Erosion control: Difference between revisions

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	'''Erosion control''' is the practice of preventing or controlling wind or water ] in ], ], ], ] and ]. Effective erosion controls handle ] and are important techniques in preventing ], ], wildlife ] and human ] loss.		'''Erosion control''' is the practice of preventing or controlling wind or water ] in ], ], ], ] and ]. Effective erosion controls handle ] and are important techniques in preventing ], ], wildlife ] and human ] loss.

			==Usage==
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			Erosion controls are used in natural areas, agricultural settings or urban environments. In urban areas erosion controls are often part of ] runoff management programs required by local governments. The controls often involve the creation of a physical barrier, such as vegetation or rock, to absorb some of the energy of the wind or water that is causing the erosion. They also involve building and maintaining ]s. On construction sites they are often implemented in conjunction with ]s such as ]s and ]s.

			] is a natural process: without it, rivers would not meander and change course. However, land management patterns that change the hydrograph and/or vegetation cover can act to increase or decrease channel migration rates. In many places, whether or not the banks are unstable due to human activities, people try to keep a river in a single place. This can be done for environmental reclamation or to prevent a river from changing course into land that is being used by people. One way that this is done is by placing riprap or gabions along the bank.

	==Examples==		==Examples==

Revision as of 23:54, 3 April 2018

Terraces, conservation tillage, and conservation buffers save soil and improve water quality on this Iowa farm.

Erosion control is the practice of preventing or controlling wind or water erosion in agriculture, land development, coastal areas, river banks and construction. Effective erosion controls handle surface runoff and are important techniques in preventing water pollution, soil loss, wildlife habitat loss and human property loss.

Usage

Erosion controls are used in natural areas, agricultural settings or urban environments. In urban areas erosion controls are often part of stormwater runoff management programs required by local governments. The controls often involve the creation of a physical barrier, such as vegetation or rock, to absorb some of the energy of the wind or water that is causing the erosion. They also involve building and maintaining storm drains. On construction sites they are often implemented in conjunction with sediment controls such as sediment basins and silt fences.

Bank erosion is a natural process: without it, rivers would not meander and change course. However, land management patterns that change the hydrograph and/or vegetation cover can act to increase or decrease channel migration rates. In many places, whether or not the banks are unstable due to human activities, people try to keep a river in a single place. This can be done for environmental reclamation or to prevent a river from changing course into land that is being used by people. One way that this is done is by placing riprap or gabions along the bank.

Examples

Examples of erosion control methods include:

Mathematical modeling

Since the 1920s and 1930s scientists have been creating mathematical models for understanding the mechanisms of soil erosion and resulting sediment surface runoff, including an early paper by Albert Einstein applying Baer's law. These models have addressed both gully and sheet erosion. Earliest models were a simple set of linked equations which could be employed by manual calculation. By the 1970s the models had expanded to complex computer models addressing nonpoint source pollution with thousands of lines of computer code. The more complex models were able to address nuances in micrometeorology, soil particle size distributions and micro-terrain variation.

Notes

State of California Department of Transportation, Division of Environmental Analysis, Stormwater Program. Sacramento, CA."Cellular Confinement System Research." 2006.
Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation. Nashville, TN."Tennessee Erosion and Sediment Control Handbook." 2002.
Robert E. Horton. 1933
Albert Einstein. 1926
C. Michael Hogan, Leda Patmore, Gary Latshaw, Harry Seidman et al. 1973

References

Template:Unlinked references

Albert Einstein. 1926. Die Ursache der Mäanderbildung der Flußläufe und des sogenannten Baerschen Gesetzes, Die Naturwissenschaften, 11, S. 223–224
C. Michael Hogan, Leda Patmore, Gary Latshaw, Harry Seidman et al. 1973. Computer modeling of pesticide transport in soil for five instrumented watersheds, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Southeast Water laboratory, Athens, Ga. by ESL Inc., Sunnyvale, California
Robert E. Horton. 1933. The Horton Papers
U.S. Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS). Washington, DC. "National Conservation Practice Standards." National Handbook of Conservation Practices. Accessed 2009-03-28.

External links

"Saving Runaway Farm Land", November 1930, Popular Mechanics One of the first articles on the problem of soil erosion control
Erosion Control Technology Council - a trade organization that mission is to educate and standardize the erosion control industry
International Erosion Control Association - Professional Association, Publications, Training
WatchYourDirt.com - Erosion Control Educational Video Resource
Soil Bioengineering and Biotechnical Slope Stabilization - Erosion Control subsection of a website on Riparian Habitat Restoration
Vetiver Network International - Soil and water management method
Groenkreatief Markvoort Holten - Groenkreatief Markvoort Holten, Netherlands

v t e Rivers, streams and springs
Rivers (lists)	Alluvial river Braided river Blackwater river Channel Channel pattern Channel types Confluence Distributary Drainage basin Subterranean river River bifurcation River ecosystem River source Tributary
Streams	Arroyo Bourne Burn Chalk stream Coulee Current Stream bed Stream channel Streamflow Stream gradient Stream pool Perennial stream Winterbourne
Springs (list)	Estavelle/Inversac Geyser Holy well Hot spring list list in the US Karst spring list Mineral spring Ponor Rhythmic spring Spring horizon
Sedimentary processes and erosion	Abrasion Anabranch Aggradation Armor Bed load Bed material load Granular flow Debris flow Deposition Dissolved load Downcutting Erosion Headward erosion Knickpoint Palaeochannel Progradation Retrogradation Saltation Secondary flow Sediment transport Suspended load Wash load Water gap
Fluvial landforms	Ait Alluvial fan Antecedent drainage stream Avulsion Bank Bar Bayou Billabong Canyon Chine Cut bank Estuary Floating island Fluvial terrace Gill Gulch Gully Glen Meander scar Mouth bar Oxbow lake Riffle-pool sequence Point bar Ravine Rill River island Rock-cut basin Sedimentary basin Sedimentary structures Strath Thalweg River valley Wadi
Fluvial flow	Helicoidal flow International scale of river difficulty Log jam Meander Plunge pool Rapids Riffle Shoal Stream capture Waterfall Whitewater
Surface runoff	Agricultural wastewater First flush Urban runoff
Floods and stormwater	100-year flood Crevasse splay Flash flood Flood Urban flooding Non-water flood Flood barrier Flood control Flood forecasting Flood-meadow Floodplain Flood pulse concept Flooded grasslands and savannas Inundation Storm Water Management Model Return period
Point source pollution	Effluent Industrial wastewater Sewage
River measurement and modelling	Baer's law Baseflow Bradshaw model Discharge (hydrology) Drainage density Exner equation Groundwater model Hack's law Hjulström curve Hydrograph Hydrological model Hydrological transport model Infiltration (hydrology) Main stem Playfair's law Relief ratio River Continuum Concept Rouse number Runoff curve number Runoff model (reservoir) Stream gauge Universal Soil Loss Equation WAFLEX Wetted perimeter Volumetric flow rate
River engineering	Aqueduct Balancing lake Canal Check dam Dam Drop structure Daylighting Detention basin Erosion control Fish ladder Floodplain restoration Flume Infiltration basin Leat Levee River morphology Retention basin Revetment Riparian-zone restoration Stream restoration Weir
River sports	Canyoning Fly fishing Rafting River surfing Riverboarding Stone skipping Triathlon Whitewater canoeing Whitewater kayaking Whitewater slalom
Related	Aquifer Aquatic toxicology Body of water Hydraulic civilization Limnology Riparian zone River valley civilization River cruise Sacred waters Surface water Wild river
Rivers by length Rivers by discharge rate Drainage basins Whitewater rivers Flash floods River name etymologies Countries without rivers

v t e Viticulture
Biology and horticulture	Ampelography Annual growth cycle of grapevines Grape varieties Grapes Hybrid grape International Grape Genome Program Ripening (Veraison) Rootstock Vineyard Vitis Vitis vinifera
Environmental variation	Climate categories Diurnal temperature variation Drainage Microclimate Regional climate levels Soil types Terroir Topography aspect elevation slope
Vineyard planting	Grapevine planting Propagation Row orientation Trellis design Vine training Yield
Vineyard management	Canopy Clos Coulure Erosion control Fertilizer Frost damage prevention Green harvest (Vendange verte) Integrated pest management Irrigation Klopotec Millerandage Pruning Weed control
Harvest	Brix Festivals Noble rot Ripeness Vintage Weather
Pests and diseases	Birds Black rot Botrytis bunch rot Bot canker Dead arm Downy mildew Grapevine yellows Great French Wine Blight Nematodes Phylloxera Pierce's disease Powdery mildew Uncinula necator Red spider mite Vine moth
Approaches and issues	Adaptive management Biodynamic wine Effects of climate change on wine production Environmental stewardship Organic farming Sustainable agriculture
See also	Glossary of viticulture terms Glossary of wine terms Glossary of winemaking terms Oenology Outline of wine Wine Winemaking
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