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During the 2019 Venezuelan presidential crisis concerning who is the legitimate President of Venezuela, reactions and responses to the crisis have been divided.

On 10 January 2019, Venezuela's opposition-majority National Assembly declared that incumbent Nicolás Maduro's 2018 reelection was invalid and the body declared its president, Juan Guaidó, to be acting president of the nation. On 23 January 2019, Guaidó swore "before Almighty God (...) to formally assume the power of the national executive office as the president of Venezuela".

Maduro's government states that the crisis is a coup d'état led by the United States to topple him and control the country's oil reserves. Guaidó denies the coup allegations, saying peaceful volunteers back his movement. Some countries and organizations have recognized Guaidó as interim president, some recognize Maduro, some have expressed neutrality, and some recognize the National Assembly but not Guaidó.

Reactions

On 15 January, Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau called Maduro "an illegitimate dictator", with United States National Security Adviser John R. Bolton and Brazilian President Jair Bolsonaro also using the same term.

International demonstrations occurred on both sides, with massive gatherings in more than 70 cities worldwide supporting Guaidó, and others supporting Maduro.

An open letter by over 70 scholars, including Noam Chomsky and John Pilger, demanded the United States "cease interfering in Venezuela’s internal politics, especially for the purpose of overthrowing the country’s government".

Governments

International

Mexico and Uruguay announced an international conference for countries with a neutral position in Montevideo on 7 February. Uruguay has since recognized Maduro as president, with foreign minister Rodolfo Nin Novoa comparing the worsening situation to the United States' rationale for the Iraq War.

 Brazil: Brazilian President Jair Bolsonaro said that he would do all he could to "re-establish order, democracy and freedom" in Venezuela. The Bolsonaro administration declared on 12 January 2019 that it recognizes Juan Guaidó as the legitimate president of Venezuela.

 China: China was originally forthcoming with support to Maduro with Ministry of Foreign Affairs spokeswoman Hua Chunying stating that China "supports efforts made by the Venezuelan government to protect the country’s sovereignty, independence, and stability" and "opposes foreign forces from interfering into Venezuela affairs". It has recently taken a more neutral position for fear of alienating potential relationships in major South America countries which support of Guaidó, as well as due to frustration with Venezuela's inability to repay debt, China having lent Venezuela $67B USD. Geng Shuang, a Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesman, stated that China's trade deals would not be affected “no matter how circumstances change," and further stated that China has been in talks with "all sides". There also has been evidence of discontent in China's public over the amounts of money that have been given to Venezuela, which some state would be better used in China. According to the Wall Street Journal, China has been holding meetings with diplomats from the government of Guaidó to discuss Chinese investments in Venezuela; a Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs spokeswoman denied these claims, stating that it is "false information".

 Iran: Iran's Ministry of Foreign Affairs spokesman stated that Iran "supports Venezuela's government and nation against any kind of foreign interference in its internal affairs".

 North Korea: North Korea recognized Maduro; its government confirmed Ri Song Gil, the North Korean ambassador to Venezuela, who expressed that North Korea will continue to "strengthen solidarity and cooperation with socialist countries in accordance with the ideology of self-reliance, peace and good will" and to "develop relations with all nations that exhibit friendship".

 Russia: Russia has been a vocal supporter of Nicolas Maduro, as well as being a military and economic ally. Russia has made shows of force, such as flying two Tu-160 nuclear capable bombers to Venezuela. In addition to direct support Russia also acts vocal supporter of Maduro in the UN, and has been one of the country's principal arms dealers. Domestic reactions in Russia to the situation have been mixed with some publications praising Russia's support of Maduro and its willingness to confront the US, and others criticizing economic aid to Venezuela which they deem an economic black hole. The Russian national oil company Rosneft has invested heavily in numerous joint ventures with Venezuela's state-run oil company, PDVSA. Rosneft has made direct investments in six Venezuelan oil fields totaling around $2.5B USD. Rosneft has also acted as a major lender, and oil marketer for Venezuela aiding it in selling 225,000 barrels per day in crude supplies overseas. It has made large loans to the company with $2.7B USD outstanding; to offset risk PDVSA has pledged a 49.9% stake of subsidiary Citgo as collateral for loans outstanding. A Russian-drafted UN Security Council (UNSC) resolution calling for dialogue between the Maduro government and the opposition—in line with the Montevideo deceleration—was vetoed by France, the United Kingdom and the United States on 28 February 2019. Germany, Poland, Peru and Belgium also voted against the resolution.

 Turkey: Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan phoned Maduro to offer support. According to Haaretz, "Erdogan pledged to invest in Venezuelan's failing economy during the trip, with Maduro claiming that Turkish businesses would pump some 4.5 billion euros into the country."

 United States (US): On 15 January, US President Donald Trump was reported to be deliberating whether to officially recognize Guaidó, which he did on 23 January. US Vice President Mike Pence released a video on 23 January in support of Guaidó and the people of Venezuela. The US was the first nation to recognize Guaidó after he swore an oath on the 23rd, with Trump and Pence sending their support and solidarity as well as the official recognition; other countries followed suit. In response Maduro ordered the expulsion of US diplomats, giving them 72 hours to leave Venezuela. The US said it would not close its embassy, stating their diplomatic relationship was with Guaidó's government, and holding Maduro responsible for the safety of its staff. On 26 January 2019, only hours before the deadline, the Maduro government backtracked on its expulsion order, giving US diplomats another 30 days. Secretary of State Mike Pompeo appointed Elliott Abrams as US Special Envoy to Venezuela. On 28 January, the US imposed sanctions on PDVSA. The US accounted for 41% of purchases from the company, which is the biggest input to Venezuela's economy. On 22 February—the same day as the Venezuela Aid Live concert, which Maduro claimed was part of an effort to topple him—Venezuela extended the deadline for US diplomats to leave by another 30 days.

 Vatican City: Corriere della Sera cited a leaked copy of a private letter reportedly sent by Pope Francis to Maduro on 7 February 2019 in reply to a letter Maduro wrote asking the pope to mediate. Pope Francis' response—addressed to "His Excellency Mr Nicolás Maduro Moros"—said that what had been agreed in earlier negotiations had not been followed. Those conditions, still applicable, were: open a channel for humanitarian aid, hold free elections, free political prisoners, and re-establish the constitutionally-elected National Assembly. According to Andrea Gagliarducci, writing for the Catholic News Agency, in not addressing Maduro as president, the Pope was agreeing with the stance taken by the Venezuelan bishops, who hold that Maduro's election was illegitimate.

Intergovernmental organizations

 European Union (EU): More than half of its member states, including the United Kingdom, France, Germany, and Spain, said they support Guaidó; earlier, the EU issued a declaration saying it "fully supports the National Assembly as the democratically elected institution whose powers need to be restored and respected". On 4 February, 19 countries of the European Union made a joint declaration supporting and recognizing Juan Guaidó as interim president of Venezuela, asking that he "summons free, just and democratic presidential elections". Italy's stance prevented this from becoming an official EU position.

Lima Group: On 11 and 12 January, several nations of the Lima Group released statements independent from the international body, including their nations' agreement to not recognize Maduro. The Maduro government claimed that these countries had "rectified" themselves to support him as president. They had not; the non-intervention statements were seen as a concession to prevent rash action by Maduro after he broadly threatened the group. Venezuelan Foreign Minister, Jorge Arreaza, gave a different statement to the vice presidential office, saying that Venezuela had received diplomatic notices from some Lima Group countries about the original dispute. Colombia's statement reiterated the group's resolution and pledged to support "the restoration of democracy and constitutional order in Venezuela", as well as saying that they did not have a position on the territorial dispute. Arreaza contradicted the statement from his vice president's office that the Lima Group recognized Maduro's government, and doubled Maduro's 48-hour demand period for non-intervention for the remaining countries after it expired. He also advocated peaceful diplomatic discussion with neighboring countries. The group—except for Mexico, which called for non-intervention in Venezuelan internal affairs—continued to back the Guaidó government, with the Foreign Minister of Chile pledging "unlimited support".

 Organization of American States (OAS): The OAS approved a resolution on 10 January 2019 "to not recognize the legitimacy of Nicolas Maduro's new term". Luis Almagro, Secretary General of the OAS, recognized Guaidó on 23 January. In an extraordinary OAS session called for 24 January 16 countries including the US recognized Guaidó as president, but they did not achieve the majority needed for a resolution. Almagro held countries who remained neutral on the presidential crisis responsible for the massacre, suffering, and human rights violations in Venezuela.

 United Nations: A special meeting of the Security Council was held on 26 January to discuss Venezuela; no consensus was reached. Secretary General António Guterres called for dialogue to ease tensions. Delegates from Maduro's government continued to represent Venezuela at the United Nations. On 14 February 2019, a group of UN delegates, including delegates of China, Russia and Venezuela itself, declared they would fight what they called the "illicit, American-led effort" to change the government of Venezuela. They accused the US of "using sanctions and emergency aid as political weapons against Venezuelans".

National organizations

The organizations supporting the National Assembly include the Venezuela Creditors Committee, a fund bank that can give loans to the ailing nation and which could not finalize an agreement with Maduro in 2017, and all of the other businesses represented by the OFAC union. These include Electricidad de Caracas, providing electrical power to the capital and surrounding areas. PDVSA, the nation's largest oil and gas company, was initially reported as supporting Guaidó, but later pledged loyalty to Maduro.

Tibisay Lucena, president of the pro-government National Electoral Council (CNE), described Guaidó's declaration as a coup d'etat and claimed that his actions were carried out by a group of foreign governments, subordinated to the guidelines of the United States government that seeks to undermine Venezuela's sovereignty. She also defended the 2018 Venezuelan presidential election results, saying that "the positions of popular representation are elected by the people".

The Catholic Church in Venezuela, organized by the Episcopal Conference of Venezuela, released a statement by Monsignor Ovidio Pérez Morales on 15 January 2019 saying "The Church in Venezuela, united to its Bishops in communion with the Pope, declare the socialist-communist regime illegitimate and stand in solidarity with the Venezuelan people to rescue democracy, freedom, and justice. Trusting in God, they support the National Assembly". Cardinal Porras declared: “This regime always calls for dialogue when it’s up to its neck in water but when the water level falls it forgets about it."

Members of the pro-Maduro Constituent National Assembly stated that the Guaidó's actions on 23 February solidified their support of Maduro.

Social media

Despite internet blocks in Venezuela, by midday local time, the Twitter hashtag "#23Ene"—shorthand for "23 de Enero", Spanish for 23 January—was trending worldwide. Later in the day, five of the top ten trends were protest-related: "Venezuela", "Juan Guaidó", "#23Ene", "#GritemosConBrio", and "#Guaido". With protests continuing to the next day, "#24Ene" also trended.

It was reported in the late evening that Instagram had removed the "Verified" label from Maduro's account, instead placing one on Guaidó's account; this was denied by Instagram. Guaidó's description had also been updated to include "President of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela". The following day, Facebook un-verified Maduro.

In January 2019, the Associated Press said that Maduro's administration and Venezuela's state-run media sought to discredit Guaidó with video footage "to paint as a liar and a fraud". Venezuela's Communications Minister, Jorge Rodríguez, claimed to have proof of a meeting between Guaidó and United Socialist Party of Venezuela members, Diosdado Cabello and Freddy Bernal, in which Guaidó allegedly said he was under pressure from the United States. According to Guaidó, the meeting never happened. Rodríguez' proof came as collated short video clips. One clip shows Cabello walking through a hotel lobby, then cuts to show a man in a hooded sweatshirt (alleged to be Guaidó) entering and crossing the hall in the same direction as Cabello. The hooded man is heavily obscured and blurry, and it is impossible to identify the person.

Within minutes of Venezuela's state-run media posting the video, the hashtag #GuaidoChallenge went viral, trending worldwide. The hashtag made fun of the video posted by Rodríguez as supposed proof of this meeting. On 27 January, Guaidó held a public assembly and again challenged the Maduro administration to produce evidence of the alleged meeting. According to a translation on Caracas Chronicles, he said, "Show whatever you want, fabrications, with hoodie, without hoodie, audios. You confuse nobody here, the people see clearly."

As a protest about what they called foreign intervention, pro-Maduro social-media users used the hashtag '#HandsOffVenezuela' to share videos, pictures, and comments.

China, a supporter of Maduro, has censored information about the crisis according to Radio Free Asia. Reports from China state that Chinese citizens who criticize Maduro on social media are punished or fined, with economist He Jiangbing saying that the Chinese government is "trying to prevent another color revolution ... because Venezuela and China are very similar".

Recognition

Guaidó interim presidency

Foreign states

1.  Albania
2.  Andorra
3.  Argentina
4.  Australia
5.  Austria
6.  Bahamas
7.  Belgium
8.  Brazil
9.  Bulgaria
10.  Canada
11.  Chile
12.  Colombia
13.  Costa Rica
14.  Croatia
15.  Czech Republic
16.  Denmark
17.  Dominican Republic
18.  Ecuador
19.  Estonia
20.  Finland
21.  France
22.  Georgia
23.  Germany
24.  Guatemala
25.  Haiti
26.  Honduras
27.  Hungary
28.  Iceland
29.  Ireland
30.  Israel
31.  Japan
32.  Latvia
33.  Lithuania
34.  Luxembourg
35.  Malta
36.  Marshall Islands
37.  Micronesia
38.  Montenegro
39.  Netherlands
40.  North Macedonia
41.  Panama
42.  Paraguay
43.  Peru
44.  Poland
45.  Portugal
46.  Romania
47.  Slovenia
48.  South Korea
49.  Spain
50.  Sweden
51.  United Kingdom
52.  United States

Non-UN states

•  Kosovo

Intergovernmental organizations

• [REDACTED] European Parliament
• Lima Group

International organizations

• File:Inter-American Development Bank logo.svg Inter-American Development Bank
• Socialist International

Domestic organizations

• Committee of Creditors of Venezuela
• Episcopal Conference of Venezuela
• Fedecámaras
• Institutional Military Front
• Venezuelan Liberation Front
• Venezuelan Workers' Federation

Support of National Assembly

Foreign states

1.  Cyprus
2.  Greece
3.  Guyana
4.  Italy
5.  Jamaica
6.  Liechtenstein
7.  Moldova
8.  Norway
9.  Morocco
10.  Saint Lucia
11.  Slovakia
12.  Ukraine

Non-UN states

•  Taiwan

Intergovernmental organizations

•  European Union

Maduro presidency

Foreign states

1.  Belarus
2.  Bolivia
3.  Cambodia
4.  China
5.  Cuba
6.  Dominica
7.  El Salvador
8.  Equatorial Guinea
9.  Iran
10.  Laos
11.  Nicaragua
12.  North Korea
13.  Palestine
14.  Russia
15.  Saint Kitts and Nevis
16.  Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
17.  Serbia
18.  South Africa
19.  Suriname
20.  Syria
21.  Turkey
22.  Uruguay

Non-UN states

•  Abkhazia
•  Sahrawi Republic
•  South Ossetia

Intergovernmental organizations

• ALBA
• SADC

International organizations

• Hamas
•  Hezbollah

Domestic organizations

• [REDACTED] PDVSA

Armed groups

• Colectivos
  • La Piedrita
  • Tupamaro
• National Liberation Army
• Wagner Group (disputed)

Vocal neutrality

Several nations called specifically for non-intervention and, without supporting either side, asked for diplomatic discussions to be held to move forward.

Foreign states

1.  Antigua and Barbuda
2.  Angola
3.  Armenia
4.  Barbados
5.  Belize
6.  Grenada
7.  India
8.  Indonesia
9.  Ivory Coast
10.  Kuwait
11.  Mexico
12.    Nepal
13.  New Zealand
14.  Palau
15.  San Marino
16.   Switzerland
17.  Trinidad and Tobago
18.  Vatican City

Intergovernmental organizations

• Caribbean Community
•  United Nations

Public opinion

Crisis in Venezuela
Causes Bolivarian Revolution Chavismo Economic policy under Hugo Chávez Economic policy under Nicolás Maduro
Effects Refugee crisis Energy crisis 2019 blackouts 2024 blackouts Zulia energy collapse Defections International sanctions U.S. sanctions Interventions of political parties Piracy Shortages Venezuela–Colombia migrant crisis Hyperinflation Catatumbo campaign Xenophobic incidents Pemon conflict Siege of the Argentine Embassy in Venezuela
Events Dakazo La Salida Arrest of Antonio Ledezma 2016 recall movement 2017 Venezuelan constitutional crisis Lima Group 2018 re-election campaign of Nicolás Maduro Venezuelan presidential crisis 2019 shipping of humanitarian aid to Venezuela Venezuela Aid Live COVID-19 pandemic 2022 recall movement 2023 Unitary Platform presidential primaries 2024 Venezuelan political crisis
Elections 2013 presidential election 2015 parliamentary election 2017 referendum 2017 Constituent Assembly election 2018 presidential election 2020 parliamentary election 2023 referendum 2024 presidential election
Protests 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2024
Timeline 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
Armed violence Caracas helicopter incident 2017 National Assembly attack Attack on Fort Paramacay El Junquito raid Caracas drone attack 2019 uprising attempt 2020 Barquisimeto shooting Operation Gideon (2020) 2021 Apure clashes 2022 Arauca clashes
Venezuela portal
v t e

Reuters has described previous polls in Venezuela as being "notoriously controversial and divergent". Stratfor reported Maduro lost support of working-class Venezuelans as government handouts subsided; the opposition to Maduro has proposed plans to end the economic crisis, resulting in increased support for them.

President Iván Duque Márquez of Venezuela's neighboring Colombia was among the early supporters of Guaidó; a 7–11 February Colombian survey of 1,008 individuals in more than 20 cities, with a margin of error of 3%, found that his popularity had surged 15 points, partly because of his position on Venezuela, and that 70% of Colombians had a favorable view of Guaidó, and 93% had a negative impression of Maduro.

Surveys between 30 January and 1 February by Meganálisis recorded that 84.6% of respondents recognized Guaidó as interim president, 11.2% were undecided and 4.1% believe that Maduro was president. The study of 1,030 Venezuelans was conducted in 16 states and 32 cities.

A telephone survey of 999 Venezuelans by Hercon between 25 and 30 January showed that 81.9% of respondents recognized Guaidó as president, 13.4% said Maduro was president and 4.6% were undecided. A Meganálisis survey of 870 Venezuelans between 24 and 25 January reported that 83.7% of respondents recognized Guaidó as the legitimate president, 11.4% could not decide who was president and 4.8% recognized Maduro as president.

A pre-23 January 2019 poll by Hinterlaces, a pollster headed by Constituent National Assembly member Oscar Schemel [es] and described as pro-Maduro, reported that 86% of Venezuelans would oppose a military intervention, that 81% oppose US sanctions, and that 84% support dialogue to end the crisis.

Surveys of 900 people between 19 and 20 January by Meganálisis reported that 81.4% hoped that Guaidó would be sworn in on 23 January while 84.2% supported a transitional government to replace Maduro's government. A telephone survey of 1,000 registered voters by Venezuelan pollster Hercon, conducted from 15 to 19 January 2019, reported 79.9% of respondents agreeing with Maduro leaving the presidency. Regarding the National Assembly, 68.8% of respondents rated their work as being positive while 15.6% rated their actions as negative. When asked if they agreed with the National Assembly swearing in Guaidó as interim president, 68.6% agreed and 19.4% disagreed.

See also

• International Conference on the Situation in Venezuela

Notes

1. The Bulgarian Ministry of Foreign Affairs has recognized Guaidó, but the President of Bulgaria, has issued a statement condemning the foreign ministry's position, critisicing the EU's recognition of Guaidó and urging neturality
2. Excluding Mexico.
3. El Salvador changed its mind several times. Initially supporting Maduro, an official statement released on 24 January said they recognized Guaidó; later that day another statement was released, reiterating their backing of Maduro.
4. Palestine is not placed under non-UN states because it is a UN observer.
5. While Uruguay still recognizes Maduro as President, on 13 February the Uruguayan government released a joint statement with the Argentine government (who recognizes Guaidó) calling for new elections.

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76. Gómez Maseri, Sergio (25 January 2019). "En la OEA 16 países reconocen a Guaidó como presidente de Venezuela". El Tiempo (in Spanish). Retrieved 27 January 2019. Sesión extraordinaria del Consejo Permanente de la OEA evaluó la situación del vecino país.
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82. ^ "Guaido vs Maduro: Who backs Venezuela's two presidents?". cnbc.com. 24 January 2019. State oil company PDVSA, which accounts for most of Venezuela's export earnings, stood by Maduro. "We have no other president" besides Maduro, said PDVSA President and Oil Minister Manuel Quevedo, a career military officer.
83. Mogollon, Mery and Chris Kraul (19 May 2018). "As despair continues to engulf Venezuela, voters go to the polls". The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 5 March 2019.
84. "Luis Almagro, ante el Senado de los EEUU: 'Venezuela es el país más corrupto del continente, toda la estructura del Estado está tomada por el narcotráfico". Infobae (in Spanish). 19 July 2017. Retrieved 5 March 2019. El diplomático también apuntó contra la cúpula del chavismo, y acusó a la presidente del Consejo Nacional Electoral (CNE), Tibisay Lucena, de trabajar 'para sostener los intereses de la dictadura': 'Ha sido crucial en el colapso institucional'. Translation of Almagro's testimony to US Senate available from OAS: "All the members of the current illegitimate government are responsible and the role of the President of the National Electoral Council Tibisay Lucena has been crucial in the institutional collapse. The formula announced by Tibisay Lucena to the National Constituent Assembly is as technically absurd as it is unconstitutional and undemocratic. The convocation of the Constituent Assembly is taking place outside of that stipulated in article 347 of the Constitution, which states 'The Venezuelan people are the only ones who possess the original constituent power.' People like Tibisay Lucena, that continue stripping democracy of its content, work to serve the consolidation of the interests of the dictatorship imposed through the suffering of its people, sustained by the killing of its people, by the political imprisonment of opposition leaders and by torture."
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86. Bello, Camille (27 January 2019). "Is it legal for Juan Guaido to be proclaimed Venezuela's interim president?". Euronews. Retrieved 5 March 2019.
87. Briscoe, Ivan (25 February 2019). "Will Maduro's supporters abandon him?". Foreign Affairs. ISSN 0015-7120. Retrieved 27 February 2019.
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94. ^ Armario, Christine and Scott Smith, (25 January 2019). "Dueling Venezuela leaders dig in defending presidency claims". KomoNews.com. Associated Press. Retrieved 26 January 2019.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
95. ^ Swift, Tim (25 January 2019). "Florida politicians join #GuaidoChallenge in support of Venezuelan leader". WPLG Local10.com. Associated Press. Retrieved 26 January 2019.
96. "Esto opinan las redes de la supuesta reunión Cabello-Guaidó (+Tuits) #GuaidoChallenge". Informe21.com (in Spanish). 25 January 2019. Retrieved 25 January 2019.
97. "Y tras video de Jorge Rodríguez llegó el #GuaidoChallenge". NTN24 (in Spanish). 24 January 2019. Retrieved 25 January 2019.
98. ^ "#GuaidoChallenge, el reto con el que se burlan de supuesta reunión con Cabello". El Pais (in Spanish). 25 January 2019. Retrieved 25 January 2019.
99. "Estalla Venezuela con el #GuaidoChallenge" (in Spanish). La Patilla. 25 January 2019. Retrieved 25 January 2019.
100. Sequera, Luis (24 January 2019). "#GuaidoChallenge: la burla tras el video de Jorge Rodríguez". Noticiero Digital (in Spanish). Retrieved 25 January 2019.
101. ^ Soto, Naky (27 January 2019). "You confuse nobody here". Caracas Chronicles. Retrieved 28 January 2019.
102. Comment, Full (30 January 2019). "Father Raymond J. de Souza: Trudeau is somehow right on Venezuela | National Post". Retrieved 15 February 2019.
103. "Singh calls on Trudeau to part ways with U.S., Brazil on Venezuela crisis Social Sharing". Retrieved 2 February 2019.
104. ^ "China Targets Twitter Users Critical of Venezuela's Maduro". Radio Free Asia. 11 February 2019. Retrieved 11 February 2019.
105. Rama, Edi (24 January 2019). "#Albania recognizes Juan Guaidó as the Interim President of Venezuela. On behalf of the people of #Albania I wish to @JGuaido and the brave venezuelans to succeed in getting rid of the illegitimate power that has turned their country in a hell for its own people #VenezuelaLibre". Twitter. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
106. ^ Morina, Die. "US Balkan Allies Recognise New Venezuela President". www.Balkaninsight.com. Balkaninsight. Retrieved 4 February 2019.
107. Vella, Redacció, Agències, Andorra la (5 February 2019). "Andorra reconeix Guaidó com a president veneçolà". DiariAndorra.ad. Retrieved 15 February 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
108. ^ "Pronunciamento de Apoyo a Gobierno de Transicion en Venezuela". Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores y Culto. Government of Argentina. Retrieved 25 January 2019. The delegations of Argentina, Bahamas, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, the United States, Honduras, Guatemala, Haiti, Panama, Paraguay, Peru and the Dominican Republic reaffirm the right to democracy enjoyed by the peoples of the Americas ... In this context, we recognize and express our full support to the President of the National Assembly, Juan Guaidó, who has assumed the role of President in charge of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, in accordance with the constitutional norms and the illegitimacy of the Nicolás Maduro regime.
109. "Statement on Venezuela". Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Government of Australia. Retrieved 28 January 2019. Australia recognises and supports the President of the National Assembly, Juan Guaidó, in assuming the position of interim president
110. "Austria recognizes Guaido as interim president of Venezuela: Kurz". Reuters. 4 February 2019. Retrieved 4 February 2019.
111. Kurz, Sebastian (4 February 2019). "El régimen de #Maduro se ha negado hasta la fecha a aceptar unas elecciones presidenciales libres y justas. Por este motivo, consideramos desde este momento al Presidente @jguaido como Presidente interino legítimo de conformidad con la Constitución venezolana" (in Spanish). twitter. Retrieved 7 February 2019.
112. ^ Ministry of Foreign Affairs Poland (4 February 2019). "Joint declaration on #Venezuela". twitter. Retrieved 7 February 2019.
113. Reynders, Didier (4 February 2019). "We steunen @jguaido in zijn opdracht om vrije en transparante verkiezingen te organiseren, zodat de bevolking zich vrij kan uitspreken en zodat er in #Venezuela verzoening kan komen. We steunen de contactgroep, opgericht met de #EU, in deze overgangsperiode" (in Dutch). Twitter. Retrieved 4 February 2019.
114. "Позиция на МВнР". www.mfa.bg. Retrieved 15 February 2019.
115. Zaharieva, Ekaterina (6 February 2019). "Today the #Bulgarian government decided to officially support and accept @jguaido as acting President of #Venezuela. We need a new democratic presidential vote. Committed to the better future of the people of 🇻🇪. Looking forward to the first meeting of the EU-driven #ContactGroup". Twitter. Retrieved 6 February 2019.
116. "Радев поиска България да не подкрепя опозицията във Венецуела". Mediapool.bg. Retrieved 15 February 2019.
117. "Радев пак разкритикува правителството за Венецуела | Политика". offnews.bg. Retrieved 15 February 2019.
118. "Радев поиска да не подкрепяме европейската позиция за ситуацията във Венецуела | Политика". offnews.bg. Retrieved 15 February 2019.
119. "Радев иска България да се въздържи от позиция за Венецуела | webcafe.bg". www.webcafe.bg. Retrieved 15 February 2019.
120. "Радев атакува Борисов, сравни България с Венецуела". Vesti.bg. Retrieved 15 February 2019.
121. MVEP/MFEA (4 February 2019). "RH podupire demokratski izabrana tijela Venezuele i pridružuje se zemljama članicama EU u izjavi. U skladu s Ustavom potrebno je provesti slobodne, pravedne i demokratske predsjedničke izbore" (in Croatian). Twitter. Retrieved 4 February 2019.
122. Ministry of Foreign Affairs Poland (4 February 2019). "Phone call between FMs #Czaputowicz and Roberto Ampuero Espinoza...The chief of Polish diplomacy told that in view of Nicolas Maduro's ailure to call early presidential elections, Poland intended to recognize @jguaido, as..interim president". Twitter. Retrieved 4 February 2019.
123. Petříček, Tomáš (4 February 2019). "I welcome that the Government of the Czech Republic recognizes Juan #Guaidó as Interim President of #Venezuela who should lead his country to the democratic elections". Twitter. Retrieved 4 February 2019.
124. ^ "EU countries recognise Juan Guaidó as interim Venezuelan leader". The Guardian. Retrieved 4 February 2019. European countries including Spain, France, the UK, Sweden and Denmark have recognised Juan Guaidó as interim president of Venezuela in a coordinated move made after a deadline for Nicolás Maduro to call presidential elections expired.
125. Samuelsen, Anders (4 February 2019). "Denmark recognises the President of the National Assembly @jguaido as the interim President of #Venezuela until new free and democratic elections take place. Applaud similar statements from key EU partners. Important EU statement coming up #dkpol". twitter. Retrieved 7 February 2019.
126. Estonian MFA (4 February 2019). "Estonia recognises Juan Guaidó as the Interim President of #Venezuela, people of Venezuela have inalienable right to freely & democratically choose their leaders and to decide about their own future. We expect @jguaido to call for new, free and fair presidential elections". Twitter. Retrieved 4 February 2019.
127. ulkoministeriö(Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland) (4 February 2019). "FM #Soini: To support the constitutional process in Venezuela, Finland supports Guaido as interim President of Venezuela". Twitter. Retrieved 4 February 2019.
128. Macron, Emmanuel (4 February 2019). "Les Vénézuéliens ont le droit de s'exprimer librement et démocratiquement. La France reconnaît @jguaido comme " président en charge " pour mettre en œuvre un processus électoral. Nous soutenons le Groupe de contact, créé avec l'UE, dans cette période de transition" (in French). twitter. Retrieved 7 February 2019.
129. "Mamuka Bakhtadze: Georgia recognizes Juan Guaido as Interim President of Venezuela and supports courageous people of Venezuela in their fight for democracy". 1TV. 24 January 2019. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
130. Bakhtadze, Mamuka (24 January 2019). "🇬🇪 recognizes @jguaido as Interim President of #Venezuela. We express hope that @AsambleaVE will establish a transitional government, prepare free & fair elections & ensure peaceful transition of power. 🇬🇪 supports the courageous people of Venezuela in their fight for democracy". twitter. Retrieved 7 February 2019.
131. "Germany Recognises Guaido as Legitimate Interim President of Venezuela". NY Times. 4 February 2019. Retrieved 4 February 2019.
132. Seibert, Steffen (4 February 2019). "Kanzlerin #Merkel zu #Venezuela: Juan #Guaidó ist aus deutscher Sicht der legitime Interimspräsident für die Aufgabe, einen Wahlprozess zu initiieren. Wir hoffen, dass sich dieser Prozess möglichst kurz und friedlich gestaltet" (in German). Twitter. Retrieved 4 February 2019.
133. "Hungary supports the Spanish People's Party's position with relation to Venezuela". Website of the Hungarian Government. 31 January 2019. Retrieved 31 January 2019.
134. Þór, Guðlaugur (4 February 2019). "Iceland supports @jguaido as the Interim President of Venezuela. Free and fair elections should now be called and the will of the people respected". Twitter. Retrieved 4 February 2019.
135. Irish Foreign Ministry (6 February 2019). "Tánaiste @simoncoveney announces Ireland's support for Mr. Juan Guaidó. Full statement available at." Twitter. Retrieved 6 February 2019.
136. "Israel recognizes Guaido as leader of Venezuela". Reuters. 27 January 2019. Retrieved 27 January 2019. 'Israel joins the United States, Canada, most of the countries of Latin America and countries in Europe in recognizing the new leadership in Venezuela,' said Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu in a statement.
137. PM of Israel (27 January 2019). "Israel joins the United States, Canada, most of the countries of Latin America and countries in Europe in recognizing the new leadership in Venezuela". twitter. Retrieved 7 February 2019.
138. "Japan voices clear support for Venezuela opposition leader Guaido". The Mainichi. 19 February 2019.
139. Rinkēvičs, Edgars (4 February 2019). "Latvia recognises and supports Mr. Juan Guaidó, President of the democratically elected National Assembly, as President ad interim of #Venezuela. We call for free, fair and democratic presidential elections @jguaido". Twitter. Retrieved 4 February 2019.
140. Linkevicius, Linas (4 February 2019). "#Lithuania joins other #EU MS in supporting & acknowledging @jguaido, President of @AsambleaVE, as VZ President ad interim. We expect free & democratic elections, strongly support ICG, initiated by EU. Democracy & rule of law in #Venezuela must be restored, human rights protected". Twitter. Retrieved 4 February 2019.
141. MFA Luxembourg (4 February 2019). "Jean #Asselborn: like most #EU partners #Luxembourg recognizes the President of the democratically elected National Assembly Juan #Guaidó as interim President of #Venezuela with the authority to implement process leading to free, fair & democratic presidential elections @jguaido". Twitter. Retrieved 4 February 2019.
142. Government of Malta (5 February 2019). "Statement by the Government of Malta". Government of Malta. Retrieved 5 February 2019.
143. "Marshall Islands recognises Venezuela's Juan Guaido". RNZ. 7 February 2019. Retrieved 9 February 2019.
144. "FSM Issues Statement on Ongoing Situation in Venezuela". Embassy of the Federated States of Micronesia in Washington, D.C. Retrieved 23 February 2019.
145. "Montenegro supports the position of European partners on the need for holding free and democratic elections in Venezuela". MVP(Ministry of Foreign Affairs). 6 February 2019. Retrieved 6 February 2019.
146. Blok, Stef (4 February 2019). "The eight-day period to call for free democratic and transparent elections in Venezuela expired today. The Kingdom of the Netherlands recognizes @jguaido as interim-President of Venezuela. We want freedom and democracy to return to Venezuela asap". Twitter. Retrieved 4 February 2019.
147. Dimitrov, Nikola (4 February 2019). "The Republic of Macedonia, in line with its European partners, supports and considers the President of the Venezuelan Assembly, @jguaido as Interim President, in accordance with the Constitution, in order to organize free, fair and democratic presidential elections". Twitter. Retrieved 4 February 2019.
148. Ministry of Foreign Affairs Poland (4 February 2019). "Phone call between FMs #Czaputowicz and Roberto Ampuero Espinoza...The chief of Polish diplomacy told that in view of Nicolas Maduro's failure to call early presidential elections, Poland intended to recognize @jguaido, as..interim president". Twitter. Retrieved 4 February 2019.
149. RepúblicaPortuguesa (4 February 2019). "more Portugal reconhece Juan Guaidó como Presidente interino da Venezuela em declaração do Ministro dos @ nestrangeiro_pt" (in Portuguese). Twitter. Retrieved 4 February 2019.
150. Mihai Roman (8 February 2019). "România îl recunoaște pe Juan Guaidó ca Președinte interimar al Venezuelei – comunicat al Administrației Prezidențiale". G4Media (in Romanian).
151. Iohannis, Klaus (8 February 2019). "Romania officially recognized Juan Guaidó as interim president of # Venezuela". twitter. Retrieved 9 February 2019.
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153. "MOFA Spokesperson's Statement on Crisis in Venezuela". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of South Korea. Government of the Republic of Korea. 25 February 2019. Retrieved 25 February 2019.
154. Sanchez, Pedro (4 February 2019). "Reconozco como presidente encargado de Venezuela a @jguaido, con un horizonte claro: la convocatoria de elecciones presidenciales libres, democráticas, con garantías y sin exclusiones. No daré ni un paso atrás. Por la libertad, la democracia y la concordia en #Venezuela" (in Spanish). Retrieved 7 February 2019.
155. Wallstroem, Margot (4 February 2019). "Sweden supports and acknowledges Juan Guaidó as the Interim President of Venezuela, in accordance with the country's constitution, free and fair elections should now be called". twitter. Retrieved 7 February 2019.
156. Hunt, Jeremy (4 February 2019). "Nicolas Maduro has not called Presidential elections within 8 day limit we have set. So UK alongside European allies now recognises @jguaido as interim constitutional president until credible elections can be held. Let's hope this takes us closer to ending humanitarian crisis". twitter. Retrieved 7 February 2019.
157. "Kosovo recognises Venezuela opposition leader as president". www.gazetaexpress.com.
158. Pacolli, Behgjet (4 February 2019). "We refute the statements of the so-called Ambassador of Venezuela in Belgrade who served the regime of Maduro. Kosovo recognized @jguaido as the legitimate Interim President of #Venezuela and we welcome the increasing number of countries that have taken this stance". twitter. Retrieved 7 February 2019.
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161. Moreno, Luis Alberto (23 January 2019). "El BID manifiesta su voluntad de trabajar con el Presidente Interino de Venezuela, Juan Guaidó, para asegurar la continuidad de nuestro apoyo al desarrollo del pueblo venezolano". Twitter (in Spanish). Retrieved 24 January 2019.
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170. Editorial staff (12 February 2019). "Italy recognises Venezuela's National Assembly". Momento Italia. Retrieved 18 February 2019. ... foreign minister Enzo Moavero Milanesi told lawmakers on Tuesday. "The Government acknowledges the full legitimacy of (Venezuela's) National Assembly which was elected regularly in conformity with international standards (in 2015)," ... Making no explicit reference to Venezuela's opposition-held National Assembly leader Juan Guaido, Moavera said ... "The government does not recognise the legitimacy of the last presidential polls and consequently Nicolas Maduro's presidency ... This is why the government ... calls for fresh presidential elections which are free, transparent and democratic"
171. "Venezuela's Guaido calls for nationwide protests to allow US aid to enter". France 24. 17 February 2019. Retrieved 17 February 2019. Some 30 European countries have already recognized the former industrial engineer as Venezuela's leader, but holdouts include Italy and Greece.
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173. "Venezuela's Guaido expresses 'dismay' at populist Italy's stand". Bloomberg. 12 February 2019. Retrieved 17 February 2019. Italy's fractious populist leaders ... calling for new presidential elections but still stopping short of recognizing National Assembly leader Juan Guaido as interim president. ... Unlike other European countries such as Germany, France and UK, the Italian government has not recognized Guaido as interim president. The League of Deputy Prime Minister Matteo Salvini has sided with Guaido, calling for fresh elections, while fellow Deputy Premier Luigi Di Maio of Five Star has refused to recognize Guaido.
174. "Gobierno italiano reconoció a Guaidó como presidente". El Tiempo (in Spanish). 13 February 2019. Retrieved 13 February 2019. 'El diputado de Forza Italia adscrito a la Comisión de Relaciones Exteriores, Guglielmo Picchi, informó este miércoles que el gobierno italiano reconoce a Juan Guaidó como presidente interino de Venezuela.
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204. "Western Sahara: Sahrawi Delegation Participates in Inauguration of Venezuelan President". AllAfrica. 12 January 2019.
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244. "Ni diálogo, ni elecciones... esto es lo que quieren los venezolanos después del #23Ene, según revela encuestadora Meganálisis". La Patilla (in European Spanish). 21 January 2019. Retrieved 22 January 2019.
245. "El 79.9% de los venezolanos quiere que Maduro negocie ya su salida (encuesta flash Hercon)". La Patilla (in European Spanish). 20 January 2019. Retrieved 20 January 2019.

• 2019 Venezuelan presidential crisis
• Reactions to 2010s events
• 2019 in international relations
• Foreign relations of Venezuela