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'''Pokuttya''' or '''Pokuttia''' ({{lang-ua|Покуття}}, {{lang-ro|Pocuția}}, {{lang-pl|Pokucie}}, {{lang-ru|Покутье}}) is a historical area of ], between upper ] and ] rivers, in modern ]. Historically it was a culturally distinct area inhabited by ] and ]{{citation needed|date=May 2012}} on the previously unpopulated borders between ] and ]. Although the historical centre of the area was ], the name itself is derived from the name of the town of ] and literally means ''by Kuty'' ("Kut" by itself means "corner"). The region is now inhabited by ]. '''Pokuttya''' or '''Pokuttia''' ({{lang-ua|Покуття}}, {{lang-ro|Pocuția}}, {{lang-pl|Pokucie}}, {{lang-ru|Покутье}}) is an historical area of ], between upper the ] and ] rivers, in modern ]. Historically it was a culturally distinct area inhabited by ] and ]{{citation needed|date=May 2012}} on the previously unpopulated borders between ] and ]. Although the historical centre of the area was ], the name itself is derived from the town of ] that literally means 'round the corner' ("Kut" by itself means "corner"). The region is now inhabited mainly by ].


==History== ==History==
Initially a part of ] and one of its successor states, ], the area was conqered by the ] in 1325, and annexed in 1349 by ]. Having been a part of ] and then one of its successor states, ] in the early medieval period, the area was conquered by the ] in 1325, and later annexed in 1349 by ].


], needing financial support in his battles against the ], used the region as a guarantee in a loan which he obtained from ], who thus gained control of the region in 1388. Petru was eager at gaining influence in the internal politics of the Kingdom of Poland, supporting the cause of his long-time allies, ] of ]. Pokuttia, therefore, became the feudal property of the princes of ], but remained within the ]. As in other famous similar cases in middle age Europe (such as ], or ]), the local feudal had to swear ] to the king ''for the specific territory'', even when the former was himself an independent ruler of another state. Depending on the political and military strength of each person, the king could ask for ''allegiance'', omitting the words ''for Pokuttia'', or could refrain from asking an oath altogether. Consequently, the region became a matter for judicial and military dispute between the two countries, because the debt had never been paid in full by Poland, and because Pokuttia was a more valuable asset than the money. ], needing financial support for his battles against the ], used the region as a guarantee for a loan which he obtained from ], who himself gained control of the region in 1388. Petru was eager to gain influence in the internal politics of the Kingdom of Poland, supporting the cause of his long-time allies, the ] of the ]. Pokuttia, thus, became the feudal property of the princes of ], but remained within the ]. As in other such famous 'deals' in medieval Europe (e.g. ], or the ]), when the local feudal lord had to swear an ] to the king ''for the specific territory'', even when the former was himself an independent ruler of another state. Consequently, the region became a matter for judicial and military dispute between the two countries, because the debt was never repaid in full by Poland.
⚫ ]
⚫ In 1485, Moldavian ] ], after losing in the previous year his country's exit to the ] to the ], was in serious need of alliances, and swore allegiance to ], King of Poland for Pokuttia, in what is known as the ''Colomeea oath''.<ref>Popular culture has it that Casimir ordered the tent in which the oath was taking place to be uncovered at a moment's notice, so as to present Stephen on his knees in front of the latter's nobles and escort. It is said that Stephen, renowned for his religious piety, quickly turned towards an icon and crossed himself, in order not to appear undignified in front of his men.</ref> However, Casimir's successor ], used the treaty as a pretext to invade ] itself in 1497, but after four months of siege, failed to conquer the fortress of ], Stephen's capital. Moreover, when abandoning the siege, his army ran into a trap, was decimated, and many nobles were killed. ''See ].''


⚫ ]]]
⚫ After that, in 1498, Pokuttia was conquered by ], annexed and retained by ] until the ] in 1531, when it was recaptured by Poland's ] ], who defeated Stephen's son ]. Minor Polish-Moldavian clashes for Pokuttia continued for the next 15 years, until Petru Rareş's death.
⚫ In 1485, Moldavian ] ], having lost his country's access to the ] the previous year to the ], was in serious need of alliances, and swore allegiance to ], King of Poland for Pokuttia, in what is known as the ''Colomeea oath''.<ref>In local folklore it is held that Casimir ordered the tent where the oath was taking place to be suddenly uncovered, so as to show Stephen on his knees in front of his nobles and escort. It is said that Stephen, renowned for his religious piety, quickly turned towards an icon and crossed himself, in order not to appear shamed in front of his men.</ref> However, Casimir's successor, ], used the treaty as a pretext to invade ] itself in 1497. Even after four months of siege, he failed to take the fortress of ], Stephen's capital, and abandoning the siege, his army ran into a trap that caused many of his nobles to die. ''See ].''

⚫ In 1498, Pokuttia was conquered by Stephen the Great, annexed and retained by ] until the ] in 1531, when it was recaptured by Poland's ] ], who defeated Stephen's son ]. Minor Polish-Moldavian clashes for Pokuttia continued for the next 15 years, until Petru Rareş's death.
⚫ Throughout Middle Ages, ] was Pokuttia's main castle, while ] was the region's main market town and fair.


Following the ] of 1772, Pokuttya fell under the ]. Following the ] of 1772, Pokuttya fell under the ].


==Modern times==
In the wake of the ] and the fall of ], it became disputed between Poland and the short-lived ], which had its seat of government in ] after the loss of ]. In May 1919, Polish and Romanian forces ] in order to create a corridor between Poland and Romania. In August 1919, the Romanian Army handed eastern Pokuttya over to Poland.<ref>Philippe Henri Blasen: Pocuce, injuste prius detractum, recepit... Rumänische Ansprüche auf die südostgalizische Gegend Pokutien ? In: Analele Bucovinei, 1/2014</ref> After the ] was concluded, it remained in Poland. In the wake of the ] and the fall of ], it became disputed between Poland and the short-lived ], which had its seat of government in ] after it failed to hold ]. In May 1919, Polish and Romanian forces ] in order to create a corridor between Poland and Romania. In August 1919, the Romanian Army handed eastern Pokuttya over to Poland.<ref>Philippe Henri Blasen: Pocuce, injuste prius detractum, recepit... Rumänische Ansprüche auf die südostgalizische Gegend Pokutien ? In: Analele Bucovinei, 1/2014</ref> After the ], it remained in Poland.


In the effect of the ] between ] and ], the area was attached to the ] (falling to Nazi control after the start of ] and until 1944). It remains a part of modern Ukraine, incorporated into the western Ukrainian '']'' of ], roughly corresponding to the southern half of the oblast. As a result of the ] by ] and the ], the area was initially attached to the ], falling to Nazi control after the start of ] until 1944. It was then incorporated into the Soviet controlled Western Ukrainian '']'' of ], roughly corresponding to the southern half of the oblast.


⚫ Pokuttya's population still contains today some Romanian and Ukrainian Hutsul communities. At the 2001 census there were 600 Romanians and Moldovans recorded.
⚫ Throughout Middle Ages, ] was Pokuttia's main castle, while ] was the region's main town and fair.
⚫ Pokuttya's population still contains today some Romanian and Ukrainian Hutsul communities. At 2001 census here were recorded 600 Romanians and Moldovans.


==Notes== ==References and Notes==
{{reflist}} {{reflist}}


==Places of interest== ==List of towns==
* ] (]) * ] (])
* ] * ]

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Pokutia
Map of the historical region Pokuttya (blue-green), based on Jancu J. Nistor, Die moldauischen Ansprüche auf Pokutien, Vienna 1910

Pokuttya or Pokuttia (Template:Lang-ua, Template:Lang-ro, Template:Lang-pl, Template:Lang-ru) is an historical area of East-Central Europe, between upper the Prut and Cheremosh rivers, in modern Ukraine. Historically it was a culturally distinct area inhabited by Ukrainians and Romanians on the previously unpopulated borders between Lviv and Halych. Although the historical centre of the area was Kolomyia, the name itself is derived from the town of Kuty that literally means 'round the corner' ("Kut" by itself means "corner"). The region is now inhabited mainly by Ukrainians.

History

Having been a part of Kievan Rus' and then one of its successor states, Halych-Volhynia in the early medieval period, the area was conquered by the Kingdom of Poland in 1325, and later annexed in 1349 by Casimir III of Poland.

Władysław II Jagiełło, needing financial support for his battles against the Teutonic Knights, used the region as a guarantee for a loan which he obtained from Petru II of Moldavia, who himself gained control of the region in 1388. Petru was eager to gain influence in the internal politics of the Kingdom of Poland, supporting the cause of his long-time allies, the Jagiellons of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Pokuttia, thus, became the feudal property of the princes of Moldavia, but remained within the Kingdom of Poland. As in other such famous 'deals' in medieval Europe (e.g. Foix, or the Dauphiné), when the local feudal lord had to swear an oath of allegiance to the king for the specific territory, even when the former was himself an independent ruler of another state. Consequently, the region became a matter for judicial and military dispute between the two countries, because the debt was never repaid in full by Poland.

Principality of Moldavia during the reign of Stephen the Great

In 1485, Moldavian prince Stephen the Great, having lost his country's access to the Black Sea the previous year to the Ottomans, was in serious need of alliances, and swore allegiance to Casimir IV Jagiellon, King of Poland for Pokuttia, in what is known as the Colomeea oath. However, Casimir's successor, John I Albert of Poland, used the treaty as a pretext to invade Moldavia itself in 1497. Even after four months of siege, he failed to take the fortress of Suceava, Stephen's capital, and abandoning the siege, his army ran into a trap that caused many of his nobles to die. See Battle of the Cosmin Forest.

In 1498, Pokuttia was conquered by Stephen the Great, annexed and retained by Moldavia until the Battle of Obertyn in 1531, when it was recaptured by Poland's hetman Jan Tarnowski, who defeated Stephen's son Petru Rareş. Minor Polish-Moldavian clashes for Pokuttia continued for the next 15 years, until Petru Rareş's death. Throughout Middle Ages, Obertyn was Pokuttia's main castle, while Kolomyia was the region's main market town and fair.

Following the Partitions of Poland of 1772, Pokuttya fell under the Habsburg Monarchy.

Modern times

In the wake of the World War I and the fall of Austria-Hungary, it became disputed between Poland and the short-lived West Ukrainian People's Republic, which had its seat of government in Stanyslawiw after it failed to hold Lwow. In May 1919, Polish and Romanian forces occupied Pokuttya in order to create a corridor between Poland and Romania. In August 1919, the Romanian Army handed eastern Pokuttya over to Poland. After the Polish-Soviet War, it remained in Poland.

As a result of the 1939 invasion and partition of Poland by Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union, the area was initially attached to the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, falling to Nazi control after the start of Operation Barbarossa until 1944. It was then incorporated into the Soviet controlled Western Ukrainian oblast of Ivano-Frankivsk, roughly corresponding to the southern half of the oblast.

Pokuttya's population still contains today some Romanian and Ukrainian Hutsul communities. At the 2001 census there were 600 Romanians and Moldovans recorded.

References and Notes

  1. In local folklore it is held that Casimir ordered the tent where the oath was taking place to be suddenly uncovered, so as to show Stephen on his knees in front of his nobles and escort. It is said that Stephen, renowned for his religious piety, quickly turned towards an icon and crossed himself, in order not to appear shamed in front of his men.
  2. Philippe Henri Blasen: Pocuce, injuste prius detractum, recepit... Rumänische Ansprüche auf die südostgalizische Gegend Pokutien ? In: Analele Bucovinei, 1/2014

List of towns

Historical regions in present-day Ukraine
Geographical regions
States and tribes of classical antiquity
and the Early Middle Ages
Principalities of Kyivan Rus'
Post-Mongol era regions
Polish–Lithuanian regions
Ottoman provinces
Cossack regions
Imperial Russian regions
Austro-Hungarian provinces
20th-century regions and states
Ethno-Ukrainian regions abroad
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