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| '''''Mukti Bahini''''' ({{lang-bn|মুক্তি বাহিনী}}<ref name= "Jahan 1973">{{cite journal|last=Jahan|first=Rounaq|title=Bangladesh in 1972: Nation Building in a New State|journal=Asian Survey|date=1 February 1973|volume=13|issue=2|pages=31|doi=10.2307/2642736|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/2642736}}</ref> "Freedom fighters (FF)" or "Liberation Army)<ref name="Benvenisti2012">{{cite book|author=Eyal Benvenisti|title=The International Law of Occupation|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=f19hVb54_s8C&pg=PA189|accessdate=20 December 2012|date=23 February 2012|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-163957-9|pages=189–}}</ref> were ] militants from erstwhile East Pakistan, who fought for the independence of ] (erstwhile East Pakistan) from ] (erstwhile West Pakistan) against the west ] in ] (1971). The ] launched ] against Bengali civilians, students, ], and armed personnel after sundown on the 25th of March. In response, the ] was proclaimed and |
'''''Mukti Bahini''''' ({{lang-bn|মুক্তি বাহিনী}}<ref name= "Jahan 1973">{{cite journal|last=Jahan|first=Rounaq|title=Bangladesh in 1972: Nation Building in a New State|journal=Asian Survey|date=1 February 1973|volume=13|issue=2|pages=31|doi=10.2307/2642736|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/2642736}}</ref> "Freedom fighters (FF)" or "Liberation Army)<ref name="Benvenisti2012">{{cite book|author=Eyal Benvenisti|title=The International Law of Occupation|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=f19hVb54_s8C&pg=PA189|accessdate=20 December 2012|date=23 February 2012|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-163957-9|pages=189–}}</ref> were ] militants from erstwhile East Pakistan, who fought for the independence of ] (erstwhile East Pakistan) from ] (erstwhile West Pakistan) against the west ] in ] (1971). The ] launched ] against Bengali civilians, students, ], and armed personnel after sundown on the 25th of March. In response, the ] was proclaimed and Bengali military and paramilitary, as well as civilians, started spontaneous resistance against the aggression giving rise to the Mukti Bahini. Later in April, ] was formed formally with Col. ] as the commander-in-chief. The armed forces as well as the paramilitary and civilian forces who fought alongside them for the liberation of ] are referred to as the Mukti Bahini. | ||
| == Background == | == Background == | ||
Revision as of 15:54, 29 March 2013
Mukti Bahini (Template:Lang-bn "Freedom fighters (FF)" or "Liberation Army) were Bengali militants from erstwhile East Pakistan, who fought for the independence of Bangladesh (erstwhile East Pakistan) from Pakistan (erstwhile West Pakistan) against the west Pakistan Army in Bangladesh Liberation War (1971). The Pakistan Army launched military operations against Bengali civilians, students, intelligentsia, and armed personnel after sundown on the 25th of March. In response, the declaration of Bangladesh's independence was proclaimed and Bengali military and paramilitary, as well as civilians, started spontaneous resistance against the aggression giving rise to the Mukti Bahini. Later in April, Bangladesh Armed Forces was formed formally with Col. M. A. G. Osmani as the commander-in-chief. The armed forces as well as the paramilitary and civilian forces who fought alongside them for the liberation of Bangladesh are referred to as the Mukti Bahini.
Background
Main article: Bangladesh Liberation WarThe Mukti Bahini consisted of Bengali members of Pakistan armed forces and civilians from East Pakistan, in response to the Operation Searchlight on March 25, 1971, a violent military operation carried out by the Pakistan Army to curb the Bengali nationalist movement through selective genocide of Bengali people.
The force used Guerrilla warfare tactics to fight against the Pakistan Army. India provided economic, military and diplomatic support to the Mukti Bahini, leading West Pakistan to launch Operation Chengiz Khan, a preemptive attack on the western border of India which started the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971.The operation also precipitated the 1971 Bangladesh genocide and caused roughly 10 million refugees to flee to India as well as the death of 1 - 3 million civilians. Essentially Bengali intelligentsia, academics and Hindus were targeted for the harshest treatment, with significant indiscriminate killing taking place. These systematic killings enraged the Bengalis, who declared independence from Pakistan, to achieve the new state of Bangladesh
Involvement in War
Mukti Bahini fought against Pakistan army in various battlegrounds throughout the country and also performed guerilla operations in different army camps and establishments. Toward the end of the war they rescued thousands of rape victims who were forcefully kept as slaves at Pakistan Army camps.
War Crimes
Mukti Bahini ran various torture camps throughout the East Pakistan, where non-Bengali people, mainly West Pakistanis and Bihari people were kidnapped and tortured to death, often skinned alive, burnt and physically tormented. Thousands of Pakistani females regardless of age were brutally raped and murdered. Various estimates put these figures to minimum of 50,000 to 1 million killed.
Dissolution
On 16 December 1971, the allied forces of the Mukti Bahini and the Indian army defeated the Pakistan Army deployed in the East. The resulting surrender was the largest in number of prisoners of war since World War II. Mukti Bahini was succeeded by the Bangladesh Armed Forces.
References
- Jahan, Rounaq (1 February 1973). "Bangladesh in 1972: Nation Building in a New State". Asian Survey. 13 (2): 31. doi:10.2307/2642736.
- Eyal Benvenisti (23 February 2012). The International Law of Occupation. Oxford University Press. pp. 189–. ISBN 978-0-19-163957-9. Retrieved 20 December 2012.
- The War Heroine Speaks: A Special Series on Women & Bangladesh’s Independence War | ANUSHAY'S POINT
- Statistics Of Pakistan's Democide
- When The Indian Sponsored Mukti Bahni Murdered 1 Million Biharis | PKKH.tv
See also
- Helal Uddin Ahmed. "Mukti Bahini". In Sirajul Islam (ed.). Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh. Asiatic Society of Bangladesh.