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| '''Sakurai's Object''' ('''V4334 Sgr''') is a ] located in the ] of ]. It is thought to have previously been a ] that, as a result of a ], swelled and became a ]. It is located at the center of a ] and is believed to currently be in thermal instability and within its final ] phase. | '''Sakurai's Object''' ('''V4334 Sgr''') is a ] located in the ] of ]. It is thought to have previously been a ] that, as a result of a ], swelled and became a ]. It is located at the center of a ] and is believed to currently be in thermal instability and within its final ] phase. | ||
| At the time of its discovery, astronomers believed Sakurai's Object to be a ] in the Sagittarius constellation. Later spectroscopic analysis suggested that the star was not a nova, but had instead undergone a very late thermal pulse similar to that of ], causing it to vastly expand. V605 Aquilae, which was discovered in 1919, is the only other star known to have been observed during the high luminosity phase of a very late thermal pulse, and models predict that Sakurai's Object, over the next few decades, will follow a similar life cycle |
At the time of its discovery, astronomers believed Sakurai's Object to be a ] in the Sagittarius constellation. Later spectroscopic analysis suggested that the star was not a nova, but had instead undergone a very late thermal pulse similar to that of ], causing it to vastly expand. V605 Aquilae, which was discovered in 1919, is the only other star known to have been observed during the high luminosity phase of a very late thermal pulse, and models predict that Sakurai's Object, over the next few decades, will follow a similar life cycle. | ||
| Sakurai's Object and other similar stars are expected to end up as ]-rich white dwarfs after retracing their evolution track from the "born-again" giant phase back to the white dwarf cooling track. There are few other suspected "born-again" objects, one example being ]. Having erupted in 1995, it is expected that Sakurai's Object's final helium flash will be the first well-observed one.<ref name="The Astrophysical Journal">{{cite journal|last1=Duerbeck|first1=Hilmar W.|last2=Benetti|first2=Stefano|title=Sakurai's Object—A Possible Final Helium Flash in a Planetary Nebula Nucleus|journal=The Astrophysical Journal|date=10 September 1996|volume=468|issue=2|pages=L111–L114|doi=10.1086/310241|url=http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1086/310241/pdf}}</ref> | Sakurai's Object and other similar stars are expected to end up as ]-rich white dwarfs after retracing their evolution track from the "born-again" giant phase back to the white dwarf cooling track. There are few other suspected "born-again" objects, one example being ]. Having erupted in 1995, it is expected that Sakurai's Object's final helium flash will be the first well-observed one.<ref name="The Astrophysical Journal">{{cite journal|last1=Duerbeck|first1=Hilmar W.|last2=Benetti|first2=Stefano|title=Sakurai's Object—A Possible Final Helium Flash in a Planetary Nebula Nucleus|journal=The Astrophysical Journal|date=10 September 1996|volume=468|issue=2|pages=L111–L114|doi=10.1086/310241|url=http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1086/310241/pdf}}</ref> | ||
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| ===Similar to an RCB Star=== | ===Similar to an RCB Star=== | ||
| Research in 1996 revealed that Sakurai's Object possessed the |
Research in 1996 revealed that Sakurai's Object possessed the characteristics of a ] star with the anomaly of ] (<sup>13</sup>C) deficit. Also, the ] of Sakurai's object in 1996 was similar to that of V605 Aquilae in 1921. However, it is expected that Sakurai's object will grow in its metallicity to match that of V605 Aquilae.<ref name=PN/> | ||
| ==Significance in astronomical research== | ==Significance in astronomical research== | ||
Revision as of 01:59, 3 February 2016
 Sakurai's Object (photo by ESO) | |
| Observation data Epoch J2000.0 Equinox J2000.0 (ICRS) | |
|---|---|
| Constellation | Sagittarius |
| Right ascension | 17 52 32.69 |
| Declination | −17° 41′ 08.0″ |
| Apparent magnitude (V) | 10.90 |
| Characteristics | |
| Spectral type | F2Ia S...D |
| Apparent magnitude (J) | 11.555 ± 0.022 |
| U−B color index | +0.27 |
| B−V color index | +0.81 |
| V−R color index | +0.57 |
| Astrometry | |
| Radial velocity (Rv) | −170 ± 30 km/s |
| Distance | 1800-5000 pc |
| Details | |
| Mass | 0.6 M☉ |
| Other designations | |
| V4334 Sgr, V4334 Sagittarii, 2MASS J17523269-1741080, DPV 1, Sakurai's variable, PN G010.4+04.4, GSC2 S2202011182877, Sakurai's Object, AAVSO 1746-17 | |
| Database references | |
| SIMBAD | OBJECT data |
Sakurai's Object (V4334 Sgr) is a star located in the constellation of Sagittarius. It is thought to have previously been a white dwarf that, as a result of a very late thermal pulse, swelled and became a red giant. It is located at the center of a planetary nebula and is believed to currently be in thermal instability and within its final shell helium flash phase.
At the time of its discovery, astronomers believed Sakurai's Object to be a slow nova in the Sagittarius constellation. Later spectroscopic analysis suggested that the star was not a nova, but had instead undergone a very late thermal pulse similar to that of V605 Aquilae, causing it to vastly expand. V605 Aquilae, which was discovered in 1919, is the only other star known to have been observed during the high luminosity phase of a very late thermal pulse, and models predict that Sakurai's Object, over the next few decades, will follow a similar life cycle.
Sakurai's Object and other similar stars are expected to end up as helium-rich white dwarfs after retracing their evolution track from the "born-again" giant phase back to the white dwarf cooling track. There are few other suspected "born-again" objects, one example being FG Sagittae. Having erupted in 1995, it is expected that Sakurai's Object's final helium flash will be the first well-observed one.
Observation history
An International Astronomical Union Circular sent on February 23, 1996 announced the discovery of a "possible 'slow' nova" of magnitude 11.4 by Yukio Sakurai, an amateur astronomer. Japanese astronomer Syuichi Nakano reported the discovery, drawing attention to the fact that the object had not been visible in images from 1993 nor in Harvard–Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics records for the years 1930-1951, despite it appearing to slowly brighten over the previous years. Nakano wrote that "While the outburst a slow or symbiotic nova, the lack of obvious emission lines one year after brightening is very unusual."
Following the initial announcement, Hilmar Duerbeck published a study investigating the "possible final helium flash" seen by Sakurai. In it, they noted that the location of Sakurai's Object corresponded to a faint object detected in 1976 of magnitude 21, and discussed other observations in the years 1994–1996, by which time the magnitude had increased to around 11–15. By investigating the measured fluxes, angular diameter, and mass of the nebula, a distance of 5.5kpc and luminosity of 38 L☉ was determined. The researchers noted that this was in agreement with their appearance and model predictions and that the outburst luminosity was in the area of 3100 solar luminosities; lower than predicted by a factor of 3.
The first infrared observations were published in 1998, in which both near and far infrared spectroscopy data was presented. The collected data showed Sakurai's Object's steep brightening in 1996, followed by a sharp decline in 1999 as expected. It was later found that the Star's steep decline in light was due to the circumstellar dust located around the star, which was present at a temperature of ~680K. Further infrared data recorded by the United Kingdom Infrared Telescope was published in 2000, in which findings of the changing absorption lines were discussed.
Observations from the United Kingdom Infrared Telescope (UKIRT) in 1999 revealed that the star is in a RCB-like phase with the release of dust and huge loss of mass.
Since 2005, it has been observed in the ejected particles of Sakurai's Object that photoionization of carbon is taking place.
Properties
Sakurai's Object is a highly evolved post-asymptotic giant branch star which has, following a brief period on the white dwarf cooling track, undergone a helium shell flash (also known as a very late thermal pulse). The star is thought to have a mass of around 0.6 M☉. Observations of Sakurai's Object show increasing reddening and pulsing activity, suggesting that the star is exhibiting thermal instability during its final helium-shell flash.
The properties of Sakurai's Object are quite similar to that of V605 Aquilae. V605, discovered in 1919, is the only other known star observed during the high luminosity phase of a very late thermal pulse, and Sakurai's Object is modeled to increase in temperature in the next few decades to match the current state of V605.
Dust cloud
See also: Cosmic dustDuring the second half of 1998 an optically thick dust shell obscured Sakurai's Object, causing a rapid decrease in visibility of the star, until in 1999 it disappeared from optical wavelength observations altogether. Infrared observations showed that the dust cloud around the star is primarily carbon in an amorphous form. In 2009 it was discovered that the dust shell is strongly asymmetrical, as a disc with a major axis oriented at an angle of 134°, and inclination of around 75°. The disc is thought to be growing more opaque due to the fast spectral evolution of the source towards lower temperatures.
Planetary nebula
Sakurai's Object is surrounded by a planetary nebula created following the star's red giant phase around 8300 years ago. It has been determined that the nebula has a diameter of 44 arcseconds and expansion velocity of roughly 32 km/s.
Similar to an RCB Star
Research in 1996 revealed that Sakurai's Object possessed the characteristics of a R Coronae Borealis variable star with the anomaly of Carbon-13 (C) deficit. Also, the metallicity of Sakurai's object in 1996 was similar to that of V605 Aquilae in 1921. However, it is expected that Sakurai's object will grow in its metallicity to match that of V605 Aquilae.
Significance in astronomical research
A significant amount of new star formation and star destruction data is expected to be recorded from continued observation of Sakurai's Object, as well be used as reference data in the future research of similar stars. The reason that stars such as Sakurai's Object and V605 Aquilae exist, as well experience a shorter lifespan compared to most stars, is largely unknown. Sakurai's Object and V605 Aquilae have been observed experiencing born-again behavior for only 10 years, while FG Sagittae has undergone such behavior for 120 years. It is hypothesized that this is due to Sakurai's Object and V605 Aquilae evolving to the asymptotic giant branch of stars for the first time, while FG Sagittae is undergoing the process a second time.
See also
References
- ^ "SIMBAD Database entry for V4334 Sgr". SIMBAD. Retrieved April 19, 2013.
- ^ "UBV photometry of Sakurai's object in 1996 and remarks about its evolutionary status". Astronomy Letters. 23 (5): 709. September 1997. Retrieved 16 January 2016.
- Eyres, S. P. S.; Geballe, T. R.; Tyne, V. H.; Evans, A.; Smalley, B.; Worters, H. L. (May 2004). "Warm high-velocity CO in the wind of Sakurai's Object (= V4334 Sgr)". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 350 (1): L9 – L12. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2004.07808.x.
- ^ van Hoof, P. A. M.; Hajduk, M. (2007). "The onset of photoionization in Sakurai's Object (V4334 Sagittarii)". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 471: L9 – L12. arXiv:0706.3857. Bibcode:2007A&A...471L...9V. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20077932.
- ^ Herwig, Falk (2011). "Convective-reactive proton-12C combustion in Sakurai's Object (V4334 Sagittarii) and implications for the evolution and yields from the first generations of stars". The Astrophysical Journal. 727: 89. arXiv:1002.2241. Bibcode:2011ApJ...727...89H. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/727/2/89.
- Duerbeck, Hilmar W.; Benetti, Stefano (10 September 1996). "Sakurai's Object—A Possible Final Helium Flash in a Planetary Nebula Nucleus". The Astrophysical Journal. 468 (2): L111 – L114. doi:10.1086/310241.
- ^ "The Sakurai Object: A Case Study in Advanced Stellar Evolution". www.ing.iac.es. Retrieved 17 January 2016.
- Green, Daniel (February 23, 1996). "IAUC 6322: NOVALIKE Var IN Sgr". International Astronomical Union.
- Duerbeck, Hilmar; Benetti, Stefano (September 10, 1996). "Sakurai's Object - A possible Final Helium Flash in a Planetary Nebula Nucleus". The Astrophysical Journal. 468: L111-L114. Bibcode:1996ApJ...468L.111D. doi:10.1086/310241.
- Iben, I. (1983). "On the Evolution of Those Nuclei of Planetary-Nebulae That Experience a Final Helium Shell Flash". Astrophysical Journal. 264: 605–612. Bibcode:1983ApJ...264..605I. doi:10.1086/160631.
- S. Eyres (1998). "Infrared Spectroscopy of Sakurai's Object". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 298: L37 – L41. Bibcode:1998MNRAS.298L..37E. doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.1998.01898.x.
- ^ Barlow, ed. by Michael J.; Méndez, Roberto H. (2006). Planetary nebulae in our galaxy and beyond : proceedings of the 234th symposium of the International Astronomical Union held in Waikoloa Beach, Hawaii, USA April 3-7, 2006. Cambridge : Cambridge Univ. Press. pp. 379–380. ISBN 9780521863438. Retrieved 25 January 2016.
{{cite book}}:|first1=has generic name (help) - Geballe, T. R.; Eyres, S. (2002). "The Infrared Evolution of Sakurai's Object". Astrophysics and Space Science. 279: 39–49. arXiv:astro-ph/0102043. Bibcode:2002Ap&SS.279...39G. doi:10.1023/a:1014683521291.
- Tyne, V.; Eyres, S. (2000). "The continuing saga of Sakurai's object (V4334 Sgr): dust production and helium line emission". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 315: 595–599. Bibcode:2000MNRAS.315..595T. doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2000.03412.x.
- V, Tyne; S, Eyres; T, Geballe; A, Evans; B, Smalley; H, Duerbeck; M, Asplund (July 2000). "The continuing saga of Sakurai's object (V4334 Sgr): dust production and helium line emission". Monthly Notices Of The Royal Astronomical Society. 315 (3): 595–599. ISSN 0035-8711. Retrieved 2 February 2016. – via EBSCO's Academic Search Complete (subscription required)
- van Hoof, Peter. "Recent observations of Sakurai's Object" (PDF). Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias. Royal Observatory of Belgium. Retrieved 28 January 2016.
- Worters, H.; Rushton, M. (2009). "Sakurai's Object: characterizing the near-infrared CO ejecta between 2003 and 2007". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 393: 108–112. Bibcode:2009MNRAS.393..108W. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.14135.x.
- Worters, H. L.; Rushton, M. T.; Eyres, S. P. S.; Geballe, T. R.; Evans, A. (11 February 2009). "Sakurai's Object: characterizing the near-infrared CO ejecta between 2003 and 2007". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 393 (1): 108–112. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.14135.x. Retrieved 2 February 2016. – via EBSCO's Academic Search Complete (subscription required)
- ^ Lawlor, T.M.; MacDonald, J. (February 2003). "Sakurai's Object, V605 Aquilae, and FG Sagittae: An Evolutionary Sequence Revealed". The Astrophysical Journal. 583: 913–922. Bibcode:2003ApJ...583..913L. doi:10.1086/345411.
- Pavlenko, Y.V.; Geballe, T.R. (2002). "Models of infrared spectra of Sakurai's Object (V4334 Sgr) in 1997". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 390: 621–626. arXiv:astro-ph/0205528. Bibcode:2002A&A...390..621P. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20020732.
- Tyne, V (2002). "Modelling the dust cloud around Sakurai's Object". Astrophysics and Space Science. 279: 139–147. Bibcode:2002Ap&SS.279..139T. doi:10.1023/A:1014672712630.
- Tyne, V (2002). "Sakurai's Object (V4334 Sgr): evolution of the dust shell from 1999 to 2001". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 334: 875–882. Bibcode:2002MNRAS.334..875T. doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2002.05561.x.
- Chesneau, O.; Clayton, G. (2009). "A dense disk of dust around the born-again Sakurai's object". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 493: L17 – L20. arXiv:0811.3295. Bibcode:2009A&A...493L..17C. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:200811173.
- Hajduk, M. (2008). "Studying the old planetary nebula of V4334 Sgr". Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series. 391: 163–164.
- Pollacco, Don (2002). "Modelling the Planetary Nebula". Astrophysics and Space Science. 279: 129–137. Bibcode:2002Ap&SS.279..129P. doi:10.1023/a:1014620711722.
- Pollacco, Don. "The Sakurai Object: A Case Study in Advanced Stellar Evolution". Isaac Newton Group of Telescopes. Retrieved 16 January 2016.
- Lawlor, T.M.; MacDonald, J. "Sakurai's Object, V605 Aquilae, and FG Sagittae: An Evolutionary Sequence Revealed". SAO/NASA ADS Astronomy Abstract Service. The Astrophysical Journal, Volume 583, Issue 2, pp. 913-922. Retrieved 16 January 2016.
