| Revision as of 16:02, 2 June 2014 editApokryltaros (talk | contribs)Autopatrolled, Extended confirmed users, Pending changes reviewers, Rollbackers79,999 edits Reverted 1 edit by Joshuaman17 (talk): Rvt good faith edits. (TW)← Previous edit | Revision as of 16:41, 2 June 2014 edit undoAtsme (talk | contribs)Autopatrolled, Extended confirmed users, Page movers, New page reviewers, Pending changes reviewers, Rollbackers42,820 edits Edited the lead to reflect a more engaging prose style in lieu of limiting it to scientific terminology, added more evolutionary information, description, and biology.Next edit → | ||
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| | binomial_authority = Linnaeus, 1766 | | binomial_authority = Linnaeus, 1766 | ||
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| {{Primitive fishes}} | |||
| The '''bowfin''' ('']'') is the only "true" ], and only living ] of a group of primitive bony fishes in the order ] which first appeared in the Triassic over 200 million years ago. Bowfin are related to the ] in the taxon Holostei. Common names are "dogfish", "grinnel", and "mudfish". <ref name=NHC>{{cite web|url=http://www.nhc.ed.ac.uk/index.php?page=493.470.483.472|publisher=University of Edinburgh|title=Subclass Actinopterygii: Relict Species of Ray-Finned Fish & Origin of Teleosts|author=Natural History Collections|accessdate=June 2, 2014}}</ref> <ref name=Jrank>{{cite web|url=http://science.jrank.org/pages/1005/Bowfin.html#ixzz1JWXpxYsw|publisher=Net Industries, LLC|accessdate=June 2, 2014}}</ref> | |||
| The '''bowfin''', ''Amia calva'', is a ] species of bony fish<ref name="Crow2005">{{cite doi|10.1093/molbev/msj020}}</ref> related to the ] in the taxon Holostei. The bowfin is the last surviving member of the ] ] (which includes three additional, now-extinct families dating from the ], to the ]), and of the ] ] (which contains numerous species in about four subfamilies, only one of which, Amiinae, is extant). The bowfin is a freshwater ], preying on fish and larger aquatic invertebrates by ambush or stalking. Native to southeastern Canada and eastern United States, they prefer shallow, weedy waters of lakes or protected back waters of rivers. The bowfin is able to breathe air, using its ], which is connected to its ] tract and allows it to regulate buoyancy in the water, as a primitive ]. The fish can be seen coming to the surface and gulping air. This limits it to a specific depth range in which the surface is accessible. They tend to use shoreline habitats that are not accessible to other predatory fish. | |||
| The bowfin is a freshwater ] commonly found throughout the Mississippi drainage system in the eastern United States. Their preferred habitat includes vegetated sloughs, lowland rivers and lakes, swamps, and backwater areas. They prey on fish and larger aquatic invertebrates by ambush or stalking. Bowfin are often referred to as "primitive fish" because they have retained morphological characters that have remained relatively unchanged since the earliest fossil record.<ref name=MurrayState>{{cite web|url=http://campus.murraystate.edu/academic/faculty/tderting/anatomyatlas/bowfinatlas2/homepage.htm|publisher=Murray State University|title=The Skeletal System of the Bowfin (Amia calva)|author=Jared Handley and Jesse Fielder|date=2004}}</ref> | |||
| Like their distant cousin the alligator gar, bowfin have gills for breathing, but they also have a vascular swim bladder lung that not only serves to maintain buoyancy, it allows them to breathe air through a small duct connected from the esophagus to the ] tract. They break the surface to gulp air, and are able to live under conditions of ] that other fishes could not survive. They can also survive periods of drought by burrowing into muddy substrate where they lie torpid. | |||
| ==Evolution== | |||
| The bowfin is considered an evolutionary indicator, a window to the fossil past of other prehistoric bony fishes. Based on a mitogenomic perspective on the phylogeny of "ancient fish", the ] comprise four major lineages, including ], ], ], and ]), collectively called "ancient fish".<ref name=NCBI>{{cite journal|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12470943|publisher=Academic Press|title=Mol Phylogenet Evol.|author=Inoue JG, Miya M, Tsukamoto K, Nishida M.|date=January 2003}}</ref> Following the radiation of basal actinopterygians, fossil records indicate the evolution of a new lineage of ray-finned fishes in the Late Permian Epoch which grew to prominence in the Mesozoic and Cenozoic Eras. | |||
| Neopterygians are the second major occurrence in the evolution of ray-finned fishes, and are distinguished from their earlier ancestors by major changes to the jaws, shape of the skull, and tail. Neopterygians include four main groups of fishes: | |||
| *the semionotids, (now extinct), appeared in the Permian Period, and were small, streamlined swimmers that occupied freshwater and marine habitats; | |||
| *the lepisosteids which include extant species of garfishes that first appeared in the Cretaceous, | |||
| *the bowfins (halecomorphids) the only extant species in the order ] which date back to the Triassic Period, and | |||
| *the stem group of ] from which modern fish arose, including most of the bony fish we are familiar with today.<ref name=Neopterygians>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=8djlBZhJ0nkC&pg=PA144&lpg=PA144&dq=did+bowfin+first+appear+in+the+Triassic+period?&source=bl&ots=pyLaPsL97E&sig=d24WMU8Czo0sKVBcjuzpRHbTFV8&hl=en&sa=X&ei=7oSMU5a7H5PB8gHE64HYCw&ved=0CDoQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=did%20bowfin%20first%20appear%20in%20the%20Triassic%20period%3F&f=false|publisher=Chelsea House Publishers|title=The First Vertebrate|author=Thom Holmes|page=144|date=June 28, 2008}</ref> | |||
| ==Description and biology== | ==Description and biology== | ||
| ] | ] | ||
| The |
The bowfin is named for its long, undulating ] consisting of 145 to 250 rays, and running from the middle of the back to the base of the tail. They are considered primitive, or ancient fish because they have retained certain primitive characters that date back to the early fossil record, including a modified (rounded externally) heterocercal ], a swim bladder lung, vestiges of a spiral valve, and a bony gular plate underneath the head.<ref name=MurrayState/> <ref>Nelson, Joseph S. (2006). ''Fishes of the World''. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN 0-471-25031-7</ref> They can grow to {{convert|109|cm|in|abbr=on}} in length, and weigh {{convert|9.75|kg|lb|abbr=on}}.<ref name=FB>{{FishBase family|family=Amiidae|year=2009|month=January}}</ref> Other noticeable features are the black "eye spot" usually found high on the caudal peduncle, and the presence of a gular plate. The gular plate is a bony plate located on the exterior of the lower jaw, between the two sides of the lower jaw bone. | ||
| Bowfin have two distinct air-breathing mechanisms used to ventilate the gas bladder. Type I air breaths are consistent with the action of exhale-inhale stimulated by aerial or aquatic hypoxia to regulate O2 gas exchange; type II air breaths are by inhalation alone which is believed to regulate gas bladder volume for buoyancy control.<ref name=NCB>{{cite web| url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9841898 |publisher=National Center for Biotechnology Information|author=Hedrick MS, Jones DR|date=January 1999}}</ref> | |||
| The bowfin is an indiscriminate predator that readily preys on a broad variety of arthropod and vertebrate prey, from insects and crawfish to other fish and frogs. | The bowfin is an indiscriminate predator that readily preys on a broad variety of arthropod and vertebrate prey, from insects and crawfish to other fish and frogs. | ||
Revision as of 16:41, 2 June 2014
For the Balao-class submarine, see USS Bowfin
| Bowfin | |
|---|---|
| |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Amiiformes |
| Family: | Amiidae |
| Subfamily: | Amiinae |
| Genus: | Amia Linnaeus, 1766 |
| Species: | A. calva |
| Binomial name | |
| Amia calva Linnaeus, 1766 | |
The bowfin (Amia calva) is the only "true" bony fish, and only living relict of a group of primitive bony fishes in the order Amiiformes which first appeared in the Triassic over 200 million years ago. Bowfin are related to the alligator gar in the taxon Holostei. Common names are "dogfish", "grinnel", and "mudfish".
The bowfin is a freshwater piscivore commonly found throughout the Mississippi drainage system in the eastern United States. Their preferred habitat includes vegetated sloughs, lowland rivers and lakes, swamps, and backwater areas. They prey on fish and larger aquatic invertebrates by ambush or stalking. Bowfin are often referred to as "primitive fish" because they have retained morphological characters that have remained relatively unchanged since the earliest fossil record.
Like their distant cousin the alligator gar, bowfin have gills for breathing, but they also have a vascular swim bladder lung that not only serves to maintain buoyancy, it allows them to breathe air through a small duct connected from the esophagus to the gastrointestinal tract. They break the surface to gulp air, and are able to live under conditions of aquatic hypoxia that other fishes could not survive. They can also survive periods of drought by burrowing into muddy substrate where they lie torpid.
Evolution
The bowfin is considered an evolutionary indicator, a window to the fossil past of other prehistoric bony fishes. Based on a mitogenomic perspective on the phylogeny of "ancient fish", the basal actinopterygians comprise four major lineages, including polypteriforms, acipenseriforms, lepisosteids, and Amia), collectively called "ancient fish". Following the radiation of basal actinopterygians, fossil records indicate the evolution of a new lineage of ray-finned fishes in the Late Permian Epoch which grew to prominence in the Mesozoic and Cenozoic Eras.
Neopterygians are the second major occurrence in the evolution of ray-finned fishes, and are distinguished from their earlier ancestors by major changes to the jaws, shape of the skull, and tail. Neopterygians include four main groups of fishes:
- the semionotids, (now extinct), appeared in the Permian Period, and were small, streamlined swimmers that occupied freshwater and marine habitats;
- the lepisosteids which include extant species of garfishes that first appeared in the Cretaceous,
- the bowfins (halecomorphids) the only extant species in the order Amiiformes which date back to the Triassic Period, and
- the stem group of Teleostei from which modern fish arose, including most of the bony fish we are familiar with today.
Description and biology
The bowfin is named for its long, undulating dorsal fin consisting of 145 to 250 rays, and running from the middle of the back to the base of the tail. They are considered primitive, or ancient fish because they have retained certain primitive characters that date back to the early fossil record, including a modified (rounded externally) heterocercal caudal fin, a swim bladder lung, vestiges of a spiral valve, and a bony gular plate underneath the head. They can grow to 109 cm (43 in) in length, and weigh 9.75 kg (21.5 lb). Other noticeable features are the black "eye spot" usually found high on the caudal peduncle, and the presence of a gular plate. The gular plate is a bony plate located on the exterior of the lower jaw, between the two sides of the lower jaw bone.
Bowfin have two distinct air-breathing mechanisms used to ventilate the gas bladder. Type I air breaths are consistent with the action of exhale-inhale stimulated by aerial or aquatic hypoxia to regulate O2 gas exchange; type II air breaths are by inhalation alone which is believed to regulate gas bladder volume for buoyancy control.
The bowfin is an indiscriminate predator that readily preys on a broad variety of arthropod and vertebrate prey, from insects and crawfish to other fish and frogs.
The male bowfin exhibits extensive parental care. The male clears an area in the mud for the female to lay eggs in, and then fertilizes them. He hovers nearby and aggressively protects the eggs and the fry after they emerge.
References
- Natural History Collections. "Subclass Actinopterygii: Relict Species of Ray-Finned Fish & Origin of Teleosts". University of Edinburgh. Retrieved June 2, 2014.
- . Net Industries, LLC http://science.jrank.org/pages/1005/Bowfin.html#ixzz1JWXpxYsw. Retrieved June 2, 2014.
{{cite web}}: Missing or empty|title=(help) - ^ Jared Handley and Jesse Fielder (2004). "The Skeletal System of the Bowfin (Amia calva)". Murray State University.
- Inoue JG, Miya M, Tsukamoto K, Nishida M. (January 2003). "Mol Phylogenet Evol". Academic Press.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - {{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=8djlBZhJ0nkC&pg=PA144&lpg=PA144&dq=did+bowfin+first+appear+in+the+Triassic+period?&source=bl&ots=pyLaPsL97E&sig=d24WMU8Czo0sKVBcjuzpRHbTFV8&hl=en&sa=X&ei=7oSMU5a7H5PB8gHE64HYCw&ved=0CDoQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=did%20bowfin%20first%20appear%20in%20the%20Triassic%20period%3F&f=false%7Cpublisher=Chelsea House Publishers|title=The First Vertebrate|author=Thom Holmes|page=144|date=June 28, 2008}
- Nelson, Joseph S. (2006). Fishes of the World. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN 0-471-25031-7
- Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Family Amiidae". FishBase. January 2009 version.
- Hedrick MS, Jones DR (January 1999). National Center for Biotechnology Information http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9841898.
{{cite web}}: Missing or empty|title=(help) - Berra, Tim M. (2001). Freshwater Fish Distribution. San Diego: Academic Press. ISBN 0-12-093156-7
Sepkoski, Jack (2002). "A compendium of fossil marine animal genera". Bulletins of American Paleontology. 364: p.560. Retrieved 2011-05-17. {{cite journal}}: |pages= has extra text (help)
Catherine A. McCormick. 1981. Central Projects of the lateral line and eight nerves in the bowfin,Amia Calva. The Journal of Comparative Neurology 197:1-15.
JM Conlon, JH Youson, and J Whittaker. 1991. Structure and receptor-binding activity of insulin from a holostean fish, the bowfin:Amia Calva. Biochem J. 276:261-264.
T M Nguyen, T P Mommsen, S M Mims, and J M Conlon. 1994. Characterization of insulins and proglucagon-derived peptides from a phylogenetically ancient fish, the paddlefish: Polyodon spathula. Biochem J. 300(Pt 2): 339–345.
J M Conlon, J H Youson, and T P Mommsen. 1993. Structure and biological activity of glucagon and glucagon-like peptide from a primitive bony fish, the bowfin: Amia calva. Biochem J. 295(Pt 3): 857–861.
External links
| Extant orders of Actinopterygii (ray-finned fish) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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