| Revision as of 03:50, 13 February 2015 editTemp (talk | contribs)264 edits →Viking Age← Previous edit | Revision as of 03:52, 13 February 2015 edit undoTemp (talk | contribs)264 edits suck dickNext edit → | ||
| Line 4: | Line 4: | ||
| During this period, Sweden was gradually ] as a single nation. Scandinavia was formally Christianized by AD 1100. The ] between the ] was established in 1389 and lasted until Gustav Vasa ended it upon seizing power. | During this period, Sweden was gradually ] as a single nation. Scandinavia was formally Christianized by AD 1100. The ] between the ] was established in 1389 and lasted until Gustav Vasa ended it upon seizing power. | ||
| Fuck sweeden | |||
| ==Christianization == | |||
| During and before the Early Viking Age, the people in what is now Sweden were primarily of the religion known today as ], a religion which dominated most of southern Scandinavia. Swedes had contact with Christianity from their early travels. Christian influence on burials can be traced to the late 8th century in some parts of Sweden. Additionally, ] missionary monks were probably active in some parts of Sweden, as demonstrated by Irish saints that were honored in the Middle Ages. | |||
| From the ], the monk ](801-865) began the earliest campaign to introduce Christianity to Sweden. Ansgar made his first visit to ] in 829, was granted permission to build a church, and stayed as a missionary until 831. He then returned home and became ]. Around 850, he returned to Birka, where he saw that the previous congregation had faded away. Ansgar tried to re-establish it, but it only lasted a few years.<ref>Andersson (1975), p.40–41</ref> However, archeological digs in ] found a Christian burial ground established in the late 9th century. On the same spot, a stone church was built in the early 11th century, and a short distance away, ] was established in the 12th century.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vastergotlandsmuseum.se/kulturvast_templates/Kultur_ArticlePage.aspx?id=6390|title=C14-analys 2007|publisher=Västergötlands museum|accessdate=17 March 2011}}</ref> | |||
| When ] ascended to the throne, around 1050, he had converted to Christianity. But because of his quarrels with ], ], independence of the ] was not obtained for another century. A decade later, in 1060, ] ascended to the throne. At the time, Christianity was firmly established throughout most of Sweden, with its chief strength in ]. However, the people of ], with their center in ], still held to their ]. Adalhard had succeeded in destroying the idols in Västergötland, but was unable to persuade Stenkil to destroy the ancient ]. | |||
| There are large gaps in the knowledge of the earliest Swedish regents. However, the last king who followed the old Norse religion was ], who reigned 1084–87. According to legend, Blot-Sweyn became king when his predecessor ] refused to sacrifice at Uppsala. His ] Sweyn stepped up and agreed to sacrifice, which gave him the nickname ''Blot'', which means ''sacrifice''. Inge took out his revenge three years later, when he entered Uppsala with a great force, set Blot-Sweyn's house ablaze, and killed him as he attempted to flee the burning wreckage.<ref>One early source is the ] from the 13th century.</ref><ref>Another important primary source is found in the legend of ], written a few centuries later.</ref> | |||
| It wasn't until ] (1150–60) that the ] was to be organized on the medieval model. According to a late 13th century legend, Erik undertook the so-called ] to Finland together with the equally legendary ] of ], conquering the country and building many churches there. No historical record remains of the alleged crusade. | |||
| After the introduction of Christianity the importance of Uppsala began to decline steadily, and the kings no longer made it their residence. It was made the seat for the ] in 1164. A cathedral was built on the place for the old ]. One of the first to be consecrated there was the Swedish King ]. | |||
| The rise of Christianity effectively ended the Viking Age since a culture of plunder and raiding was anathema to Christian doctrine. It also put a halt to one of Scandinavia's main exports: slaves. | |||
| ==Middle Ages== | ==Middle Ages== | ||
Revision as of 03:52, 13 February 2015
| Part of a series on the |
|---|
| History of Sweden |
 |
Prehistoric
|
Early History
|
Great Power
|
Enlightenment
|
Liberalization
|
Modern History
|
| Topical |
| Timeline |
 Sweden portal |
Swedish pre-history ends around 800 CE, when the Viking Age begins and written sources are available. The Viking Age lasted until the mid-11th century, when the Christianization of Scandinavia was largely completed. The period 1050 to 1350 — when the Black Death struck Europe — is considered the Older Middle Ages. The period 1350 to 1523 — when king Gustav Vasa, who led the unification of Sweden, was crowned — is considered the Younger Middle Ages.
During this period, Sweden was gradually consolidated as a single nation. Scandinavia was formally Christianized by AD 1100. The Kalmar Union between the Scandinavian countries was established in 1389 and lasted until Gustav Vasa ended it upon seizing power.
Fuck sweeden
Middle Ages
Consolidation
Norway Sweden Denmark Conquered by Denmark in 1219 (Pomerania conquered in 1219, lost in 1227. Ösel purchased in 1559, lost in 1645) Livonia before 1343
In the 11th and 12th centuries, the sources state how Sweden more or less consisted of self-governing provinces. It is established that Olof Skötkonung was king of Svealand, but it is uncertain whether his realm extended to include all of Götaland. And after Olof, the reign of the country was on several occasions divided between different rulers. King Sverker I of Sweden (1134–55) is said to have permanently integrated Götaland with Svealand.
The following centuries saw rivalry between two houses: the House of Sverker in the Östergötland province, and the House of Eric in the Västergötland province.
13th century
The greatest medieval statesman of Sweden, and one of the principal architects of its rise as a nation - Birger Jarl the Regent - practically ruled the land from 1248 to 1266. He is today revered as the founder of Stockholm and as the creator of national legislations. His reforms paved the way for the abolition of serfdom. The increased respect and power which later royals owed to Birger Jarl were further extended by his son, King Magnus Ladulås (1275–90). Both these rulers, by the institution of separate and almost independent duchies, attempted to introduce into Sweden a feudal system similar to that already established in continental Europe; the danger of thus weakening the realm by partition was averted, though not without violent and tragic complications by the opponents, the Folkung party. (The term Folkung also later referred to Earl Birger's descendants, forming the royal Folkunge of Bjelbo dynasty.) Finally, in 1319, the severed portions of Sweden were once more reunited.
The formation of separate orders (classes of society), or estates, was promoted by Magnus Ladulås, who extended the privileges of the clergy and practically founded the formal Swedish nobility (see Ordinance of Alsnö, 1280). Founded with this institution was a heavily armed cavalry, the kernel of the national army. The Knights (new nobles) and Burghers became distinguishable from the higher nobility. This period saw the rise of a prominent burgess class, as the towns now began to acquire charters. At the end of the 13th century, and the beginning of the 14th, provincial codes of laws appear and the king and his council also executed legislative and judicial functions.
Although Swedish-speaking culture had been expanding eastwards through the Åland islands and along what are now the coastal regions of Finland for several centuries, the Second Swedish Crusade, undertaken by Birger Jarl in the later 1240s, is generally perceived as the period when the region now called Finland was incorporated into the Swedish state. This region remained an integral part of Sweden until 1809, governed from the city of Åbo (Finnish: Turku).
Union between Sweden and Norway
The first union between Sweden and Norway occurred in 1319 when the three-year-old Magnus, son of the Swedish royal Duke Eric and of the Norwegian princess Ingeborg, inherited the throne of Norway from his grandfather Haakon V and in the same year was elected King of Sweden, by the Convention of Oslo. The boy king's long minority weakened the royal influence in both countries, and Magnus lost both his kingdoms before his death. The Swedes, irritated by his misrule, superseded him by his nephew, Albert of Mecklenburg in 1365. In Sweden, Magnus partialities and necessities led directly to the rise of a powerful landed aristocracy, and, indirectly, to the growth of popular liberties. Forced by the incompetence of the magnates to lean upon the middle classes, in 1359 the king summoned the first Swedish Riksdag, on which occasion representatives from the towns were invited to appear along with the nobles and clergy. His successor, Albert, was forced to go a step farther and, taking the first coronation oath in 1371, in which Albert swore to concede many of his powers to the nobility in the Regency Council.
Kalmar Union
See also: Kalmar UnionIn 1388, at the request of the Swedes themselves, Albert was driven out by Margaret I of Denmark and at a convention of the representatives of the three Scandinavian kingdoms (held at Kalmar in 1397), Margaret's great-nephew, Eric of Pomerania, was elected the common king, although the liberties of each of the three realms were expressly reserved and confirmed. The union was to be a personal, not a political union. Neither Margaret herself nor her successors observed the stipulation that in each of the three kingdoms only natives should hold land and high office, and the efforts first of Denmark (at that time by far the strongest member of the union) to impose her will on the Union's weaker kingdoms soon produced secessions. The Swedes first broke away from the Union in 1434 under the popular leader Engelbrekt Engelbrektsson, and after his murder they elected Karl Knutsson Bonde their king under the title of Charles VIII in 1436. In 1441 Charles VIII had to abdicate in favour of Christopher of Bavaria, who was already king of Denmark and Norway; however, upon the death of Christopher in 1448, a state of confusion ensued in the course of which Charles VIII was twice reinstated and twice expelled again. Finally, on his death in 1470, the three kingdoms were reunited under Christian II of Denmark, the prelates and higher nobility of Sweden favouring the union.
See also
Notes and references
- The classification and dates are found in Harrison (2002), pp. 12–14, and Weibull (1997).
- Weibull (1997), p.18
- Andersson, Ingvar, Sveriges historia, 7th edition (AB Kopia, Stockholm, 1975), ISBN 91-27-06598-7
- Harrison, Dick, Sveriges historia medeltiden (Falköping, 2002)
- Rosén, Jerker, Svensk historia, fourth edition (Arlöv, 1983 ), ISBN 91-24-29227-3
- Weibull, Jörgem, Swedish History in Outline (Trelleborg, 1993 )
- Jan Cornell (ed.), Den svenska historien, vol 1 (1966), vol 2 (1966)
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Missing or empty|title=(help)- Nationalencyklopedin
