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An electronic cigarette is a battery-powered vaporizer. The primary parts that make up an e-cigarette are a mouthpiece, a cartridge (tank), a heating element/atomizer, a microprocessor, a battery, and possibly a LED light on the end. An atomizer comprises a small heating element that vaporizes e-liquid and wicking material that draws liquid onto the coil. When the user inhales a pressure sensor activates the heating element that atomizes the liquid solution; other devices are activated by a push-button manually. The e-liquid reaches a temperature of roughly 100-250 °C within a chamber to create an aerosolized vapor. The user inhales the aerosol, commonly called vapor, rather than cigarette smoke. The aerosol provides a flavor and feel similar to tobacco smoking. A traditional cigarette is smooth and light but a cigalike is rigid, cold and slightly heavier. The puffing experience is different than smoking. There is a learning curve to use e-cigarettes properly. E-cigarettes are generally cylindrical, with many variations. E-cigarettes that resemble pens or USB memory sticks are also sold for those who may want to use the device unobtrusively.

There are three main categories of e-cigarettes: cigalikes, looking like cigarettes, either disposable or with rechargeable batteries and replaceable nicotine cartridges; tank systems, bigger than cigalikes with refillable liquid tanks; and mods, assembled from basic parts or by altering existing products. A cigalike e-cigarette contains a cartomizer, which is connected to a battery. A "cartomizer" (a portmanteau of cartridge and atomizer) or "carto" consists of an atomizer surrounded by a liquid-soaked poly-foam that acts as an e-liquid holder. Clearomizers or "clearos" use a clear tank in which an atomizer is inserted. A rebuildable atomizer or an RBA is an atomizer that allows the user to assemble or "build" the wick and coil themselves instead of replacing them with off-the-shelf atomizer "heads". The devices can contain a rechargeable battery, which tends to be the largest component of an e-cigarette, but disposable cigalikes do not.

As the e-cigarette industry is growing, new products are quickly developed and brought to market. First generation e-cigarettes tend to look like tobacco cigarettes and so are called "cigalikes". Most cigalikes look like cigarettes but there is some variation in size. Second generation devices are larger overall and look less like tobacco cigarettes. Third generation devices include mechanical mods and variable voltage devices. The fourth generation includes Sub ohm tanks and temperature control devices. The voltage for first generation e-cigarettes is about 3.7 and second generation e-cigarettes can be adjusted from 3 volts to 6 volts, while more recent devices can go up to 8 volts.

The main ingredients in the e-liquid usually are propylene glycol, glycerin, water, nicotine, and flavorings. However, there are e-liquids sold without propylene glycol, nicotine, or flavors. The liquid typically contains 95% propylene glycol and glycerin. Surveys demonstrate that 97% of e-cigarette users use products that contain nicotine. The flavorings may be natural or artificial. There are a large amount of e-liquids available. About 8,000 flavors exist as of 2014.

Use

Function

An e-cigarettes is a battery-powered vaporizer. Once the user inhales, the airflow activates the sensor, and then the heating element atomizes the liquid solution. Other e-cigarettes have a manual push-button switch to turn on the device. E-cigarettes do not turn on by trying to "light" the device with a flame. The e-liquid reaches a temperature of roughly 100-250 °C within a chamber to create an aerosolized vapor. However, variable voltage devices can raise the temperature. A glycerin-only liquid vaporizes at a higher temperature than a propylene glycol-glycerin liquid. Rather than cigarette smoke, the user inhales an aerosol, commonly called vapor. E-cigarettes do not create vapor between puffs.

Perception

E-cigarettes provide a flavor and feel similar to tobacco smoking. A noticeable difference between the traditional cigarette and the e-cigarette is sense of touch. A traditional cigarette is smooth and light but an cigalike is rigid, cold and slightly heavier. The puffing experience is different than smoking. Since e-cigarettes are more complex than traditional cigarettes, a learning curve is needed to use them correctly. E-cigarettes simulate some of the traditions associated with smoking activities such as the hand-to-mouth motion of smoking. Compared to traditional cigarettes, the general e-cigarette puff time is much longer in first and second generation devices, and first generation devices require more forceful suction than a regular cigarette. As of 2012, the volume of vapor created by cigalikes declined with vaping. Thus, to create the same volume of vapor increasing puff force is needed. Many e-cigarette versions include a voltage potentiometer that lets the user adjust the volume of vapor created. The amount of vapor produced is controlled by the power of the battery, which has led some users to adjust their devices to increase battery power.

Construction

E-cigarettes are generally roughly cylindrical, with many variations: pen-styles, tank-styles etc. Some e-cigarettes look like traditional cigarettes, but others do not. There are three main categories of e-cigarettes: cigalikes, looking like cigarettes; tank systems, bigger than cigalikes with refillable liquid tanks; and mods, assembled from basic parts or by altering existing products.

The primary parts that make up an e-cigarette are a mouthpiece, a cartridge (tank), a heating element/atomizer, a microprocessor, a battery, and possibly a LED light on the end. E-cigarettes are sold in disposable or reusable variants. Disposable e-cigarettes are discarded once the liquid in the cartridge is used up, while rechargeable e-cigarettes may be used indefinitely. A disposable e-cigarette lasts to around 400 puffs. Reusable e-cigarettes are refilled by hand or exchanged for pre-filled cartridges, and general cleaning is required. A wide range of disposable and reusable e-cigarettes exist. Disposable e-cigarettes are offered for a few dollars, and higher-priced reusable e-cigarettes involve an up-front investment for a starter kit. Some e-cigarettes have a LED at the tip to resemble the glow of burning tobacco. The LED may also indicate the battery status. The LED is not generally used in personal vaporizers or mods.

First generation e-cigarettes usually simulated smoking implements, such as cigarettes or cigars, in their use and appearance. Later-generation e-cigarettes often called mods, PVs (personal vaporizer) or APVs (advanced personal vaporizer) have an increased nicotine-dispersal performance, house higher capacity batteries, and come in various shapes such as metal tubes and boxes. They contain silver, steel, metals, ceramics, plastics, fibers, aluminum, rubber and spume, and lithium batteries. A growing subclass of vapers called cloud-chasers configure their atomizers to produce large amounts of vapor by using low-resistance heating coils. This practice is known as cloud-chasing. Many e-cigarettes are made of standardized replaceable parts that are interchangeable between brands. A wide array of component combinations exists. Many e-cigarettes are sold with a USB charger. E-cigarettes that resemble pens or USB memory sticks are also sold for those who may want to use the device unobtrusively.

Device generations

As the e-cigarette industry is growing, new products are quickly developed and brought to market.

First generation

First generation e-cigarettes tend to look like tobacco cigarettes and so are called "cigalikes". The three parts of a cigalike e-cigarette initially were a cartridge, an atomizer, and a battery. A cigalike e-cigarette currently contains a cartomizer, which is connected to a battery. Most cigalikes look like traditional cigarettes, but some do not. They may be a single unit comprising a battery, coil and filling saturated with e-juice in a single tube to be used and discarded after the battery or e-liquid is depleted. They may also be a reusable device with a battery and cartridge called a cartomizer. The cartomizer cartridge can be separated from the battery so the battery can be charged and the empty cartomizer replaced when the e-juice runs out. The battery may contain an electronic airflow sensor triggered by drawing breath through the device. Other models use a power button that must be held during operation. An LED in the power button or on the end of the device may also show when the device is firing. Charging is commonly accomplished with a USB charger that attaches to the battery. Some manufacturers also have a cigarette pack-shaped portable charging case (PCC), which contains a larger battery capable of recharging the individual e-cigarette batteries. Reusable devices can come in a kit that contains a battery, a charger, and at least one cartridge. Varying nicotine concentrations are available and nicotine delivery to the user also varies based on different cartomizers, e-juice mixtures, and power supplied by the battery. These manufacturing differences, creates differences in the way e-cigarettes convert the liquid solution to an aerosol, and thus the levels of ingredients, that are delivered to the user and the surrounding air for any given liquid. First generation e-cigarettes use lower voltages around 3.7 volts.

Second generation

Second generation devices tend to be used by more experienced users. These devices are larger overall and look less like tobacco cigarettes. They have larger non removable batteries with higher capacity. They are charged with a USB charger that attaches to the battery with a threaded connection. Some batteries have a "passthrough" feature so they can be used even while they are charging. Second generation devices are usually two part devices with a tank and a separate battery. Second generation e-cigarettes commonly use a tank or a "clearomizer". The clearomizer tanks are meant to be refilled with e-juice. Because the tank can be refilled and the battery recharged, the cost of operation is lower. They can also be used with cartomizers which are pre-filled. Some cheaper batteries use a microphone that detects the vibration of the air passing through to activate the device when the user inhales. Other batteries like the eGo style can use a integrated circuit with a button for manual activation and battery status indicated on the included LED. The power button can also used to turn the battery off and on so it is not activated accidentally. Second generation e-cigarettes can have lower voltages around 3.7 volts. There are adjustable voltage devices that can be adjusted from 3v to 6v.

Third generation

The third generation includes mechanical mods and variable voltage devices. The battery sections are commonly called "mods," referencing their past when user modification was common. They are commonly cylindrical or box-shaped, and the common matrials used are wood, aluminium, stainless steel, or brass. A larger "box mod" can hold bigger and sometimes multiple batteries. Mechanical mods and variable devices use larger batteries than those found in previous generations. Common battery sizes used are 18350, 18490, 18500 and 18650. The battery is often removable. This allows the user to change to a new battery when one is depleted. Mechanical mods do not contain integrated circuits. The battery must be removed and charged with an external charger. Variable devices are variable wattage, variable voltage or both. Variable devices often have a USB connector for recharging and some can be used while charging which is referred to as a "passthrough" feature. The power section may include additional options such as screen readout, support for a wide range of internal batteries, and compatibility with different types of atomizers. Third generation devices can use rebuildable atomizers that can utilize different wicking materials. These rebuildable devices use handmade coils that can be installed in the atomizer to increase vapor production. Hardware in this generation is sometimes modified to increase power or flavor. The larger battery sections used also allow larger tanks to be attached that can hold more e-liquid. Recent devices can go up to 8 volts, which can heat the e-liquid significantly more than earlier generations.

Fourth generation

A fourth generation e-cigarette became available in the U.S. in 2014. Fourth generation e-cigarettes can be made from stainless steel and pyrex glass, and contain very little plastics. Included in the fourth generation are Sub ohm tanks and temperature control devices.

Atomizer

An atomizer comprises a small heating element that vaporizes e-liquid and a wicking material that draws liquid onto the coil. Along with a battery and e-liquid the atomizer is the main component of every personal vaporizer. A small length of resistance wire is coiled around the wicking material and connected to the integrated circuit, or in the case of mechanical devices, the atomizer is connected directly to the battery through either a 510, 808, or ego threaded connector. 510 being the most common. When activated, the resistance wire coil heats up and vaporizes the liquid, which is then inhaled by the user.

The electrical resistance of the coil, the voltage output of the device, the airflow of the atomizer and the efficiency of the wick all affect the vapor coming from the atomizer. They also affect the vapor quantity or volume yielded.

Atomizer coils made of kanthal usually have resistances that vary from 0.4Ω (ohms) to 2.8Ω. Coils of lower ohms have increased vapor production but could risk fire and dangerous battery failures if the user is not knowledgeable enough about electrical principles and how they relate to battery safety.

Wicking materials vary from one atomizer to another. "Rebuildable" or "do it yourself" atomizers can use silica, cotton, rayon, porous ceramic, hemp, bamboo yarn, oxidized stainless steel mesh and even wire rope cables as wicking materials.

Cartomizers

The cartomizer was invented in 2007, integrating the heating coil into the liquid chamber. A "cartomizer" (a portmanteau of cartridge and atomizer) or "carto" consists of an atomizer surrounded by a liquid-soaked poly-foam that acts as an e-liquid holder. They can have up to 3 coils and each coil will increase vapor production. The cartomizer is usually discarded when the e-liquid starts to taste burnt, which usually happens when the e-cigarette is activated with a dry coil or when the cartomizer gets consistently flooded (gurgling) because of sedimentation of the wick. Most cartomizers are refillable even if not advertised as such.

Cartomizers can be used on their own or in conjunction with a tank that allows more e-liquid capacity. The portmanteau word "cartotank" has been coined for this. When used in a tank, the cartomizer is inserted in a plastic, glass or metal tube and holes or slots have to be punched on the sides of the cartomizer so liquid can reach the coil.

Clearomizers

The clearomizer was invented in 2009 that originated from the cartomizer design. It contained the wicking material, an e-liquid chamber, and an atomizer coil within a single clear component. This allows the user to monitor the liquid level in the device. Clearomizers or "clearos", are like cartotanks, in that an atomizer is inserted into the tank. There are different wicking systems used inside clearomizers. Some rely on gravity to bring the e-liquid to the wick and coil assembly (bottom coil clearomizers for example) and others rely on capillary action or to some degree the user agitating the e-liquid while handling the clearomizer (top coil clearomizers). The coil and wicks are typically inside a prefabricated assembly or "head" that is replaceable by the user.

Clearomizers are made with adjustable air flow control. Tanks can be plastic or glass. Some flavors of e-juice have been known to damage plastic clearomizer tanks.

Rebuildable atomizers

A rebuildable atomizer or an RBA is an atomizer that allows the user to assemble or "build" the wick and coil themselves instead of replacing them with off-the-shelf atomizer "heads". They are generally considered advanced devices. They also allow the user to build atomizers at any desired electrical resistance.

These atomizers are divided into two main categories; rebuildable tank atomizers (RTAs) and rebuildable dripping atomizers (RDAs).

Rebuildable tank atomizers (RTAs) They have a tank to hold liquid that is absorbed by the wick. They can hold up to 4ml of e-liquid. The tank can be either plastic, glass, or metal. One form of tank atomizers was the Genesis style atomizers. They can use ceramic wicks, stainless steel mesh or rope for wicking material. The steel wick must be oxidized to prevent arcing of the coil. Another type is the Sub ohm tank. These tanks have rebuildabe or RBA kits. They can also use coilheads of 0.2ohm 0.4hom and 0.5ohm. These coilheads can have stainless steel coils.

Rebuildable dripping atomizers (RDAs) are atomizers where the e-juice is dripped directly onto the coil and wick. The common nicotine strength of e-liquids used in RDA's is 3 mg and 6 mg. Liquids used in RDA's tend to have more vegetable glycerin. They typically consist only of an atomizer "building deck", commonly with three posts with holes drilled in them, which can accept one or more coils. The user needs to manually keep the atomizer wet by dripping liquid on the bare wick and coil assembly, hence their name.

Kanthal wire is commonly used in both RDA's and RTA's. They can also use nickel wire or titanium wire for temperature control.

Power

Variable power and voltage devices

Variable devices are variable wattage, variable voltage or both. Variable power and/or variable voltage have a electronic chip allowing the user to adjust the power applied to the heating element. The amount of power applied to the coil affects the heat produced, thus changing the vapor output. Greater heat from the coil increases vapor production. Variable power devices monitor the coil's resistance and automatically adjust the voltage to apply the user-specified level of power to the coil. Recent devices can go up to 8 volts.

They are often rectangular but can also be cylindrical. They usually have a screen to show information such as voltage, power, and resistance of the coil. To adjust the settings, the user presses buttons or rotates a dial to turn the power up or down. Some of these devices include additional settings through their menu system such as: atomizer resistance meter, remaining battery voltage, puff counter, and power-off or lock. The devices contain a rechargeable battery, which tends to be the largest component of an e-cigarette. Smaller devices contain smaller batteries and are easier to carry but typically require more repeated recharging. Some e-cigarettes use a long lasting rechargeable battery, a non-rechargeable battery or a replaceable battery that is either rechargeable or non-rechargeable for power. Some companies offer portable chargeable cases to recharge e-cigarettes. Nickel-cadmium (NiCad), nickel metal-hydride (NiMh), lithium ion (Li-ion), alkaline and lithium polymer (Li-poly), and lithium manganese (LiMn) batteries have been used for the e-cigarettes power source.

Temperature control devices

Temperature control devices allow the user to set the temperature. The temperature can be adjusted in Celsius or Fahrenheit. Temperature control is used with coils of non resistance wire. Nickel, titanium, NiFe alloys, and certain grades of stainless steel are common materials used for wire in temperature control. The DNA40 and SX350J are common control boards used in temperature control devices. Temperature control can stop dry wicks from burning, or e-liquid overheating.

Mechanical devices

Mechanical PVs or mechanical "mods", often called "mechs", are devices without integrated circuits, electronic battery protection, or voltage regulation. They are activated by a switch. They rely on the natural voltage output of the battery and the metal that the mod is made of often is used as part of the circuit itself.

The term "mod" was originally used instead of "modification". Users would modify existing hardware to get better performance, and as an alternative to the e-cigarettes that looked like traditional cigarettes. Users would also modify other unrelated items like flashlights as battery compartments to power atomizers. The word mod is often used to describe most personal vaporizers.

Mechanical PVs have no power regulation and are unprotected. Because of this ensuring that the battery does not over-discharge and that the resistance of the atomizer requires amperage within the safety limits of the battery is the responsibility of the user.

E-liquid

E-liquid, e-fluid, or e-juice is the solution used in e-cigarettes. There is a vast array of e-liquids available. The main ingredients are propylene glycol, glycerin, water, nicotine, and flavorings; and optionally, tobacco-derived nicotine. The liquid typically contains 95% propylene glycol and glycerin. The most regularly used base carrier chemical is propylene glycol with or without glycerin. E-liquid containing glycerin and water made without propylene glycol is also sold. The nicotine in e-liquid may be prepared using a United States Pharmacopeia-grade nicotine, a tobacco plant extract, tobacco dust or a synthetic nicotine. Most e-cigarette liquids contain nicotine, but the level of nicotine varies depending on user-preference and manufacturers. E-liquid without nicotine is also available. Although some e-juice is nicotine-free, surveys demonstrate that 97% of e-cigarette users use products that contain nicotine. A 2015 review suggests that 1% of users use liquid without nicotine.

The solution is often sold in bottles or pre-filled disposable cartridges, or as a kit for consumers to make their own e-juices. E-liquids made at home are common. Components are also available to modify or boost their flavor or nicotine strength. Pre-made e-liquids are made with various tobacco, fruit, and other flavors, as well as variable nicotine concentrations (including nicotine-free versions). The standard notation "mg/ml" is often used on labels to denote nicotine concentration, and is sometimes shortened to "mg". In surveys of regular e-cigarette users, the most popular e-liquids have a nicotine content of 18 mg/ml, and the preferred flavors were largely tobacco, mint and fruit. A cartridge may contain 0 to 20 mg of nicotine. A refill bottle can contain up to 1 g of nicotine. Refill liquids are often sold in the size range from 15 to 30 mL. One cartridge may typically last as long as one pack of cigarettes. Some liquids without flavoring is also sold. The flavorings may be natural or artificial. About 8,000 flavors exist as of 2014. A user does not normally consume a whole cartridge in a single session. Most e-liquids are produced by a few manufacturers in China, the US and Europe. A user will usually obtain 300 to 500 puffs per mL of liquid.

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External links

• [REDACTED] Media related to Electronic cigarettes at Wikimedia Commons

• Cigarette types
• Chinese inventions
• Smoking cessation
• 2003 introductions
• Electronic cigarettes