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| {{Infobox ethnic group | |||
| |image = | |||
| |image_caption = | |||
| |group = Knanaya | |||
| |poptime = | |||
| |popplace = c. 300,000 | |||
| |regions = (]; ]; elsewhere) | |||
| |langs = ]; local languages | |||
| |rels = Predominantly ] and ] | |||
| |related = ], ] | |||
| }} | |||
| The '''Knanaya''', also known as the '''Southists''' or '''Tekkumbhagar''', are an ] in the ] community of ], India. They are differentiated from another part of the community, known in this context as the ]. Today there are about 300,000 Knanaya in India and elsewhere.<ref>Fahlbusch, p. 286.</ref> | |||
| {{R from move}} | |||
| The origins of the division of the Saint Thomas Christians into Northist and Southist groups are unclear. Various traditions trace it back to the arrival of the Syrian merchant ] in the 4th or 8th century. Another legend traces their origin to ] in the ]. The rift in the community was noted through the period of ]. | |||
| Today the majority of Knanaya are members of the ] and the ]es. They became increasingly prominent in Kerala in the late 19th century. Many Knanaya migrated away during the 20th and 21st centuries, largely westward, forming communities in non-Malayalam speaking areas, with a large expatriate community currently living in ]. | |||
| ] in ],Kerala containing ancient Nasrani symbols and Sassanid Pahlavi inscriptions]] | |||
| ==Names== | |||
| The term ''Knanaya'' derives from the name ], an important figure in Saint Thomas Christian tradition. The ultimate derivation of Thomas' epithet ''Cana'' is not clear: it may refer to the town of ], which is mentioned in the ], or it may instead refer to the land of ].<ref name=Swiderskib>Swiderski, "Blood Weddings", pp. 55–56.</ref> Alternately, it may be a corruption of a ] term for merchant (''Knāyil'' in Malayalam).<ref>Neill, p. 42.</ref> However, scholar Richard M. Swiderski states that none of these etymologies are convincing.<ref name=Swiderskib/> The Knanaya are also known as ''Tekkumbhagar'' in ]; this is generally translated into English as "Southist", or sometimes "Southerner" or "Suddhist". This is in reference to the historically significant geographical division between them and other Saint Thomas Christians, who are known as ''Vadakumbhagar'' or Northists in this context.<ref>Swiderski, "Northists and Southists", p. 73.</ref> | |||
| ==Origins and traditions== | |||
| It is not clear how the division of the Saint Thomas Christians into Southern and Northern groups originated. The earliest written evidence for the split dates to the 16th century.<ref name=Swiderski77>Swiderski, "Northists and Southists", p. 77.</ref> Directional divisions within communities are common in Kerala. A similar north-south division is found among the ], and it historically appears to have been in place in the early ] settlements in the area. The Saint Thomas Christians may have taken this trait from the Brahmins.<ref name="Swiderski7680"/> | |||
| A number of traditions and stories have emerged to explain the division,<ref>Swiderski, "Northists and Southists", pp. 73–92.</ref> and both Southist and Northist groups use variants of these traditions to claim superiority for their group.<ref name=Baum>Baum & Winkler, p. 53.</ref> The earlier version traces the divide to the figure of Thomas of Cana, a Syrian merchant who led a group of 72 immigrant families from the ] to settle in ] in the 4th century (some sources place these events in the 8th century).<ref name=Baum/> This story may reflect a historical migration of East Syrian Christians to India around this time, which established the region's relationship with the ].<ref>Neill, pp. 42–43.</ref> In the Knanaya versions of this story, the Knanaya are the descendants of Thomas of Cana and his followers, while the Northists descend from the local Christian body which had been converted by ] centuries earlier.<ref>Swiderski, "Northists and Southists", pp. 74–76.</ref> In many variants, Thomas of Cana had two wives or partners, one of them being the ancestor of the endogamous Southists, and the other one being the ancestor of the Northists.<ref name=Swiderski7680>Swiderski, "Northists and Southists", pp. 76–80.</ref> In some of these variants, the Southists' ancestor was Thomas' Syrian wife, while the Northists' was an indigenous Nair woman who became his second wife or concubine, implying that the Southists are Thomas' true heirs.<ref>Swiderski, "Northists and Southists", pp. 76–77.</ref> In other variants, both wives were Kerala natives, while the Southists' forebearer was from a higher caste.<ref>Swiderski, "Northists and Southists", pp. 77–78.</ref> More recent versions of this story downplay the importance of either wife's status, focusing instead on their descendants' marriage practices: the Northists intermarried with the natives, while the Knanaya maintained their strict endogamy, maintaining a "pure" lineage.<ref>Swiderski, "Northists and Southists", pp. 78–80.</ref> | |||
| Northists also maintain versions of the Thomas of Cana story that counter the Knanayas' assertions. In the Northist versions, both Northists and Southists are descended from marriages between Thomas' party and indigenous Christians, but the Knanaya are descended from Syrian servants who married "low caste" Keralans; the Knanayas' endogamy and "purity" are thus borne out of their exclusion by the higher class Northists. These variants frequently trace Knanaya descent back to a ''dobi'' (washerwoman); in some versions of this story, she became Thomas' concubine, while in other she married a lower-caste ] boy.<ref name=Swiderski8082>Swiderski, "Northists and Southists", pp. 80–82.</ref> | |||
| Another story regarding the origin of the division became popular during the 20th century. In 1939, Knanaya politician and author Joseph Chazhikaden published a book on the community, ''Tekkumbhagasamudayam Charitram'', in which he argued that the Knanaya were the descendants of ancient Jews. According to Chazhikaden, they originated in ], and later converted to Christianity, though they maintained their distinct culture and identity. Eventually they were forced out of their homeland and moved to ], where they were welcomed by the ruler ] and lived near, but maintained their separateness from, the indigenous "Northist" Saint Thomas Christians.<ref>Swiderski, "Northists and Southists", pp. 88.</ref> Many Knanaya individuals and organizations accept the account as factual. However, Swiderski believes that the legend was "conceived and promulgated" by Chazhikaden himself. As with other Knanaya origin traditions, Northists dispute and condemn this story.<ref>Swiderski, "Northists and Southists", pp. 88–89.</ref> | |||
| ==History== | |||
| ===Early mentions=== | |||
| The first known written evidence for a division in the Saint Thomas Christian community dates to the 16th century, when ] officials took notice of it. A 1518 letter by a ] missionary mentions a conflict between the children of Thomas of Cana, hinting at a rift in the community in contemporary times.<ref>Swiderski, "Northists and Southists", p. 83.</ref> In 1579 another Jesuit missionary named Monserrate wrote on the tradition of Thomas of Cana's two wives for the first time; he describes the division of the community, but gives no details about either side.<ref name=Swiderski77/> A 1603 letter by Portuguese official J. M. Campori further discusses the division, which had by that point become intermittently violent; Campori likewise traces its origin back to the story of Thomas' two wives. None of these sources explicitly names the two sides as Northists and Southists.<ref>Swiderski, "Northists and Southists", pp. 83–84.</ref> | |||
| Various later sources mention the Southists and their mutual enmity with the Northists. Following the ] of 1653, both the Southists and Northists were split internally into ] and ] factions; this rift overshadowed the north-south divide for a period of time. European observers tended to label the Northists and Southists as "]s" and they regarded this as an example of the prevalence of divisions in Indian society in general.<ref>Swiderski, "Northists and Southists", pp. 84–85.</ref> Later, both Saint Thomas Christians and Europeans tried to assuage the animosity and downplay the division.<ref>Swiderski "Northists and Southists", p. 86.</ref> | |||
| ===Modern era=== | |||
| In the late 19th century social changes in ] led to increased wealth and social power for the Saint Thomas Christians. This social change tended to advance internal divisions within the community, including the Southist-Northist division.<ref name=Swiderski87>Swiderski, "Northists and Southists", p. 87.</ref> Through this period the Knanaya promoted their own uniqueness and independent identity to push for further opportunities for their community. They sought the establishment of Knanaya-centred parishes for both the Malankara and Catholic churches, which were founded in 1910 and 1911, respectively.<ref name=Swiderski87/> | |||
| Like other Saint Thomas Christians, many Knanaya have migrated away from Kerala and India since the 20th century. The largest Knanaya diaspora community is located in ].<ref>Swiderski, ''Blood Weddings, p. 169.</ref> The community originated in the 1950s when a small number of Knanaya and other Kerala natives emigrated to the area as university students; they were followed by more substantial immigration after 1965. The immigrants met up periodically for social events, and in the 1970s the organizations for Catholics, members of other Christian churches, and Hindus were formed. In the 1980s the various Indian Catholic ]es sent chaplains to Chicago; in 1983 the ] sent a chaplain to minister specifically to the Knanaya Catholics.<ref name=J&R186>Jacobsen & Raj 2008, p. 186–187 and note.</ref> Unlike other Indian Christians in Chicago, the Knanaya have maintained their strict tradition of endogamy through ]s.<ref>Jacobsen & Raj 2008, pp. 202–207.</ref> | |||
| ==Religious traditions== | |||
| ] | |||
| Traditionally the Knanaya have followed the religious traditions and practices of the wider Saint Thomas Christian community. In the 17th century, when the Saint Thomas Christians were split into Catholic and ] factions following the ], both the Knanaya and Northist groups were internally divided.<ref>Swidersky, "Northists and Southists", pp. 84–85, 87.</ref> The Malankara faction became affiliated with the ], an ] church based in ], while the Catholic faction is now known as the ]. Beginning in the late 19th century, both Malankara and Catholic Knanaya lobbied for their own dioceses within their respective denominations. In 1910, the Syriac Orthodox Church established a distinct Knanaya-oriented diocese in ], which reports directly to the ]. The following year, the Catholic Church established a Knanaya Catholic ] (diocese) in ], known as the ].<ref>Swidersky, "Northists and Southists", pp. 87–88.</ref> | |||
| ==Culture== | |||
| Like other Saint Thomas Christians, Southist culture is largely derived from ] culture mixed with local Indian customs, with later elements derived from Indian and European contacts. | |||
| ===Traditional songs=== | |||
| The Knanaya Community has maintained numerous archaic songs which are sung on several different occasions. These songs and ballads speak of many subjects such as the arrival of the merchant Knai Thoma to India, and these traditions are commemorated during wedding ceremonies, retellings of biblical events from the ], and the erection of ancient churches.<ref name="Swiderski 1988c, pp.129-133">Swiderski, "Oral Text: A South Indian Instance", pp.129-133</ref> | |||
| Biblical songs are composed with the intention of teaching and transmitting Bible stories. Knanaya Bible songs show the age-old mixing of Hindu and ]s. An example of this can be seen in the Knanaya song "Maranarul" or "By the Lord's Command", a rendition of the creation of Adam in the biblical story of ].<ref name="Swiderski 1988c, pp.129-133"/> | |||
| Maranarul | |||
| (English) | |||
| * By the command of the Lord, man (world-dweller) was made | |||
| * endowed with all qualities out of chaos | |||
| * came unity. To prepare for the birth He grasped mud | |||
| * and with a tool shaped it into a mass. | |||
| * Within it the blood flowed and the muscles were arrayed. | |||
| * For prosperity God’s place was housed amid the nine apertures. | |||
| * Two hands, ten fingers with nails all red | |||
| * the ten all afire, and the dancing soul was granted. | |||
| * The soul bestowed, powerful Adam | |||
| * without hesitation made heard the very first words.<ref name="Swiderski 1988c, pp.129-133"/> | |||
| (Malayalam) | |||
| * Māŕānarul ceytīlōkēyannu nìravēri | |||
| * ḕrrinalguṇaṅṅalellāṁ bhramimēlorēṭaṁ | |||
| * orumayuṭayōǹ pērumakoṇḍu karuti maṇpiṭičču | |||
| * piṭičča karuvilaṭakkam nēṭi pùrattu tukal potińńu | |||
| * tukalakmē cōranīrum elluṁ māṁsadhatukkal | |||
| * bhratikaḷkku vātilańǰum navadvāraṅṅaḷāyattu | |||
| * raṇḍāṭu nālum nāluviralkku čuvappunakhaṇḍal pattu | |||
| * pattuṭayoǹèrayakattuṭayōnāya koṭuttuṇarttyōrātmāvum | |||
| * ātmāvum koṭuttu perumiṭṭōrābhamennu | |||
| * enašēšaminniččāllāmunniniṇḍaḷ kēḷppin <ref name="Swiderski 1988c, pp.129-133"/> | |||
| ==References== | |||
| ===Citations=== | |||
| {{reflist|colwidth=30em}} | |||
| ===Bibliography=== | |||
| *{{Cite book |title= The Church of the East: A Concise History |last= Baum|first= Wilhelm |author2=Dietmar W. Winkler |year= 2003 |publisher= Routledge|isbn= 0-415-29770-2 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=yt0X840SjpEC|accessdate= 8 June 2012 |ref=Baum}} | |||
| *{{cite book|first=Ernst |last=Fahlbusch |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lZUBZlth2qgC&pg=PR1&dq=Fahlbusch+Encyclopedia+of+Christianity+volume+5&hl=de&sa=X&ei=4PWrUMHZIMSN4AS9joC4CQ&ved=0CDQQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Knanaya&f=false |title=The Encyclopedia of Christianity: Volume 5 |page=286 |isbn=9780802824172 |publisher=] |date=2008|accessdate= June 10, 2015}} | |||
| *{{cite book |title= South Asian Christian Diaspora: Invisible Diaspora in Europe and North America |last1= Jacobsen |first1= Knut A. |last2= Raj |first2= Selva J. |year= 2008 |publisher= Ashgate Publishing |isbn= 0754662616 |accessdate= 11 September 2012 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=6L5MxlMIcG0C&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_atb#v=onepage&q&f=false}} | |||
| * {{Cite book |title= A History of Christianity in India: The Beginnings to AD 1707 |last= Neill|first= Stephen|authorlink= Stephen Neill|year= 2004 |publisher= Cambridge University Press|isbn= 0-521-54885-3 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=RH4VPgB__GQC|accessdate=8 June 2012 |ref=Neill}} | |||
| *{{cite journal |last1= Swiderski |first1= Richard Michael |year= 1988 |title= Northists and Southists: A Folklore of Kerala Christians |journal= Asian Folklore Studies |volume= 47 |issue= 1 |pages= 73–92 |publisher= ] |jstor= 1178253 }} | |||
| *{{cite book |title= Blood Weddings: The Knanaya Christians of Kerala|last= Swiderski |first= Richard Michael |year= 1988 |publisher= New Era |location= Madras |isbn= |accessdate=8 June 2012|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wUIaAAAAIAAJ}} | |||
| * {{cite journal|last1=Swiderski|first1=Richard Michael|title=Oral Text: A South Indian Instance|journal= Oral Tradition |year =1988|volume= 3|issue= 1–2| pages=129–133|url=http://journal.oraltradition.org/files/articles/3i-ii/7_swiderski.pdf?origin=publication_detail|accessdate=26 July 2014}} | |||
| * Weil, S. (1982) "Symmetry between Christians and Jews in India: The Cananite Christians and Cochin Jews in Kerala" in ''Contributions to Indian Sociology'', 16. | |||
| ==External links== | |||
| {{commons category|Knanaya people}} | |||
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| {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2011}} | |||
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