into shape before plating. While not strong enough for most rifle cartridges, plated bullets work well in many handgun rounds, up to about 1500 fps (600 m/s). Plated bullets fall between cast and and traditional jacketed bullets in price.

While originally sold to only to handloaders as an inexpensive substitute for jacketed bullets, the plated bullet has come far. The ammunition manufacturer Speer now offers the Gold Dot line, commercially loaded premium handgun ammunition using copper plated hollow point bullets. The strong bond between jacket and core created by the electroplating process makes expanding bullets hold together very well, and the Gold Dot line is now in use by many police departments.

Maximizing case life

Since the case is the single most expensive part of a loaded round, the more times a case can be re-used, the better. Cases that are loaded to a moderate pressure will generally last longer, as they will not be work hardened or flow under pressure as much as cases loaded to higher pressures. Work hardening can cause cracks to occur in the neck as the hardened brass loses its malleability, and is unable to survive swaging back into shape during the resizing operation. Rifle brass tends to flow towards the neck (this is why rifle brass must be trimmed periodically) and this takes brass away from the rear of the case. Eventually, this will show as a bright ring near the base of the cartridge, just in front of the thick web of brass at the base. If brass is used after this ring appears, it risks a crack, or worse, a complete head separation, which will leave the forward portion of the brass lodged in the chamber of the gun. This generally requires a special stuck case removal tool to extract, so it is very undesirable to have a head separation.

Work hardening happens to all cases, even low pressure handgun cases. The sudden increase in pressure upon firing hits the brass like a hammer, changing it's crystaline structure and making it more brittle. The neck of the case, if it becomes too brittle, will be incapable of standing the strain of resizing, expanding, crimping, and firing, and will split during loading or firing. While a neck split during firing is not a significant danger, a split neck will render the case incapable of holding the bullet in place, so the case must be discarded.

The simplest way to decrease the effects of work hardening is to decrease the pressure in the case. Loading to the minimum power level listed in the reloading manual, instead of the maximum, can significantly increase case life. Slower powders generally also have lower pressure peaks. If the manual lists pressures for each load given, then pick a powder and load that gives a low peak pessure.

Annealing brass to make it softer and less brittle is fairly easy, but annealing cartridge cases is a more complex matter. Since the base of the case should be hard, it cannot be annealed. Since annealing brass requires heating it to about about 660 F (350 C) and then cooling it back to room temperature, the heating must be done in such a way as to prevent the base of the case from heating up and loosing its hardness. The traditional way is to stand the cases in a shallow pan full of water, then heat the necks of the cases with a torch, but this method makes it very difficult to get an even heating of the case neck. A better method is to mark the case with a 660 F (350 C) temperature sensitive crayon at the point to which it is to be annealed (just behind the shoulder for bottlenecked cartridges, near the bullet seating depth for straight wall cartridges). Latch the cartridge base into a holder, such as a shell holder, that will securely hold it while you spin the case. Place the neck of the case in a propane torch flame, and heat it until the crayon mark changes color, indicating the correct temperature--the surface of the brass will also attain a bluish shade as it oxidizes slightly due to the heat. Once the correct temperature is reached, quickly quench the case in water to stop the annealing process and prevent the heat from reaching the base of the case.

Cases that have small cracks at the neck may not be a complete loss. Many cartridges, both commercial and wildcats, can be made by shortening a longer cartridge. For example, a .223 Remington can be shortened to become a .222 Remington, which can further be shortened to beome a .221 Fireball. .30-06 Springfield can become .308 Winchester, which can become .308 x 1.5 or any number of speicalized benchrest shooting cartridges. Since the cracking is likley due to a brittle neck, the cases should be annealed before attempting to reform them, or the crack might propagate and ruin the new case as well.

Minimizing powder cost

Powder is another significant cost of reloading, and one over which the handloader has significant control. In addition to the to the obvious step of using a minimum charge, rather than a full power one, significant const savings can be obtained through careful powder choice. Given the same bullet and cartridge, a faster burning powder will generally use a smaller charge than a slower powder. For example, Accurate Arms lists 5 powders as suitable for a .44 Magnum firing a 240 grain lead semiwadcutter. AA #2 is a very fast pistol powder, while AA #9 is a very slow pistol powder, and loads are listed four both of these. The minimum loads listed are 9.0 grains of AA #2 for a velocity of 1126 fps, and 19.5 grains of #9 for 1364 fps. The difference is 777 loads per pound for AA #2, and 358 loads per pound for AA #9.All the Accurate Arms pistol powders cost the same per pound, about US$16, so the difference is US$0.0206 vs. US$0.0447, over 2 cents per round. Where the tradeoff comes in is in terms of power and accuracy; AA #2 is designed for small cases, and will burn inconsistenly in the large .44 Magnum case. AA #9, however, will fill the case much better, and the slow burn rate of AA #9 is ideal for magnum hangun rounds, producing 20% higher veloocities (at maximum levels) while still producing less pressure than the fast burning AA #2. A medium burning powder might actually be a better choice, as it would split the difference in powder weights while delivering more power and accuracy than the fastest powder.

One solution that is applicable to revolvers in particular is the possibility of using a reduced volume case. Cartridges such as .357 Magnum and .44 Magnum are just longer versions of their parent rounds of .38 Special and .44 Special, and the shorter rounds will fire in the longer chambers with no problems. The reduced case capacity allows greater accuracy with even lighter loads. A .44 Special loaded with a minimum load of AA #2 uses only 4.2 grains of powder, and produces a modest 771 fps.

External links

• Low Pressure & High Velocity with Cast Bullets, from Jesse's Hunting and Outdoors
• Rainier Ballistics, a major maker of plated bullets for handloaders
• Corbin, maker of commercial and consumer grade bullet swaging equipment, including the equipment to turn .22 LR cases into jacketed bullets
• Comparison of various 9 x 19 mm expanding bullet loads, including the Speer Gold Dot plated bullet
• Gun Tests article on case annealing.
• Accurate Arms, source of loading information for fast vs. slow powder comparison

• Ammunition