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Izmit massacre

Town map with significant locations.
Date	June 1920 - June 1921
Location	Izmit district, Turkey
Participants	(mainly) Turkish nationalist Army and irregulars, on a minor scale: Greek army, (insubordinate role) Circassian mercenaries
Deaths	12,000 by the Turkish Army (+ 2,500 missing) <300 by the Greek Army

The Izmit massacre refers to atrocities committed in the region of Izmit, Turkey, during the Greco-Turkish War (1919-1922). An Allied commission that investigated the incidents, submitted a report, on June 1, 1921, about the events. In general it accepted the Greek claims that Turkish troops massacred more than 12,000 local civilians, while 2,500 were missing and stated that the atrocities committed by the Turks in the Izmit peninsula "have been more considerable and ferocious than those on the part of the Greeks".

Incidents

Ethnic cleansing policies undertaken by the Ottoman government were launched in various regions of the Ottoman Empire, including Izmit region, as soon as 1915. This included the massive deportation of local Greek and Armenian populations. Latter, in 1918, after the Armistice of Mudros a number of attacks of Turkish bands against the local Christian population was reported . This violence increased against the local Greek population, from March 1920 and especially during June–July 1920, when the advance of the Greek army in the region was imminent. These groups were operating as far as Üsküdar, while some of them were organized by the Turkish National Movement of Mustafa Kemal.

As a result of this activity, several villages of the region were burnt and their population decimated, especially in the regions south, north and northeast of Adapazarı, as well as south and southeast of Iznik.

The presence of the Greek army in the region from July 1920, limited the activity of the Turkish bands, although in Karamürsel, south of the Izmit gulf, some Turkish nationalists groups were still attacking surrounding villages inhabited by Greek populations.

Later, the Greek army in the region, was accused for supporting attacks against some villages east of Beicos. Accusations included the killing of civilians and the burning of small settlements. Accusations also included violence perpetrated by local Greek civilians that previously suffered from Turkish atrocities

From the spring of 1921, the activity of the Turkish bands increased in the region extending geographically to the south of Izmit, which resulted in the destruction of the Christian villages there.

Evacuation of Izmit

In the early summer of 1921, due to the developments of the ongoing Greco-Turkish War, the retreat of the Greek army was imminent. As a result a total of 22,000 inhabitants who had sought refuge in the city during the Greek occupation in addition to the ca. 10,000 Greek and Armenian inhabitants of the city who wished to be evacuated in order to avoid persecutions by the Turkish national movement, left the area.

Aftermath

An Allied commission that investigated the incidence in the region accepted the Greek claims that Turkish troops massacred more than 12,000 local civilians, while 2,500 were missing was accepted by the commission as fundamentally true, "not withstanding a certain amount of exaggeration in the figures".

According to British journalist and latter historian, Arnold Toynbee, as a result of the activities of the Greek army and irregulars, up to 300 persons were killed. Toynbee in general omits to notice the conclusion of the Allied commission. Moreover, Winston Churchill, stated that the Greek atrocities were on a minor scale compared to the appalling deportations of Greeks from the Trebizond and Samsun provinces, undertaken by the Turkish nationalists in the same year.

Partial list of affected settlements

The Allied commission concluded that 35 villages in the region were affected due to the activity of Turkish bands. A partial list of the villages according to Greek reports:

• Fulacık (burned and population partially massacred)
• Büyüksaraçlı
• Papuççular (burned)
• Kartepe
• 4 villages of Fındıklı region (population partially massacred)
• Osmaneli (Greek: Leuke)
• Ortaköy
• Esme
• Ak-hisar
• Duzce
• Bolu
• Karasu 14 villages (among them Kestanepınarı, Parali, İncirli, Çobanyatak, Kirazli, Kasbaşı)

See also

• Amasya trials
• Yalova Peninsula Massacres (1920–21)
• List of massacres during the Greco-Turkish War (1919–22)

References

1. ^ Shenk, 2012
2. ^ Reports on atrocities in the districts of Yalova and Guemlek and in the Ismid Peninsula, p. 11
3. ^ Toynbee, Arnold Joseph (1922). The Western question in Greece and Turkey. Constable. pp. 287–297–298–299. ISBN 9781152112612. OL 1108521W.
4. Ionian vision: Greece in Asia Minor, 1919-1922, Michael Llewellyn Smith, page 215, 1998
5. ^ Reports on atrocities in the districts of Yalova and Gemlik and in the Izmit Peninsula, p. 10
6. Solomonidis, 1984: p. 170
7. Evdoridou, p. 111-144

Sources

• Reports on Atrocities in the Districts of Yalova and Guemlek and in the Ismid Peninsula. 1921. pp. 9–11. Retrieved 15 June 2014.
• Evdoridou, Agapi. "The Greek Population of Ismit (Nicomedia) and its Periphery" (in Greek). University of Thessaloniki. Retrieved 16 July 2014.
• Shenk, Robert (2012). America's Black Sea fleet the U.S. Navy amidst war and revolution, 1919-1923. Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 9781612513027.
• Solomonidis, Victoria (1984). "Greece in Asia Minor: The Greek Administration in the Vilayet of Aydin" (PDF). University of London, King's College. Retrieved 5 June 2014.

• History of Izmit
• Massacres in Turkey