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==Observance in Mexico==
===Origins===

], México.]]
The Day of the Dead celebrations in ] can be traced back to the indigenous cultures. Rituals celebrating the deaths of ] have been observed by these civilizations perhaps for as long as 2,500–3,000 years.<ref>{{cite news
| last = Miller
| first = Carlos
| title = History: Indigenous people wouldn't let 'Day of the Dead' die
| work = Day of the Dead&nbsp;— Día De Los Muertos
| publisher = ]
| year = 2005
| url = http://www.azcentral.com/ent/dead/history/
| accessdate = 2007-11-28
}}</ref> In the pre-Hispanic era, it was common to keep skulls as trophies and display them during the rituals to symbolize death and rebirth.

The festival that became the modern Day of the Dead fell in the ninth month of the ], about the beginning of August, and was celebrated for an entire month. The festivities were dedicated to the god<ref name="Salvador">{{cite book
| last = Salvador
| first = R. J.
| editor = John D. Morgan and Pittu Laungani
| title = Death and Bereavement Around the World: Death and Bereavement in the Americas
| accessdate = 2007-11-27
| series = Death, Value and Meaning Series, Vol. II
hi
| year = 2003
| publisher = Baywood Publishing Company
| location = Amityville, New York
| isbn = 0895032325
| pages = 75–76
Day Of The Dead? For Some People It Is Sad And For Other It Is A Holiday
| chapterurl = http://www.public.iastate.edu/~rjsalvad/scmfaq/muertos.html
}}</ref> known as the "Lady of the Dead", corresponding to the modern ].

In most regions of Mexico, November 1 honors children and infants, whereas deceased adults are honored on November 2. This is indicated by generally referring to November 1 mainly as ''Día de los Inocentes'' ("Day of the Innocents") but also as ''Día de los Angelitos'' ("Day of the Little Angels") and November 2 as ''Día de los Muertos'' or ''Día de los Difuntos'' ("Day of the Dead").<ref name = MexConnect>{{cite web
| last = Palfrey
| first = Dale Hoyt
| title = The Day of the Dead
| work = Día de los Muertos Index
| publisher = Access Mexico Connect
| year= 1995
| url = http://www.mexconnect.com/mex_/muertos.html
| accessdate = 2007-11-28
}}</ref>

===Beliefs===
].]]
People go to cemeteries to be with the souls of the departed and build private altars containing the favorite foods and beverages as well as photos and memorabilia of the departed. The intent is to encourage visits by the souls, so that the souls will hear the prayers and the comments of the living directed to them. Celebrations can take a humorous tone, as celebrants remember funny events and anecdotes about the departed.<ref name = MexConnect/>
Plans for the day are made throughout the year, including gathering the goods to be offered to the dead. During the three-day period, families usually clean and decorate graves;<ref name="Salvador"/> most visit the cemeteries where their loved ones are buried and decorate their graves with ''ofrendas'' ("offerings"), which often include orange ] (''Tagetes erecta'') called ''cempasúchitl'' (originally named ''cempoalxochitl'', ] for "twenty flowers").

In modern Mexico, this name is sometimes replaced with the term ''Flor de Muerto'' ("Flower of the Dead"). These flowers are thought to attract ]s of the dead to the offerings.

]s, one of the most popular figures of the Day of the Dead celebrations in Mexico.]]

Toys are brought for dead children (''los angelitos'', or "the little angels"), and bottles of ], ] or ] or jars of ] for adults. Families will also offer trinkets or the deceased's favorite candies on the grave. ''Ofrendas'' are also put in homes, usually with foods such as candied pumpkin, ] ("bread of the dead"), and sugar skulls and beverages such as atole. The ''ofrendas'' are left out in the homes as a welcoming gesture for the deceased.<ref name="Salvador" /> Some people believe the spirits of the dead eat the "spiritual essence" of the ''ofrendas'' food, so even though the celebrators eat the food after the festivities, they believe it lacks nutritional value. Pillows and blankets are left out so that the deceased can rest after their long journey. In some parts of Mexico, such as the towns of ], ] and ], people spend all night beside the graves of their relatives. In many places, people have picnics at the grave site as well.

Some families build ]s or small ]s in their homes;<ref name="Salvador" /> these usually have the ], statues or pictures of the ], pictures of deceased relatives and other persons, scores of candles and an ''ofrenda''. Traditionally, families spend some time around the altar, praying and telling anecdotes about the deceased. In some locations, celebrants wear shells on their clothing, so that when they dance, the noise will wake up the dead; some will also dress up as the deceased.

Public schools at all levels build altars with ''ofrendas'', usually omitting the religious symbols. Government offices usually have at least a small altar, as this holiday is seen as important to the Mexican heritage.

Those with a distinctive talent for writing sometimes create short poems, called ''calaveras'' ("skulls"), mocking ]s of friends, describing interesting habits and attitudes or funny anecdotes. This custom originated in the 18th or 19th century, after a newspaper published a poem narrating a dream of a cemetery in the future, "and all of us were dead", proceeding to "read" the tombstones. ]s dedicate ''calaveras'' to public figures, with ]s of ]s in the style of the famous '']s'' of ], a Mexican illustrator. ] presentations of '']'' by ] (1817–1893) are also traditional on this day.

A common ] of the holiday is the skull (colloquially called '']''), which celebrants represent in ]s, called '']s'' (colloquial term for "skeleton"), and foods such as sugar or chocolate skulls, which are inscribed with the name of the recipient on the forehead. Sugar skulls are gifts that can be given to both the living and the dead. Other holiday foods include ''pan de muerto'', a sweet ] bread made in various shapes from plain rounds to skulls and ]s, often decorated with white frosting to look like twisted bones.

José Guadalupe Posada created a famous print of a figure that he called '']'' ("''calavera'' of the female dandy") as a parody of a Mexican upper-class female. Posada's striking image of a costumed female with a skeleton face has become associated with the Day of the Dead, and ] figures often are a prominent part of modern Day of the Dead observances.

], 1900–1913.]]

The traditions and activities that take place in celebration of the Day of the Dead are not universal and often vary from town to town. For example, in the town of ] on the ] in ], the tradition is very different if the deceased is a child rather than an adult. On November 1 of the year after a child's death, the ] set a table in the parents' home with sweets, fruits, ''pan de muerto'', a cross, a rosary (used to ask the Virgin Mary to pray for them) and candles. This is meant to celebrate the child's life, in respect and appreciation for the parents. There is also dancing with colorful costumes, often with skull-shaped masks and devil masks in the plaza or garden of the town. At midnight on November 2, the people light candles and ride winged boats called ''mariposas'' (Spanish for "butterflies") to Janitzio, an island in the middle of the lake where there is a cemetery, to honor and celebrate the lives of the dead there.

] in the ].]]
In contrast, the town of ], north of ] in the State of ], opens its doors to visitors in exchange for ''veladoras'' (small wax candles) to show respect for the recently deceased. In return, the visitors receive ] and ''atole''. This is only done by the owners of the house where somebody in the household has died in the previous year. Many people of the surrounding areas arrive early to eat for free and enjoy the elaborate altars set up to receive the visitors from Mictlán.

In some parts of the country (especially the cities, where in recent years there are displaced other customs), children in costumes roam the streets, knocking on people's doors for a ''calaverita'', a small gift of candies or money; they also ask passersby for it. This custom is similar to that of ]'s ] and is relatively recent.

Some people believe that possessing Day of the Dead items can bring good luck. Many people get tattoos or have dolls of the dead to carry with them. They also clean their houses and prepare the favorite dishes of their deceased loved ones to place upon their altar or ''ofrenda''.

==Observances outside Mexico==
] in memory of ], murdered at the age of 18 by her ex-boyfriend.]]
{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = horizontal
| image1 = Day of the Dead 08-57.jpg
| width1 = 137
| caption1 = ]'s annual Day of the Dead celebration in ]
| image2 = Day of the Dead LA.png
| width2 = 132
| caption2 = An altar in ] pays homage to "]" TV shows, with traditional marigolds, sugar skulls and candles
}}

===United States===
In many American communities with Mexican residents, Day of the Dead celebrations are held that are very similar to those held in Mexico. In some of these communities, such as in ]<ref>{{cite web
| last = Wise
| first = Danno
| title = Port Isabel's Day of the Dead Celebration
| work = Texas Travel
| publisher = ]
| date =
| url = http://gotexas.about.com/od/festivals/a/Dayofdead.htm
| accessdate = 2007-11-28
}}</ref> and ],<ref>{{cite web
| last = Hedding
| first = Judy
| title = Day of the Dead
| work = Phoenix
| publisher = ]
| date =
| url = http://phoenix.about.com/od/events/a/dayofthedead.htm
| accessdate = 2007-11-28
}}</ref> the celebrations tend to be mostly traditional. For example, the All Souls Procession has been an annual ] event since 1990. The event combines elements of traditional Day of the Dead celebrations with those of pagan harvest festivals. People wearing masks carry signs honoring the dead and an urn in which people can place slips of paper with prayers on them to be burned.<ref>{{cite news
| last = White
| first = Erin
| title = All Souls Procession
| publisher = ]
| date = 2006-11-05
| url = http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-153859362.html
| accessdate = 2007-11-28
}}</ref>

In other communities, interactions between Mexican traditions and American culture are resulting in celebrations in which Mexican traditions are being extended to make artistic or sometimes political statements. For example, in ], the ] Mexican-American cultural center presents an annual Day of the Dead celebration that includes both traditional and political elements, such as altars to honor the victims of the ] highlighting the high casualty rate among Latino soldiers. An updated, inter-cultural version of the Day of the Dead is also evolving at Hollywood Forever Cemetery.<ref> ''Los Angeles Times'' October 18, 2006. Retrieved November 26, 2006.</ref> There, in a mixture of Mexican traditions and Hollywood hip, conventional altars are set up side-by-side with altars to ] and ]. Colorful native dancers and music intermix with ]ists, while sly ]sters play on traditional themes.

Similar traditional and inter-cultural updating of Mexican celebrations is occurring in ], for example, through the ], SomArts Cultural Center, Mission Cultural Center, ] and altars at ] by the Marigold Project.<ref>http://www.dayofthedeadsf.org</ref> Oakland is home to Corazon Del Pueblo in the Fruitvale district. Corazon Del Pueblo has a shop offering handcrafted Mexican gifts and a museum devoted to Day of the Dead artifacts.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://articles.sfgate.com/2000-10-27/news/17664863_1_el-corazon-muertos-altar | work=The San Francisco Chronicle | first=Vicky | last=Elliott | title=Lively Petaluma festival marks Day of the Dead | date=October 27, 2000}}</ref> In ], skeletal celebrants on stilts, novelty bicycles, and skis parade through town.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.saroff.com/shows/day_of_the_dead_parade/index.php |title=Photos of Missoula, Montana Day of the Dead parade |publisher=Saroff.com |date=2006-11-02 |accessdate=2009-08-13}}</ref> It also occurs annually at historic Forest Hills Cemetery in Boston's Jamaica Plain neighborhood. Sponsored by Forest Hills Educational Trust and the folkloric performance group La Piñata, the Day of the Dead celebration celebrates the cycle of life and death. People bring offerings of flowers, photos, mementos, and food for their departed loved ones, which they place at an elaborately and colorfully decorated altar. A program of traditional music and dance also accompanies the community event.

===Latin America===
]n celebrations of the Day of the Dead are highlighted by the construction and flying of giant kites<ref>{{cite web|author=Betsy Burlingame, Joshua Wood |url = http://www.expatexchange.com/lib.cfm?networkID=159&articleID=1793 | title = Visit to cemetery in Guatemala | publisher = Expatexchange.com | date = |accessdate = 2009-08-13 }}</ref> in addition to the traditional visits to grave sites of ancestors. A big event also is the consumption of '']'', which is made only for this day during the year.

In ], the Day of the Dead is observed to some extent by all parts of society, though it is especially important to the indigenous ] peoples who make up an estimated quarter of the population. ''Indigena'' families gather together in the community cemetery with offerings of food for a day-long remembrance of their ancestors and lost loved ones. Ceremonial foods include '']'', a spiced fruit porridge that derives its deep purple color from the ] and purple maize. This is typically consumed with '']'', a bread shaped like a swaddled infant, though variations include many pigs—the latter being traditional to the city of ]. The bread, which is wheat flour-based today but was made with cornmeal in the ] era, can be made savory with cheese inside or sweet with a filling of ]. These traditions have permeated into mainstream society as well, where food establishments add both ''colada morada'' and ''gaugua de pan'' to their menus for the season. Many non-indigenous Ecuadorians partake in visiting the graves of the deceased and preparing the traditional foods as well.<ref>{{cite web|author=Gonzalo Ortiz | url=http://ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=53407 |title = Diversity in Remembering the Dead | publisher = InterPress Service News Agency |date= 2010-10-30 | accessdate = 2010-10-30 }}</ref>

The ]ian public holiday of ''Finados'' (Day of the Dead) is celebrated on November 2. Similar to other Day of the Dead celebrations, people go to cemeteries and churches with flowers, candles, and prayer. The celebration is intended to be positive to celebrate those who are deceased.

In ], ] traditions mix with ] observances as, for example, loud drums and music are played at all-night celebrations at cemeteries to waken ], the Loa of the dead, and his mischievous family of offspring, the Gede.

''Dia de los ñatitas'' ("Day of the Skulls") is a festival celebrated in ], ], on November 9. In ] times, indigenous Andeans had a tradition of sharing a day with the bones of their ancestors on the third year after burial; however, only the skulls are used today. Traditionally, the skull of one or more family members are kept at home to watch over the family and protect them during the year. On November 9, the family crowns the skull with fresh flowers, sometimes also dressing it up in various garments, and makes offerings of cigarettes, coca leaves, alcohol, and various other items in thanks for the year's protection. The skulls are also sometimes taken to the central cemetery in La Paz for a special Mass and blessing.<ref>{{cite news | last = Guidi | first = Ruxandra | title = Las Natitas | publisher = BBC | date = 2007-11-09 | url = http://www.theworld.org/?q=node/13922&answer=true }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | last = Smith | first = Fiona | title = Bolivians Honor Skull-Toting Tradition | agency = Associated Press |
date = 2005-11-08 | url = http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/bolivia/skulls.htm |
accessdate = 2007-12-30}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | publisher = Bolivia Line (November 2005) |
title = All Saints day in Bolivia — "The skull festival" | accessdate = 2007-12-20 |
url = http://www.bolivialine.com/bolivia/newsletter/Newsletter200511.htm}}</ref>

===Europe===
In many countries with a Roman Catholic heritage, ] and ] have long been holidays in which people take the day off work, go to cemeteries with candles and flowers, and give presents to children, usually sweets and toys.<ref>{{dead link|date=August 2009}}</ref> In ] and Spain, ''ofrendas'' ("offerings") are made on this day. In Spain, the play ''Don Juan Tenorio'' is traditionally performed. In Spain, Portugal, ], ], the ], ] and ], people bring flowers to the graves of dead relatives and say prayers over the dead. In ],<ref>. Retrieved June 11, 2007.</ref> ],<ref>. Retrieved June 11, 2007.</ref> ],<ref>. Retrieved June 11, 2007.</ref> ],<ref>. Retrieved June 11, 2007.</ref> ],<ref>. Retrieved June 11, 2007.</ref> ],<ref>. Retrieved November 5, 2007.</ref> ],<ref>. Retrieved June 11, 2007.</ref> ], ], ], ], ] and ], the tradition is to light candles and visit the graves of deceased relatives. In ], cakes are left for them on the table, and the room kept warm for their comfort. In ], people flock to the cemeteries at nightfall to kneel, bareheaded, at the graves of their loved ones and to anoint the hollow of the ] with ] or to pour libations of ] on it. At bedtime, the supper is left on the table for the souls.<ref>See ], ].</ref>

A Mexican-style Day of the Dead has been celebrated in ], as part of a promotion by the Mexican embassy. Local citizens join in a celebration of the Day of the Dead put on by a theatre group with masks, candles, and sugar skulls.<ref>.</ref>

===The Philippines and Oceania===
]s, used in the celebration of the Day of the Dead.]]

In the ], the holiday is called ''Todos Los Santos'' (All Saints Day), ''Undas'' (from Spanish ''andas'', or possibly ''honra''), or ''Araw ng mga Patay'' ("Day of the Dead"), and has more of a family reunion atmosphere.<ref> Live in the Philippines web magazine. Accessed April 25, 2007.</ref> The traditions were imported during the Philippines' Spanish colonial era. Tombs are cleaned or repainted, candles are lit, and flowers are offered. Entire families camp in cemeteries and sometimes spend a night or two near their relatives' tombs. Card games, eating, drinking, singing and dancing are common activities in the cemetery. It is considered a very important holiday by many Filipinos (after ] and ]), and additional days are normally given as special non-working holidays (but only November 1 is a regular holiday).

Mexican-style Day of the Dead celebrations can also be found in ], complete with altars celebrating the deceased with flowers and gifts.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/CU0710/S00273.htm |title=Day of the Dead in Wellington, New Zealand |publisher=Scoop.co.nz |date=2007-10-27 |accessdate=2009-08-13}}</ref>

===Asia: Other similar traditions===
Many other cultures around the world have similar traditions of a day set aside to visit the graves of deceased family members. Often included in these traditions are celebrations, food and beverages, in addition to prayers and remembrances of the departed.

The ] ({{nihongo|O-bon|お盆}} or only {{nihongo|Bon|盆}} is a ]ese ] holiday to honor the departed ]s of one's ]s. (August)

In ], '']'' (추석, 秋夕) is a major traditional holiday, also called Hangawi. People go where the spirits of one's ancestors are enshrined and perform ] rituals early in the morning; they visit the tombs of immediate ancestors to trim plants, clean the area around the tomb, and offer food, drink, and crops to their ancestors.

The ] ({{zh|t=清明節|s=清明节|p=qīng míng jié}}) is a ] usually occurring around April 5 of the ]. Along with ] on the ninth day of the ninth month in the ], it is a time to tend to the graves of departed ones. In addition, in the Chinese tradition, the seventh month in the Chinese calendar is called the ] (鬼月), in which ghosts and spirits come out from the underworld to visit earth.

During the ]i holiday of '']'' ("Cow Pilgrimage"), every family who has lost a family member during the previous year makes a construction of bamboo branches, cloth, paper decorations and portraits of the deceased, called a ''gai''. Traditionally, a cow leads the spirits of the dead into the next land. Depending on local custom, either an actual live cow or a construct representing a cow may be used. The festival is also a time to dress up in costume, including costumes involving political comments and satire.<ref>. Retrieved June 11, 2007.</ref>

In some cultures in ], visits to the graves of ancestors, the leaving of food and gifts, and the asking of protection serve as important parts of traditional rituals. One example of this is the ritual that occurs just before the beginning of hunting season.<ref>; </ref>

In some tribes of the Amazon, they believe that the dead return as flowers rather than butterflies.

==In popular culture==

;Literature
*The novel '']'' (]) by ] takes place on this day in a fictionalized ].
*The science fiction novel ''Necroville'' (aka ''Terminal Cafe'' (US)) by ] is set on the day before and during a future Day of the Dead, in a time when the dead are reanimated by nanotechnology.
*]'s novel '']'' (]) includes an explanation of the holiday as part of a greater worldwide tradition and features a Mexican sugar skull as a plot device.
*The character of ] in the novel ''Candy Skulls'' by McKenzie Maclaine refers to Day of the Dead being the only time when death is honored instead of feared.
*]'s novel ''Days Of The Dead'' (]) climaxes on this day in 1835.

;Kustom Kulture
Day of the Dead iconography has been enthusiastically adopted by the tattoo and ] communities.

;Film
*The film '']'', directed by ], takes place in the days leading up to the Day of the Dead, culminating in numerous acts of violence on the holiday itself.
*The ] film '']'' (2005) shows a scene where town people are surprised to discover their deceased loved ones among ]-like characters and thus take the opportunity to reunite again and have a family moment with the departed. This is reminiscent to similar beliefs that are the basis for the Mexican Day of the Dead celebration.
*The movie '']'' has a scene that takes place during a Day of the Dead procession crossing the streets of ], but this is inaccurate since the procession is not celebrated in ].
*The film '']'' takes place in a fictionalized version of Los Angeles during the Day of the Dead celebration. Sugar skulls and tribute altars are referenced, and the film's climax takes place during a large Day of the Dead street party.
*In the movie ] the members of the jail gang "La Onda" selects the Day of the Dead as the date to exterminate their rival racial jail gangs.

;Television
*The first episode of the ] series '']'', "]", takes place on this day. ] and ] purchase sombreros and sugar skulls, and then Hank describes the events to ], who has just given a lecture to a very small audience, due in part to the holiday.
*The ] animated series '']'', has an episode dedicated to the Day of the Dead, "The Grave Escape," in which Manny and Frida, after ridiculing the celebration and eating Manny's ancestor's ''ofrendas'', discover that Sartana of the Dead has summoned an army consisting of the dead that had been forgotten. During their fight with the enraged beings, the two are transported into the Land of the Dead, where they meet Manny's ancestors.
*On the seventh episode of ], Annie hosts a Day of the Dead party for extra credit in her Spanish class.
*The ] animated series '']'', has an episode dedicated to the Day of the Dead,where Eliza cleans the abandoned Grave,and in the end of the episode it is revealed that the lady who helped her avoid getting soaked in rain was the soul of and old lady from that grave.The episode is called "Spirited Away" and is a 3rd season of the show.
*Also featured in an episode in Lizzy Mcguire, where Lizzy and her friends attempt to scare Kate.
;Comics
*In the ] Manga ], the masks of the hollows bear a resemblance to Day of the Dead artwork. As well as most things pertaining to the hollows being given Spanish names, such as Hueco Mundo, the realm in which they exist, when not in the world of the living.

;Games
*The computer game '']'' (1998) relies heavily on Day of the Dead imagery, with most characters resembling calaca-like figurines. The plot spans four consecutive years from one November 2 to another.
*The computer game '']'' added in 2009 an in-game event with the same name and similar unique items related to this celebration, only accessible between November 1 and 2.
*In the video game '']'', one of the arcs of the main storyline has a Day of the Dead theme. Oddly, this arc is set in ] rather than in Mexico.
*In the 2010 video game '']'' there is an alternate attire for ] entitled Day of the Dead available for Downloadable Content. The attire consists of numerous skulls over Mysterio's mask and pants.

;Music
*Dark cabaret musician ] has released a song on the album ] entitled 'Day of the Dead'.

==See also==
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==References==
===Notes===
{{reflist|2}}

===Further reading===
*Cadafalch, Antoni. ''''. ISBN: | Korero Books, 2011.
*{{cite book | last = Brandes | first = Stanley | title = Skulls to the Living, Bread to the Dead | publisher = Blackwell Publishing | date = 2006-12-15 | page = 232 | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=rlyTyVbhBYUC&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr | accessdate = 2006-05-14 | isbn = 1405152478}}
*_____. "The Day of the Dead, Halloween, and the Quest for Mexican National Identity". ''Journal of American Folklore'' 442 (1998) : 359-80.
*_____. "Sugar, Colonialism, and Death: On the Origins of Mexico's Day of the Dead". ''Comparative Studies in Sociology and History'' 39.2 (1997): 270-299.
*_____. "Iconogaphy in Mexico's Day of the Dead". ''Ethnohistory'' 45.2(1998):181-218.
*Carmichael, Elizabeth; Sayer, Chloe. ''The Skeleton at the Feast: The Day of the Dead in Mexico''. Great Britain: The Bath Press, 1991.
*Conklin, Paul. "Death Takes A Holiday". ''U.S. Catholic'' 66 (2001) : 38-41.
*Garcia-Rivera, Alex. "Death Takes a Holiday". ''U.S. Catholic'' 62 (1997) : 50.
*Haley, Shawn D.; Fukuda, Curt. ''Day of the Dead: When Two Worlds Meet in Oaxaca''. Berhahn Books, 2004.
*Lomnitz, Claudio. ''Death and the Idea of Mexico''. Zone Books, 2005.
*Roy, Ann. "A Crack Between the butts". ''Commonwealth'' 1224211 (1995) : 13-169.

==External links==
{{commons cat|Day of the Dead}}
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* — image slideshow by '']''
* - from MexicanSugarSkull.com

{{Halloween|state=collapsed}}

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Revision as of 16:32, 22 September 2011

This article is about the Latin American holiday. For other uses, see Day of the Dead (disambiguation).
Day of the Dead ofrenda.

Beaners.

Day of the Dead: Difference between revisions Add topic