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==Demographics== ==Demographics==
===Pre-independence=== ===Pre-independence===
A large number of ] migrated from the ]<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com.au/books?id=2YeGAAAAQBAJ&pg=PP211 |title=Transforming India |last=Bose |first=Sumantra |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2013 |isbn=9780674728202 |page=211}}</ref> to the Punjab in the late 19th century because they faced natural disasters and oppression by the Dogra Hindu rulers of Kashmir.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com.au/books?id=iaYPyVAjHH8C&pg=PA76 |title=From Jinnah to Jihad: Pakistan's Kashmir Quest and the Limits of Realism |last=Bahl |first=Arvin |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist |year=2007 |isbn=9788126907212 |pages=76}}</ref> According to the 1911 Census there were 177,549 ] in the Punjab. With the inclusion of Kashmiri settlements in NWFP this figure rose to 206,180.<ref name=Jalal>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com.au/books?id=az6CAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA352&dq=1911+census+punjab+kashmiris&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjCn-H2jovQAhVBF5QKHb4dAdQQ6AEILjAB#v=onepage&q=1911%20census%20punjab%20kashmiris&f=false |title=Self and Sovereignty: Individual and Community in South Asian Islam Since 1850 |last=Jalal |first=Ayesha |publisher=Routledge |year=2002 |isbn=9781134599387 |pages=352}}</ref> Common Kashmiri ''krams'' (surnames) found amongst the Kashmiris in Kashmir Valley and amongst the Kashmiri emigres in Punjab include ]/Bhat,<ref name="Anthropological Survey of India">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gPmBAAAAMAAJ&q=bhat+butt+name+kashmir&dq=bhat+butt+name+kashmir&hl=en&ei=ddEbTbSNOsKTnwf9v7mjDg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=7&ved=0CD4Q6AEwBjgK|title=The Journal of the Anthropological Survey of India, Volume 52|publisher=The Survey|quote=The But/Butt of Punjab were originally Brahmin migrants from Kashmir during 1878 famine.|accessdate=2010-12-02}}</ref><ref name="P. K. Kaul">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DKFjAAAAMAAJ&q=butt+pahari&dq=butt+pahari&hl=en&ei=VdgbTd-VOsGfnAfphoSQDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=9&ved=0CEYQ6AEwCA|title=Pahāṛi and other tribal dialects of Jammu, Volume 1|publisher=Eastern Book Linkers|quote=The But/Butt of Punjab were originally Brahmin migrants from Kashmir during 1878 famine.|author=P.K. Kaul|accessdate=2010-12-02}}</ref><ref name="Bansi Pandit">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zsoC6GWr47QC&pg=PA99&dq=bhat+butt+name+kashmir&hl=en&ei=JdEbTaLcOsqkngfx4f2aDg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCgQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Explore Kashmiri Pandits|publisher=Dharma Publications|accessdate=2010-12-02}}</ref> ],<ref name="Bansi Pandit" /> Lone, Wani/Wain, Mir and Shaikh.<ref name="H.A. Rose - 2">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LPsvytmN3mUC&pg=PA479&dq=malik+kashmir+caste&hl=en&ei=OPjxTISOA4GC8gb92eThDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCIQ6AEwADgK#v=onepage&q=malik%20kashmir%20caste&f=false|title=A Glossary of the Tribes and Castes of the Punjab and North-West Frontier Province|last=|first=|publisher=Nirmal Publishers and Distributors|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=|quote=|via=|accessdate=25 March 2007}}</ref> A large number of ] migrated from the ]<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com.au/books?id=2YeGAAAAQBAJ&pg=PP211 |title=Transforming India |last=Bose |first=Sumantra |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2013 |isbn=9780674728202 |page=211}}</ref> to the Punjab in the late 19th century because they faced natural disasters and oppression by the Dogra Hindu rulers of Kashmir.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com.au/books?id=iaYPyVAjHH8C&pg=PA76 |title=From Jinnah to Jihad: Pakistan's Kashmir Quest and the Limits of Realism |last=Bahl |first=Arvin |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist |year=2007 |isbn=9788126907212 |pages=76}}</ref> According to the 1911 Census there were 177,549 ] in the Punjab. With the inclusion of Kashmiri settlements in NWFP this figure rose to 206,180.<ref name=Jalal>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com.au/books?id=az6CAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA352&dq=1911+census+punjab+kashmiris&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjCn-H2jovQAhVBF5QKHb4dAdQQ6AEILjAB#v=onepage&q=1911%20census%20punjab%20kashmiris&f=false |title=Self and Sovereignty: Individual and Community in South Asian Islam Since 1850 |last=Jalal |first=Ayesha |publisher=Routledge |year=2002 |isbn=9781134599387 |pages=352}}</ref> Common Kashmiri ''krams'' (surnames) found amongst the Kashmiris in Kashmir Valley and amongst the Kashmiri emigres in Punjab include ]/Bhat,<ref name="Anthropological Survey of India">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gPmBAAAAMAAJ&q=bhat+butt+name+kashmir&dq=bhat+butt+name+kashmir&hl=en&ei=ddEbTbSNOsKTnwf9v7mjDg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=7&ved=0CD4Q6AEwBjgK|title=The Journal of the Anthropological Survey of India, Volume 52|publisher=The Survey|quote=The But/Butt of Punjab were originally Brahmin migrants from Kashmir during 1878 famine.|accessdate=2010-12-02}}</ref><ref name="P. K. Kaul">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DKFjAAAAMAAJ&q=butt+pahari&dq=butt+pahari&hl=en&ei=VdgbTd-VOsGfnAfphoSQDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=9&ved=0CEYQ6AEwCA|title=Pahāṛi and other tribal dialects of Jammu, Volume 1|publisher=Eastern Book Linkers|quote=The But/Butt of Punjab were originally Brahmin migrants from Kashmir during 1878 famine.|author=P.K. Kaul|accessdate=2010-12-02}}</ref><ref name="Bansi Pandit">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zsoC6GWr47QC&pg=PA99&dq=bhat+butt+name+kashmir&hl=en&ei=JdEbTaLcOsqkngfx4f2aDg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCgQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Explore Kashmiri Pandits|publisher=Dharma Publications|accessdate=2010-12-02}}</ref> ],<ref name="Bansi Pandit" /> Lone, Wani/Wain, Mir and Shaikh.<ref name="H.A. Rose - 2">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LPsvytmN3mUC&pg=PA479&dq=malik+kashmir+caste&hl=en&ei=OPjxTISOA4GC8gb92eThDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCIQ6AEwADgK#v=onepage&q=malik%20kashmir%20caste&f=false|title=A Glossary of the Tribes and Castes of the Punjab and North-West Frontier Province|last=|first=|publisher=Nirmal Publishers and Distributors|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=|quote=|via=|accessdate=25 March 2007}}</ref>{{quote|source=|The But/Butt of Punjab were originally Brahmin migrants from Kashmir during 1878 famine.<ref name="Anthropological Survey of India">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gPmBAAAAMAAJ&q=bhat+butt+name+kashmir&dq=bhat+butt+name+kashmir&hl=en&ei=ddEbTbSNOsKTnwf9v7mjDg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=7&ved=0CD4Q6AEwBjgK|title=The Journal of the Anthropological Survey of India, Volume 52|publisher=The Survey|quote=The But/Butt of Punjab were originally Brahmin migrants from Kashmir during 1878 famine.|accessdate=2010-12-02}}</ref>||url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gPmBAAAAMAAJ&q=bhat+butt+name+kashmir&dq=bhat+butt+name+kashmir&hl=en&ei=ddEbTbSNOsKTnwf9v7mjDg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=7&ved=0CD4Q6AEwBjgK|title=The Journal of the Anthropological Survey of India, Volume 52|Publisher=The Survey|URL access date=2010-12-02}}According to the 1921 Census the total Kashmiri population in Punjab was 169,761. However, the Census report stated that only 3% of ] settled in ] retained their ] language. The number of people speaking ] in 1901 was 8,523 but had decreased to 7,190 in 1911. By 1921 the number of people speaking ] in Punjab had fallen to 4,690. The 1921 Census report stated that this fact showed that the ] who had settled in Punjab had adopted the ] language of their neighbours. <ref name="Dspace">{{Cite book|url=http://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/18931|title=CENSUS OF INDIA, 1921.|last=|first=|publisher=|year=|isbn=|volume=VOLUME XV|location=|pages=309|chapter=CHAPTER IX-LANGUAGE|quote=|via=}}</ref>

According to the 1921 Census the total Kashmiri population in Punjab was 169,761. However, the Census report stated that only 3% of ] settled in ] retained their ] language. The number of people speaking ] in 1901 was 8,523 but had decreased to 7,190 in 1911. By 1921 the number of people speaking ] in Punjab had fallen to 4,690. The 1921 Census report stated that this fact showed that the ] who had settled in Punjab had adopted the ] language of their neighbours. <ref name="Dspace">{{Cite book|url=http://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/18931|title=CENSUS OF INDIA, 1921.|last=|first=|publisher=|year=|isbn=|volume=VOLUME XV|location=|pages=309|chapter=CHAPTER IX-LANGUAGE|quote=|via=}}</ref>


In the 1931 Census the number of ] in Punjab was 199,040<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/18983|title=Census of India, 1931|last=|first=|publisher=|year=|isbn=|volume=VOLUME XVII|location=|pages=344|chapter=CHAPTER XII.-RACE, TRIBE AND CASTE.|quote=|via=}}</ref> and the number of ]-speakers had increased to 22,000. Many who recorded that Kashmiri was their mother-tongue also stated that ] was their subsidiary language (8,269). Most of these were the ] who had been staying in large urban areas, particularly ]. The number of persons who recorded ] as their subsidiary language was 2,268. Of those people who stated that ] was their ] 6,650 also recorded ] as their subsidiary language.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/18983|title=Census of India, 1931|last=|first=|publisher=|year=|isbn=|volume=VOLUME XVII|location=|pages=276-7|chapter=CHAPTER X.-LANGUAGE.|quote=|via=}}</ref> In the 1931 Census the number of ] in Punjab was 199,040<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/18983|title=Census of India, 1931|last=|first=|publisher=|year=|isbn=|volume=VOLUME XVII|location=|pages=344|chapter=CHAPTER XII.-RACE, TRIBE AND CASTE.|quote=|via=}}</ref> and the number of ]-speakers had increased to 22,000. Many who recorded that Kashmiri was their mother-tongue also stated that ] was their subsidiary language (8,269). Most of these were the ] who had been staying in large urban areas, particularly ]. The number of persons who recorded ] as their subsidiary language was 2,268. Of those people who stated that ] was their ] 6,650 also recorded ] as their subsidiary language.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/18983|title=Census of India, 1931|last=|first=|publisher=|year=|isbn=|volume=VOLUME XVII|location=|pages=276-7|chapter=CHAPTER X.-LANGUAGE.|quote=|via=}}</ref>


===Post-independence=== ===Post-independence===
Kashmiri Muslims constituted an important segment of several Punjabi cities such as ], ], ] and ].<ref name=":5">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com.au/books?id=Fk8hAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA16&dq=kashmir+muslims+famine+punjab&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjulu-imOTQAhVB5WMKHblQDqQQ6AEIMjAE#v=onepage&q=kashmir%20muslims%20famine%20punjab&f=false|title=The Political Philosophy of Muhammad Iqbal: Islam and Nationalism in Late Colonial India|last=Sevea|first=Iqbal Singh|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2012|isbn=9781139536394|location=|pages=16|quote=|via=}}</ref> Following the ] in 1947 and the subsequent communal unrest across Punjab, Muslim Kashmiris migrated en masse to the ]. Kashmiris migrants have had a big influence on ]'s contemporary cuisine and culture.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/report/slide-show-1-lahore-amritsar-once-sisters-now-strangers/20121025.htm|title=Lahore, Amritsar: Once sisters, now strangers|last=|first=|date=|work=|access-date=|via=}}</ref> Kashmiri Muslims constituted an important segment of several Punjabi cities such as ], ], ] and ].<ref name=":5">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com.au/books?id=Fk8hAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA16&dq=kashmir+muslims+famine+punjab&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjulu-imOTQAhVB5WMKHblQDqQQ6AEIMjAE#v=onepage&q=kashmir%20muslims%20famine%20punjab&f=false|title=The Political Philosophy of Muhammad Iqbal: Islam and Nationalism in Late Colonial India|last=Sevea|first=Iqbal Singh|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2012|isbn=9781139536394|location=|pages=16|quote=|via=}}</ref> Following the ] in 1947 and the subsequent communal unrest across Punjab, Muslim Kashmiris migrated en masse to the ]. Kashmiris migrants have had a big influence on ]'s contemporary cuisine and culture.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/report/slide-show-1-lahore-amritsar-once-sisters-now-strangers/20121025.htm|title=Lahore, Amritsar: Once sisters, now strangers|last=|first=|date=|work=|access-date=|via=}}</ref> An exclusive research conducted by the “] and ]<nowiki/>k” showed that the Kashmiri community had been involved in spearheading the power politics of ] since 1947.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/67341-ayaz-sadiq-yet-another-arain-legislator-wins-from-lahore|title=Ayaz Sadiq: Yet another Arain legislator wins from Lahore|last=Shah|first=Sabir|date=12 October 2015|work=The News International|access-date=|via=}}</ref>


==Notable members== ==Notable members==

Revision as of 00:20, 22 December 2016

Ethnic group
Kashmiris of Punjab
Regions with significant populations
Various parts of Punjab
Languages
Kashmiri · Punjabi · Urdu
Religion
Islam
Related ethnic groups
Kashmiri diaspora

The Kashmiris of Punjab are ethnic Kashmiris who have historically migrated from the Kashmir Valley and settled in the Punjab region. Given both Kashmir and Punjab are bordering regions and share cultural links, the latter has been home to a particularly strong Kashmiri diaspora. Those who have been settled for several generations have adopted the Punjabi culture.

Demographics

Pre-independence

A large number of Muslim Kashmiris migrated from the Kashmir Valley to the Punjab in the late 19th century because they faced natural disasters and oppression by the Dogra Hindu rulers of Kashmir. According to the 1911 Census there were 177,549 Kashmiri Muslims in the Punjab. With the inclusion of Kashmiri settlements in NWFP this figure rose to 206,180. Common Kashmiri krams (surnames) found amongst the Kashmiris in Kashmir Valley and amongst the Kashmiri emigres in Punjab include Butt/Bhat, Dar, Lone, Wani/Wain, Mir and Shaikh.

The But/Butt of Punjab were originally Brahmin migrants from Kashmir during 1878 famine.

— The Journal of the Anthropological Survey of India, Volume 52

According to the 1921 Census the total Kashmiri population in Punjab was 169,761. However, the Census report stated that only 3% of Kashmiris settled in Punjab retained their Kashmiri language. The number of people speaking Kashmiri in 1901 was 8,523 but had decreased to 7,190 in 1911. By 1921 the number of people speaking Kashmiri in Punjab had fallen to 4,690. The 1921 Census report stated that this fact showed that the Kashmiris who had settled in Punjab had adopted the Punjabi language of their neighbours.

In the 1931 Census the number of Kashmiri Muslims in Punjab was 199,040 and the number of Kashmiri-speakers had increased to 22,000. Many who recorded that Kashmiri was their mother-tongue also stated that Punjabi was their subsidiary language (8,269). Most of these were the Kashmiris who had been staying in large urban areas, particularly Amritsar. The number of persons who recorded Hindustani as their subsidiary language was 2,268. Of those people who stated that Punjabi was their mother-tongue 6,650 also recorded Kashmiri as their subsidiary language.

Post-independence

Kashmiri Muslims constituted an important segment of several Punjabi cities such as Sialkot, Lahore, Amritsar and Ludhiana. Following the partition of India in 1947 and the subsequent communal unrest across Punjab, Muslim Kashmiris migrated en masse to the Pakistani side of Punjab. Kashmiris migrants have had a big influence on Lahore's contemporary cuisine and culture. An exclusive research conducted by the “Jang Group and Geo Television Network” showed that the Kashmiri community had been involved in spearheading the power politics of Lahore district since 1947.

Notable members

One of the most highly educated and prominent Kashmiris in Punjab was Muhammad Iqbal, whose poetry displayed a keen sense of belonging to Kashmir Valley. Other notable members of the Kashmiri diaspora in Pakistan include the current Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif (paternal ancestry from Anantnag), Finance Minister Ishaq Dar, and politician Khawaja Asif.

See also

References

  1. ^ Bose, Sumantra (2013). Transforming India. Harvard University Press. p. 211. ISBN 9780674728202.
  2. Chowdhary, Rekha (2015). Jammu and Kashmir: Politics of Identity and Separatism. Routledge. p. 5. ISBN 9781317414056.
  3. ^ Chowdhary, Rekha (2015). Jammu and Kashmir: Politics of Identity and Separatism. Routledge. p. 7. ISBN 9781317414056.
  4. Bahl, Arvin (2007). From Jinnah to Jihad: Pakistan's Kashmir Quest and the Limits of Realism. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. p. 76. ISBN 9788126907212.
  5. ^ Jalal, Ayesha (2002). Self and Sovereignty: Individual and Community in South Asian Islam Since 1850. Routledge. p. 352. ISBN 9781134599387.
  6. ^ The Journal of the Anthropological Survey of India, Volume 52. The Survey. Retrieved 2010-12-02. The But/Butt of Punjab were originally Brahmin migrants from Kashmir during 1878 famine.
  7. P.K. Kaul. Pahāṛi and other tribal dialects of Jammu, Volume 1. Eastern Book Linkers. Retrieved 2010-12-02. The But/Butt of Punjab were originally Brahmin migrants from Kashmir during 1878 famine.
  8. ^ Explore Kashmiri Pandits. Dharma Publications. Retrieved 2010-12-02.
  9. A Glossary of the Tribes and Castes of the Punjab and North-West Frontier Province. Nirmal Publishers and Distributors. Retrieved 25 March 2007.
  10. "CHAPTER IX-LANGUAGE". CENSUS OF INDIA, 1921. Vol. VOLUME XV. p. 309. {{cite book}}: |volume= has extra text (help)
  11. "CHAPTER XII.-RACE, TRIBE AND CASTE.". Census of India, 1931. Vol. VOLUME XVII. p. 344. {{cite book}}: |volume= has extra text (help)
  12. "CHAPTER X.-LANGUAGE.". Census of India, 1931. Vol. VOLUME XVII. pp. 276–7. {{cite book}}: |volume= has extra text (help)
  13. Sevea, Iqbal Singh (2012). The Political Philosophy of Muhammad Iqbal: Islam and Nationalism in Late Colonial India. Cambridge University Press. p. 16. ISBN 9781139536394.
  14. "Lahore, Amritsar: Once sisters, now strangers".
  15. Shah, Sabir (12 October 2015). "Ayaz Sadiq: Yet another Arain legislator wins from Lahore". The News International.
  16. Jaleel, Muzamil (2013). "As Nawaz Sharif becomes PM, Kashmir gets voice in Pakistan power circuit".
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